Chicago (CMS): Citations

CMOS: Chicago manual of style

Author-Date System:

Uses parenthetical citations in text with an entry on a reference page. This is similar to the APA format.

In-Text Citation Example:

("Title" Year of publication).

Reference Page Example:

Year of publication. "Resource Title." Publishing organization. URL.

Notes-Bibliography System:

Uses numbered footnotes in text which leads to a short citation on the bottom of the page. Full citation would be on the Bibliography page.

Footnotes:

The footnote numbers need to start with "1" and need to be the same throughout your writing. This would be placed after the sentence being cited and after the punctuation.

Example:

This resource is amazing! 1 (The number needs to be superscripted which means the 1 is above the punctuation in a smaller size)

The footnote then goes at the bottom of the page.

1. "Resource Title," Publishing Organization, URL

Bibliographical Entry:

After you finish your footnotes you need to add an entry to your bibliography page at the end of your paper and the entries must be in alphabetical order.

" Resource title." Publishing Organization. URL.

Bibliography System:

Footnote/ Endnote

First name Last Name, Title of Book. (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Bibliographical Entry:

Last name, First name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Book With Multiple Authors:

List the authors as they appear for both the footnote/endnote and the Bibliographical Entry.

Translated Work:

Footnote/Endnote:

add trans. First name Last name ⇐==== This is put after Title of book.

Bibliographical Entry:

Add Translated by First name Last name ⇐====== This is put after Title of book.

Book With Author And Editor:

First name Last name, Title of Book, ed. First name Last Name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Last name, First name. Title of book. Edited by First name Last Name. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Chapter from a single-authored book.

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “Chapter title”, in Title of book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Last name, First name. “Chapter title.” Title of book, Page Numbers. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Contributions From an Edited Collection With Other Authored Chapters:

Footnote/Endnote:

Use the author you want to cite first, then the title of their work. Then add the word “in” before the title of the book.

First Name Last Name, “Title of work,” in Title of book, ed. First Name Last name ( Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page numbers.

Bibliographical Entry:

Last Name, First name “Title of work.” In Title of book, edited by First name, page numbers. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

INTRODUCTION,PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD IN A BOOK:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name, Last name, introduction to “Title of book” , ed. First name Last name (Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.) page numbers.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. Introduction to Title of book, page number range. Edited by First name Last name. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

ANONYMOUS WORKS – UNKNOWN AUTHORSHIP

Footnote/ Endnote:

Title of Book. (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

Bibliographical Entry:

Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

CITING INDIRECT SOURCES:

First Name, Last Name, Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Date), page number, quoted in First Name Last Name, Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Date), page number.

SELF-PUBLISHED OR PRIVATELY PUBLISHED BOOKS:

Footnote/Endnote:

First Name, Last Name, Title of book ( self-pub., Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication.)

Bibliographical:

Last Name, First Name. Title of book. Self-published, Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

JOURNALS:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “Title of article,” Journal Title Volume Number, Issue number (no. _) (Year): Page numbers.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name “Title of article,” Journal title Volume Number, Issue number (no. _) (Year): Page numbers.

ELECTRONIC JOURNALS:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “Title of article,” Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue number (no._)

(year): Page numbers, accessed date, DOI or URL.

Bibliographical:

First name Last name, “Title of article,” Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue number (no._)

(year): Page Range, accessed date, DOI or URL.

MAGAZINES:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “Title of article,” Magazine title, Date, Page Number.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name, “Title of article,” Magazine title, Date.

ONLINE MAGAZINES:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last Name, “Title of article”, Department title, Magazine title,

Access date, URL or DOI.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. “Title of article” First name Last Name, “Title of article”, Department title, Magazine title, Access date, URL or DOI.

NEWSPAPERS:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “ Title of article” News paper (Location), Date, Year

Bibliographical:

Last name First Name, “ Title of article” News paper (Location), Date, Year

WEBSOURES:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “Title of Webpage,” Name of Website, Publishing Organization, publication date or revision date, access date, URL.

Bibliographical Entry:

Last name, First name. “Title of Web Page.” Name of Website. Publishing organization, publication date or revision date if available. Access date, URL.

Electronic Books:

Same as books, add URL and Media Marker.

Footnote/Endnote:

Last name, First name. Title of book, edition number. Place of publication: Publisher, Publication date. Media marker.

Bibliographical:

Same as Footnote/Endnote.

ONLINE PERIODICALS:

Same as the printed version, add DOI or URL to the end of the citation.

WEBPAGE KNOWN AUTHOR AND DATE:

First name Last name, “Article title,” last modified date, URL.

WEBPAGE WITH KNOWN DATE NO KNOWN AUTHOR:

“Article title,” Website, Date published, URL.

WEBPAGE WITH UNKNOWN DATE AND AUTHOR:

“Title of article,” Title of Webpage, accessed date, URL.

BLOG:

Footnote/endnote:

First name Last name, “Blog entry”, Blog title (blog), Date, URL.

Bibliographical:

Same as footnote/endnote.

SOCIAL MEDIA:

Social media posts can be edited or deleted. If you are going to cite a social media post, make sure you take a screenshot of it and save it.

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name (Screen name), “Post text”, social media service, format, publication date, time stamp, URL.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name (Screen name). “Post text”. Social media service, format, publication date, time stamp, URL.

FORUMS AND MAILING LISTS:

Footnote:

Screenname, “Thread title or Subject heading”, Media service, format, publication date,

Time stamp, URL.

Bibliographical:

Same as footnote/endnote.

COMMENTS:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, Date Of Comment (time of comment), comment on “Work Title”.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. Date Of Comment (time of comment), comment on “Work Title”.

