APA: Citations

In-Text Citations: To create an in-text citation, put the author’s last name, followed by the year of publication, then page numbers (if applicable) in parenthesis.

(Author’s Last Name, Year Of Publication, p.#)

One Author:

As author name (2022) mentions…

(Author Name, 2022)

TWO AUTHORS:

Use “and” between authors last names in text, followed by the publication year in parentheses.

Author 1 and Author 2 (2022)

At the end of text

(Author 1 & Author 2, 2022)

THREE OR MORE AUTHORS:

(Author 1 et al.,2022)

Author 1 et al. (2022) says

If the sources share same author, extend the authors to show that the sources are different

Author 1, Author 2, Author 3, etc.

UNKNOWN AUTHOR:

Use the title of the source as the citation.

If the author is anonymous, you would put anonymous.

ORGANIZATIONS:

Follow the same format as author but use organization name.

TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESES:

Use a ; if multiple sources are used in the same parentheses they should go in the order of the information used first.

AUTHORS WITH SAME LAST NAME:

Use the first initials along with the last name,

(A. Author 1, 2022; B. Author 1, 2022)

TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR:

Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year.

(Author, 2022a).

INTRODUCTIONS,PREFACES,FOREWORDS,AND AFTERWORDS:

The authors should be listed like normal, followed by the year.

(AUTHOR 1 & AUTHOR 2, 2022)

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION:

For emails, letters, interviews and person to person communication.

(Communicators name, personal communication, Date)

This does not need to be included in the reference list.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES:

First name Last name, Nation or indigenous group, location, personal communication, Date.

CITING INDIRECT SOURCES:

Name the original source in your sentence. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES:

(Author,Date)

UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND UNKNOWN DATE:

(Title, n.d.)

SOURCES WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS:

Try to include information that will help a reader find the passage being cited. Use the heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these.

BOOK

Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher name. DOI if available

EDITED BOOK, NO AUTHOR

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher. DOI (if available)

EDITED BOOK WITH AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (First initial. Last name Editor, Ed.). Publisher. DOI (if available)

A TRANSLATION

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (First initial. Last name, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR) DOI (if available)

EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI (if available)

ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI (if available)

MULTIVOLUME WORK

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher. DOI (if available)

ARTICLE IN PRINT JOURNAL

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.

ARTICLE IN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL

Last Name, F. (Date). Title of article. JTitle of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. DOI or URL

ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

Last Name, F. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.

ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER

Last Name, F. (Year, Month Date). Title. Newspaper Name, pages.

REVIEW

Last Name, F. (Date). Title of review [Review of the book Title, by F.M. Last Name]. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.

ENTRY IN A DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH A GROUP AUTHOR

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.

ENTRY IN A DICTIONARY, THESAURUS, OR ENCYCLOPEDIA WITH AN INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Last Name (ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.

WORK DISCUSSED IN A SECONDARY SOURCE

Provide the source in which the original work was referenced.

DISSERTATION ABSTRACT

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol., Page.

DISSERTATION OR MASTER’S THESIS, PUBLISHED

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name.

DISSERTATION OR MASTER’S THESIS, UNPUBLISHED

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.

FEDERAL OR STATE STATUTE

Name of Act, Public Law No. (Year). URL

REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OTHER ORGANIZATION

Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL

REPORT BY INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS AT GOVERNMENT AGENCY OR OTHER ORGANIZATION

Last Name, F. M., & Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Last Name, F. M., & Last Name, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Electronic Sources

WEBPAGE OR PIECE OF ONLINE CONTENT

Last Name, F.M.( Year,Month Date). Title of page. Site name.URL

WIkipedia Article:

Title of article. (Year,Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page

ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL WITH DOI ASSIGNED

Last Name, F.M., & Last Name,F.M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol. (Issue),

Page numbers. DOI

ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL WITH NO DOI ASSIGNED

Last Name, F.M., & Lastname,F.M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol. (Issue),

Page numbers.

ABSTRACT

APA 7th edition does not provide guidance on how to cite abstracts.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Last Name, F.M (Year,Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL

ELECTRONIC BOOKS

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. URL

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

DISSERTATION/THESIS FROM A DATABASE

Last Name, F.M (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name.

ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES

Group Author:

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL

Individual Author:

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Last Name (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI

DATA SETS

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL

GRAPHIC DATA (E.G. INTERACTIVE MAPS AND OTHER GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF DATA)

Name of organization. (Year). Title [Type of data]. Retrieved date from URL

QUALITATIVE DATA AND ONLINE INTERVIEWS

Last Name, First Initial ( Year, Month day). Title. Title of resource URL

ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher. URL

COMPUTER SOFTWARE/DOWNLOADED SOFTWARE

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of software (Version No.). Publisher. URL

ONLINE FORUM OR DISCUSSION BOARD POSTING

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL

TWEET

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words[Tweet]. Site Name. URL

TWITTER PROFILE

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

FACEBOOK POST:

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

FACEBOOK PAGE:

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

INSTAGRAM:

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

BLOG (WEBLOG) POST

Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL

YOUTUBE VIDEO OR VIDEO BLOG ENTRY

Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL

TED TALK:

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL

POD CAST EPISODE:

Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Date). Title of episode (No. if provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. URL

AUDIO VISUAL MEDIA:

FILM OR VIDEO:

Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Film]. Production company.

FILM OR VIDEO IN ANOTHER LANGUAGE:

Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture in original language [Translated title] [Film]. Production company.

TV SERIES:

Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Title of series [TV series]. Production company(s)

TV SERIES EPISODE:

Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [Tv series episode]. In P. Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company(s).

YOUTUBE VIDEO:

Person or group who uploaded video. (Date of publication). Title of video [Video]. Website host. URL

MUSIC ALBUM:

Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label.

SINGLE SONG OR TRACK:

Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label.

PODCAST:

Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL

SINGLE PODCAST EPISODE:

Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Date of publication). Title of podcast episode (Episode number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production company. URL

ARTWORK IN A MUSEUM OR ON A MUSEUM WEBSITE:

Artist, A. (Year of release). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of museum, City, State, Country. URL of museum

PHOTOGRAPH:

Photographer, P. (Year of publication). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source. URL

PRESENTATION WITHOUT AN ONLINE SOURCE:

Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location.

PRESENTATION WITH ONLINE SOURCE

Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution [Description of contribution]. Title of Symposium/Conference, Location. URL

INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION IN A LAGER SYMPOSIUM

Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., Contributor, C. C., & Contributor, D. D. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution. In E. E. Chairperson & F. F. Chairperson (Chairs), Title of larger symposium/panel [Description of symposium/panel] Title of symposium/conference, Location. URL if available

UNPUBLISHED WORKS

UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT

Last Name, F. (Date). Title [Unpublished manuscript]. Department, College.

MANUSCRIPT IN PREPARATION

Last Name, F. (Date). Title [Manuscript in preparation]. Department, College.

MANUSCRIPT SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION

Last Name, F. (Date). Title [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department, College.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

CIte in-text only.

(F. Last Name, personal communication, Month Day, Year).