Lepidopteran insects, including moths and butterflies, are amongst the most significant agricultural pests worldwide, causing extensive damage to economically and ecologically important crops. As global agriculture has become increasingly reliant on chemical insecticides, strong selective pressures have driven the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance in many Lepidopteran species, reducing the effectiveness of commonly used control strategies. This capstones examines the evolutionary mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in Lepidoptera, including genetic mutations, ecological/population-level processes, as well as anthropogenic factors related to pesticide application practices. Through global case studies, the paper highlights the economic, agricultural, and ecological consequences of resistance, including increased production costs, yield losses, and the perpetuation of a pesticide treadmill. Finally, the capstone evaluates current and future management strategies, including transgenic Bt crops, genome-editing technologies, and integrated pest and resistance management (IPM/IRM) approaches, emphasizing the need for evolutionarily informed, interdisciplinary solutions to sustainably manage Lepidopteran pests to decrease resistance and strengthen agricultural systems.