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What does the term reabsorption refer to?
What does the term reabsorption refer to?
A: It refers to the movement of water from the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries
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If ADH increases water reabsorption, what affect does the hormone have on blood volume? What affect does the hormone have on urine volume?
If ADH increases water reabsorption, what affect does the hormone have on blood volume? What affect does the hormone have on urine volume?
A: If more water is reabsorbed, then blood volume will increase. If more water is reabsorbed, then less is being excreted from the body in the urine (the urine is more concentrated).
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Thinking Questions: What affect does aldosterone have on blood volume? Urine volume? Blood osmolality? Blood K+ levels? Blood pH?
Thinking Questions: What affect does aldosterone have on blood volume? Urine volume? Blood osmolality? Blood K+ levels? Blood pH?
A: Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, which brings water along with it, thus increasing blood volume.
Again, if more water is reabsorbed, less will be in the urine. More concentrated urine means a lower volume of urine.
Activation of aldosterone opens the doorway for K+ secretion, so it will deplete the blood plasma level of K+
Likewise, since aldosterone leads to secretion of H+, blood pH will increase (become less acidic) since there is a loss of H+ ions.
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How does the body maintain blood pressure despite blood loss?
How does the body maintain blood pressure despite blood loss?
A: Through vasoconstriction
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Why does heart rate increase during hypovolemia? What is the body trying to achieve by raising the heart rate?
Why does heart rate increase during hypovolemia? What is the body trying to achieve by raising the heart rate?
A: When there is less blood volume, less blood (and thus oxygen) reaches tissues. In response, the body increases heart rate to push more blood (and thus oxygen) to the tissues.
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Where are two places in the body where cells are sloughed on a daily basis?
Where are two places in the body where cells are sloughed on a daily basis?
A: Skin and G.I. muscosa.
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ADH or Aldosterone?
ADH or Aldosterone?
Aldosterone of course!
Decreased ECF volume, decreased kidney perfusion, which leads to the activation and release of renin, then angiotensin, then aldosterone
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Why does an insulin deficit cause hyperkalemia?
Why does an insulin deficit cause hyperkalemia?
In the absence of insulin, cells can’t update potassium, so it accumulates in the ECF.
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If hypokalemia causes shallow T waves on an EKG, what would you predict the change in EKG is with hyperkalemia?
If hypokalemia causes shallow T waves on an EKG, what would you predict the change in EKG is with hyperkalemia?
Peaked T-waves
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If respiration rate increases does the amount of CO2 increase or decrease in the blood?
If respiration rate increases does the amount of CO2 increase or decrease in the blood?
The amount of CO2 decreases
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Does aldosterone increase or decrease bicarbonate levels in the blood? pH?
Does aldosterone increase or decrease bicarbonate levels in the blood? pH?
A: Bicarbonate levels in the blood are increased because the increased levels of secreted H+ can bind with HCO3- to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into CO2 and H2O, which diffuse into epithelial cells, form HCO3- there, and the HCO3- is then reabsorbed into the capillaries. Because both H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption have increased, the blood pH increases, becomes more alkaline. See image below for further explanation.
Figure 3-13-1: Conservation of Filtered Bicarbonate. Filtered bicarbonate combines with secreted hydrogen ion in the presence of carbon anhydrase (CA) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates to water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the renal tubule (yellow); both diffuse into the epithelial cell (green). The CO2 and H2O combine to form H2CO3 in the presence of CA, and the resulting bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is reabsorbed into the capillary (orange).
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Under what circumstances would the body produce lactic acid?
Under what circumstances would the body produce lactic acid?
A: During in anaerobic cellular respiration, brought on by tissue hypoxia.
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What electrolyte imbalance might result from this H+/K+ shift?
What electrolyte imbalance might result from this H+/K+ shift?
A: This results in hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia can be associated with a metabolic acidosis.
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What type of electrolyte imbalance might result from this H+/K+ shift?
What type of electrolyte imbalance might result from this H+/K+ shift?
A: Typically, hypokalemia occurs with metabolic alkalosis.
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If H+ secretion decreases, how is bicarbonate reabsorption affected?
If H+ secretion decreases, how is bicarbonate reabsorption affected?
A: Bicarbonate reabsorption is decreased. Anything that increases H+ secretion, increases bicarbonate reabsorption. Anything that decreases H+ secretion, decreases bicarbonate reabsorption (and if not reabsorbed into the blood stream, the renal system will excrete the bicarbonate).
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H+/K+ shift in response to respiratory alkalosis
H+/K+ shift in response to respiratory alkalosis
Will H+ move into the ICF or the ECF?
A: H+ will move into the ICF to be buffered by proteins in the ICF.
Will hyperkalemia or hypokalemia result? Why?
A: Hyperkalemia because the K+ will move out of the cells. This is the same response seen in metabolic acidosis.
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Would increased or decreased respiration result in the restoration of normal carbonic acid levels?
Would increased or decreased respiration result in the restoration of normal carbonic acid levels?
A: In respiratory acidosis, carbonic acid levels are elevated, so increased respiration rate (if possible) would decrease the carbonic acid level, bringing it back to normal.
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