PJSS style

Metadata

All articles must include the following metadata:

• title of article

• name and affiliation of author

• abstract

• keywords/phrases

• a full list of works cited

• author biography

• office address, preferred email address and contact telephone number.

Apart from its value for abstracting services, the abstract should be between 150-250 words long and make a case for the article to be read by someone from quite a different discipline.

Book reviews must contain the title of the item being reviewed and full publication details , the name of the reviewer and their affiliation.

Consistency

We use standard British English, using the Oxford English Dictionary as our source of reference, and the stylistic rules contained in the Oxford Guide to Style or the Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors, with a few minor exceptions.

Please note that there is a preference for ‘-ize’ endings rather than ‘-ise’ (e.g. ‘organize’, ‘organization’), but ‘advertise’ and ‘compromise’. If you are unsure which ending to use, please consult the dictionary.

A list of preferred spellings of commonly used words can be found here.

A-Z list

Articles, not papers

Please ensure you use the term ‘article’ and not ‘paper’ when referring to your contribution to any journal. However, the term ‘paper’ can be used when referring to submissions to a conference.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements should not appear as a footnote attached to the article title, instead they should appear at the end of the article under the heading ‘Acknowledgements’.

Abbreviations

ibid., op. cit., Ph.D., BBC, UN, MA, PAR (practice as research).

Spell out the names of countries and political entities in the first appearance (e.g. European Union, United Kingdom, United States), especially if they are used in a list or sentence containing the names of other countries, and thereafter use the abbreviations (EU, UK, US, etc.). Use the abbreviated form if the name of the country or organization is used as an adjective (e.g. US policy, EU Social Fund). Do not confuse e.g. (meaning ‘for example’) with i.e. (meaning ‘that is’).

Affiliations

Affiliations to research centres at ISCTE-IUL should appear as follows:

CIES – Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia, ISCTE-IUL – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

CEI - Centro de Estudos Internacionais, ISCTE-IUL – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

Dinâmia'CET - Centro de Estudos sobre a Mudança Socioeconómica e o Território, ISCTE-IUL – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

CIS – Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, ISCTE-IUL – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

CRIA – Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia, ISCTE-IUL – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

INDEG – INDEG-ISCTE Executive Education, ISCTE-IUL – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

Book titles

When book titles (especially foreign book titles) are referred to in an article, please set them out in the following format: Original title (Translation) (name of author, date of publication), thus: Le Mariage de Loti (The Marriage of Loti) (Julien Viaud, 1991).

Book review title format

Please ensure the titles of book (and other media reviews) are laid out as follows:

Title of publication, First name and last name of author, (date of publication), Edition number, Place of publication: Name of publisher, number of pages (xxx pp.), First ISBN, Hardback/Paperback, Price, [plus, if appropriate:] second ISBN, Hardback/Paperback, Price.

Bullet points

The first word of each bullet point should have an initial capital letter and use full points only if the text in the bullet point consists of a completed sentence; otherwise use no punctuation if the bullet points are just a list of single (or a couple of) words or fragments of sentences.

Captions

Example: Figure 1: Gran Fury, Women Don’t Get AIDS, 1991. Offset lithography. Bus shelter sign, ink on acetate. 47” x 70” © Gran Fury.

Compass points

When used generically to indicate geographic location: north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest. So: north London, northern England, southern Europe, eastern Europe, northern Europe; but Southeast Asia, North America, the West, Western allies

Contractions

Spell out contractions (e.g. don’t – do not, didn’t – did not, I’ll – I will, etc.) in articles, but be more relaxed in notes and queries, contexts and debates, polemics and the like.

Dates

21 March 1978 (but September 11 if referring to September 11, 2001 [9/11 is even permitted in this context])

1970s, 1980s; 1964–67; 1897–1901

nineteenth century, twentieth century, 21st century (hyphenate if used as an adjective: e.g. nineteenth-century policy, 21st-century warfare, early-eighteenth-century, etc.)

Diagrams (graphs and figures)

Diagrams are best constructed in dedicated graphic design programs such as Adobe Illustrator, rather than in MS Word. Diagrams can be supplied to us as JPEG, TIFF or Acrobat PDF documents. If a mistake is identified in a diagram, make the amendments and resupply, or, alternatively, provide them in editable Illustrator format (.AI)

Emphasis

When italics are used for emphasis within quotations, authors are asked to ensure they indicate whether the emphasis is from the original text or whether they are adding it to make their own point. If this information is missing, it will be raised as a comment.

Foreign words

Unless specified otherwise in the preferred spellings list (and in the New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors) foreign words and phrases inserted in the text should be italicized. Please note, however, that capitalized proper names of foreign organizations, institutions, political parties, trade unions, etc. should be kept in roman type.

Headings and sub-headings

Titles of articles and subtitles within articles are presented in sentence case (i.e. the first letter in the title of an article followed by all lower case, unless it is a book title, film title or a proper noun, etc.).

Hyphens

Please use a hyphen to avoid mispronunciation, particularly where there is a collision of vowels/consonants e.g. anti-intellectual. A hyphen can also be used to avoid confusion where a prefix is repeated (e.g. re-release, sub-subcategory) or to avoid confusion with another word (e.g. reform/re-form, re-cover/recover). Note that we use an en rule (–), rather than a hyphen (-) or an em rule (—), with space either side as a parenthetical dash, thus: ‘there are two major kinds of populations – citizens and foreign exports – here.’

