Period 1: Early Encounters

1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments

• 1.1.I: Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. 

• 1.2.I. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.

• 1.2.II: The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.

• 1.2.III: In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.