Backward / A lack of infrastructure
Local governments cannot raise enough capital to build them, as capital accumulation was impossible. Few resources were allocated by the central government to rural areas.
Slow economic development
An outflow of human capital, especially talents, means there is a lack of labour in rural areas and reduced productivity.
A lack in capital accumulation / of public resources means that infrastructure such as transportation, communication network, water and electricity supplies cannot develop into networks to facilitate economic activities
Small-scale peasant economy
Characterized by small production scale and self-sufficiency (自給自足). This leads to high production costs and low cost-effectiveness / low competitiveness. (缺乏競爭力)
Low agricultural technology
Difficult to raise funds for technological upgrades; little know-how
A lack of capital (資金)
Over-reliance on agriculture means it is difficult to accumulate capital for the low value-added agriculture produces.
Unemployment
Economic development in rural areas is slow. As a result, there is an excessive workforce (過剩勞動力) compared to the labour demand.
Low income
A lack of social security. Peasants each only owns a small tract of farmland.
Little social welfare
Social welfare provided by the local government is low. Rural residents are also not entitled to social welfare in cities.
Poor living condition
Public services have become marketized (市場化), e.g., education and medical care. Also, the tax burden in villages is heavy
Migrant workers
Those who leave for work in cities are often treated unfairly or discriminated against by being underpaid or they simply cannot find any work.
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