Journal titles

When journal titles (especially foreign journal titles) are referred to in an article, please set them out in the following format: Original title (Translation) (date of publication).

Lists

Some articles can become peppered with numbered lists. We would far rather authors use bullet points when they wish to list items of interest. See bullet points for instructions on how to format these. Numbers should only be used in a list if in the preceding paragraph the author specifies a certain number of points to be made. When numbers are used they should be formatted as follows: ‘1. 2. 3.’ etc. if the points being made are listed one below the other. If the list of points is incorporated within a paragraph, then the numbers should be formatted ‘(1) (2) (3)’ etc.

Notes

Notes may be used for comments and additional information only. In general, if something is worth saying, it is worth saying in the text itself. A note will divert the reader’s attention away from your argument. If you think a note is necessary, make it as brief and to the point as possible. Use Word’s note-making facility, and ensure that your notes are endnotes and not footnotes. Place note calls outside the punctuation – so after the comma, full stop, colon or semicolon. The note call must be in superscript Arabic (¹, ², ³).

Numbers

One to twenty (in words); 21-99 (in figures); 100, 200, 1000, 1500, 5000, 10,000

First to twentieth; 21st-99th; 100th, 1000th, etc.

28 years old, unless used as an adjective, then 20-year-old man.

3 per cent, 4.7 per cent, 10 per cent, 25 per cent

pp. 10–19, 19–21, 102–07, 347–49

16mm, 35mm

Other names

Names of art exhibitions, art projects, film festivals, etc. should have initial capitals and be in roman type. they should be enclosed in single quote marks on the first mention in an article, etc. Please use quotation marks and roman (not italic) type for titles of chapters in books, articles in periodicals, the titles of short stories, poems and songs. Note: quote marks are not used around the names of houses or public buildings.

Percentages

We use per cent rather than % if the term is used just once or twice in a single paragraph. However, % is acceptable if a whole series of percentages are given within a paragraph in, for example, a statistical survey. Percentages should always be expressed in figures not words (i.e. 3 per cent; 4.7 per cent; 10 per cent; 25 per cent).

Personal pronouns

Capitalize the initial letter in personal pronouns (e.g. He, Him, His) only when referring to a deity. Do not use this form when referring to prophets or founders of the world’s religions (e.g. Abraham, Bahá’u’lláh, Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad, etc.).

Presentation

The title of the article should be in bold at the beginning, without inverted commas. Below, add your name and affiliation. It is not necessary to add the location of your institution. We confine the use of bold type to just headings and subheadings within articles. Bold should not be used for emphasis or in the names of organizations or exhibitions. Italics should be used sparingly for emphasis as the sense of emphasis is reduced each time italics are used, and also because italics are used for other purposes, such as the titles of books, films or plays, etc. If an author wishes to draw attention to a word or phrase it is acceptable to use roman type inside single quote marks (sometimes known as ‘scare quotes’) - however, please use sparingly or their effect is lost.

Points of the compass

See compass points.

Quotations

Our style for quotations embedded into a paragraph is single quote marks, with double quote marks for a second quotation contained within the first. All long quotations (i.e. more than 40 words long) should be displayed, that is, they should be set into a separate indented paragraph with an additional one-line space above and below, and without quote marks at the beginning or end. It is acceptable to use guillemets («») in articles or quotations written in the French language if an author prefers them, but please use them only for quotations embedded into a paragraph – using single quote marks for quotes within quotes.

Please note that for quotations within the text, the punctuation should follow the bracketed bibliographical reference. For an indented quotation the bracketed reference appears after the full stop. Omitted material in quotations should be indicated by an ellipsis enclosed in square brackets thus: […]. Please note there are no spaces between the suspension points. Please avoid breaking up quotations with an insertion such as, for example: ‘this approach to mise-en-scène’, says MacPherson, ‘is not sufficiently elaborated’ (MacPherson 1998: 33).

Subject Areas and Titles

Subject areas should be presented in lower case unless they appear as part of an institutional title. Professional titles should be presented lower case: Note: Ph.D., MA, BA, MFA, M.Sc.

Tables

Tables should be supplied either within the Word document of the main text or as separate Word documents. These can then be extracted and reproduced. An additional Acrobat PDF document, in high resolution, minimum 300 dpi, is encouraged. The PDF is a good proof copy that can also be used for production if the table is exactly as it should be, but if editing is necessary, this can be done in Word.

Television programmes

Titles of one-off TV programmes or a TV series must be italicized and followed by the name of the director and the year(s) of production. Note plural ‘s’ should be italic, possessive ‘s’ should be roman. Foreign TV programmes or series should follow the format for foreign film referencing, thus: Original title/Translation.

Television programmes should be listed alphabetically by director in the references section, alongside books, journals and other sources. Please do not group them together under a separate ‘television programmes cited’ heading.

Titles of individual episodes of a TV series should be in roman type enclosed in single quote marks.

Translations

If readers are unlikely to understand the title of a non-English-language work in your text (and references), the title in the original language may be accompanied by an English translation by the author. Unofficial translations (i.e. those by the author) should be placed in quotation marks with parentheses, in roman type with an initial capital on the first word of title and subtitle.

Use of commas

With regard to commas in a series (three or more words, phrases or clauses that appear consecutively in a sentence), we prefer that you do not use a comma before the ‘and’ or the ‘or’ between the last two items (the ‘Oxford comma’). A comma is only required before ‘and’ if you are joining two independent sentences with a conjunction.