ONLINE MULTIMEDIA:

Footnote:

First name Last name of Creator, Title of work, additional contributors, publishing organization,

Publication date, indication of format, running time, URL.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name of Creator. Title of Work. Additional contributors. Publishing organization. Publication date. Indication of format/medium, running time. URL.

PODCAST:

Footnote/Endnote:

First Name Last Name, “Title of episode,” date of publication, in

Podcast title , produced by _______, podcast, Audio Type (EX: MP3), length of episode,

URL.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. “Title of episode,” date of publication, in

Podcast title , produced by _______,podcast, Audio Type (EX: MP3), length of episode,

URL.

ONLINE VIDEO:

Footnote:

First name Last name, “Title of video,” publishing organization, publication date, Format, length of video, URL.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. “Title of video,” publishing organization. Publication date. Format,

Length of video. URL.

FILM, TELEVISION, RECORDED MEDIA

Entire Work:

First name Last name, Title of Work, directed/performed by First name Last name (Original release year; City: Studio, video release year), medium

Episode:

Title of Work, episode number, “Episode Title,” written/performed/directed by First name Last name, aired Month day, year, on Network Name, URL.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ENTRY:

Last name, First name. Title of work. Directed/Performed by First name Last name. Original Release Year; City: Studio/Distributor, video release year. Medium.

Last name, First name, dir. Title of Work. Season number, episode number, “Episode Title.” Aired Month Day, year, on Network Name. URL

FILM:

Footnote/Endnote:

Title of Work, directed by First name Last name (Year; City,State: Studio /Distributor, Year), Medium.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name, dir. Title of work. Year; City, State: Studio, Year. Medium.

SPECIFIC SCENE:

Footnote:

“Title of scene”, Title of work, directed by First name Last name Original Year; City, State: Studio, Year), Medium.

TELEVISION:

Footnote/Endnote:

Title of Show, season # , Episode # , “Title of episode,” directed by First name Last name, written by First name Last name, featuring First name Last name, aired Month Day, Year, in broadcast syndication, Studio/Distributor, Year, Medium.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name, writer. Title of work. Season #, episode #, “Title of episode.” Directed by First name Last name, featuring First name Last name. Aired Month Day, Year, in broadcast syndication. Studio/Distributor, Year, Medium.

IF MEDIA IS A STREAMING SERVICE USE A URL INSTEAD OF STUDIO,YEAR, MEDIUM.

MUSICAL RECORDINGS:

Footnote/Endnote:

Name of group/composer/performer, ”Title,” contributing personnel, recording date, Recording Company or Publisher, track number on Name of Album, year of release, medium.

Bibliographical:

Name of group or composer or performer. Title. Contributing personnel. Recording date. Recording Company or Publisher, medium.

RECORDED SPEECHES:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “Speech Title,” Date of speech, location of speech, medium, running time, information on where the recording can be found.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. “Speech Title.” Date of speech. Location of speech. Medium, running time. Information on where the recording can be found.

AUDIOBOOKS OR RECORDINGS:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, Title, read by First name Last name (City: Publisher, year), medium, running time.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. Title. Read by First name Last name. City: Publisher, year. Medium, running time.

LIVE PERFORMANCES:

Footnote/Endnote:

Title, contributors, location, date.

UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEWS:

If there is a transcript or recording of the interview, you should make a note explaining where it can be found.

PUBLISHED OR BROADCAST INTERVIEWS:

First name Last name, interview by First name Last name, Title of Broadcasting Program, Publisher, date.

Bibliographical:

Last name First name. Title of Broadcasting Program. By First name Last name. Publisher, date.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS:

Footnote/endnote:

First name Last name, Communication Format, Date and Year.

LEGAL, PUBLIC AND UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS:

Footnote/Endnote:

First name Last name, “Title of Document” (Source type identifier, Place of publication, year of publication), page number(s).

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. “Title of Document.” Source type identifier, Place of publication, year of publication.

COURT DECISIONS AND CASES:

Case name, number, volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter (Abbreviated name of the court, Date).

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS:

Footnote/endnote:

First name Last name, “Title of document” (Source type identifier, place of publication,

Year of publication), page numbers.

Last name, First name. “Title of Document.” Source type identifier, Place of publication, year of publication.

LETTERS AND UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS:

A note should be made stating if the document is in the author’s possession or in a private location. An actual location does not need to be named.

COURT CASES:

Case Name, Source page number (Court year)( additional information as needed).

CONSTITUTIONS:

Constitution Title subdivision, subdivision.

STATUTES,LAWS, AND CODES:

Act Title, Source § number (year).

BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS:

Act Title, Document Number, Term # Legislative Body, Session § number (State year).

HEARINGS:

Title: Hearing on Bill Before the Committee, Term & Session page numbers (year) (statement of First name Last name, Titles).

LECTURES:

Footnote/endnote:

First name Last name, “Title of Lecture” (medium, sponsorship, location, date).

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. “Title of Lecture.” Medium at sponsorship, location, date.

VISUAL ARTS:

If an image is available online, include a URL at the end of your citation.

Footnote/endnote:

First name Last name, Title, date, medium, height x width x depth (unit conversion), location.

Bibliographical:

Last name, First name. Title. Date. Medium, height x width x depth (unit conversion). Location.

ANCIENT, SCARED, MEDIEVAL, OR CLASSIC TEXTS:

Since there are so many translations of these texts, we cite the line number of the work.

Footnote/Endnote:

Author, Title, number.number.number.

Bibliographical:

Author, Title (First name Last name’s numbering), number.number.number., trans. First name Last name, ed. First name Last name (City: Publisher, year).

CLASSICAL WORKS:

Author, Title, bk. number, chap. number, sec. number.

REFERENCE WORKS:

Title of work (City: Publisher, Year), Page Numbers.