TRANSCRIPT: Preparing for Final Exams
Speaker: Dr. Saundra Yancy McGuire
Preparing For Final Exams
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Helping students learn efficient & effective learning strategies Helping faculty learn those same strategies
Hello, I'm Dr. Saundra Yancy McGuire and I'm a retired Chemistry professor and past Director of the Learning Center, the Center for Academic Success at the Louisiana State University. I retired from LSU about three years ago to devote all of my time and energy to my passion of helping students learn more efficient and effective learning strategies and teaching faculty around the country those same strategies so that they can help their students.
We're going to talk in this module about a topic that is very important to making sure that you finish your courses strong. We're going to talk about how to do very well on your final exams.
Reflection Question
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Final exams can have a huge impact
How much does the final exam count towards your final grade?
Write it down
What is your current average in the course?
Now, I mentioned that final exams can be very, very important in determining how you're going to do in a course because I have seen situations where a student has gone into the final exam with great grades, with an A average, and then they bomb the final and ended up with a C in the course. If you just take a minute to think about the courses you're in now and just write down the names of those courses that the final exam is going to have a big impact on your final grade and write down what your average in those courses are right now.
Example
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[Chemistry 2001 grade chart for Adam, Frederick, M’Famara and Stephanie, showing the class average for three tests and final exam as well as individual scores, the class average for test one is 76, Adam scored a 65, Fredrick scored a 77, M’Famara scored a 70 and Stephanie scored an 83. Test 2, the class average is 52, Adam scored a 61, Frederick scored a 65, M’Famara scored a 46 and Stephanie scored a
55. Test 3, the class average is a 72, Adam scored a 61, Frederick a 68, M’Famara a 68, and Stephanie a
65. For the Final the class average was a 78, Adam scored a 107, Frederick a 88, M’Famara an 88 and Stephanie a 90.]
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Exam Grades of Four Students
Date of Final Exam: December 14th
Meeting with Adam: December 12th
Meeting with Frederick and Stephanie: December 2nd
Meeting with M’Famara: December 8th The final was worth 100 points with a 10 bonus question.
I want to give you an example of four students with whom we've worked. This is Adam, Frederick, M'Famara and Stephanie. As you can see, on the first three tests, the tests that were given before the final, these students did not do very well on the whole. But, you can see that on the final exam they did very well with the lowest score being 88. As you can see, I talked with Adam just two days before the final exam and he made a 107 and the grader in the course actually thought that he had cheated.
When I talked with the professor, the professor told me that the grader was just convinced that Adam had cheated. I called Adam and I said, "Adam, I need you to tell me exactly what you did differently because they think you cheated." Adam said, "Oh, they think I cheated? I'm so flattered they think I cheated." He said, "No, I didn't cheat. I used the strategies that you taught me about preparing for the final exam and one of those strategies was pretending that you're teaching the information to others." You can see that Frederick, M'Famara and Stephanie, all of them used the strategies and they did very well and I know that you can do exactly the same thing. Let's take a look at what those strategies are.
Strategies
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Stage1 Stage II Stage III Stage IV Stage V
Spend enough time reviewing & mastering the material
Aim for 100% mastery
Use all of your resources
Use efficient learning strategies
Study information carefully to avoid careless mistakes
Let's look at what those strategies are. We'll start with a group of a strategies that if you put them all together they will predict that you will do very well on the final. But, then after that I'm going to break up the final exam preparation process into five stages and we're going to look at what you can do in each one of those stages.
As an overview if we look at strategies the first thing you need to do is spend enough time reviewing and mastering the material. The big mistake that so many students make is they'll start studying for the final one or two days before and that's just not enough time to make sure that you've mastered all of the information. You need to aim for 100% mastery. So often we go into finals thinking oh, if I just make a 90% or if I just make 80 I'll be fine but in fact if you aim for 90% you'll probably make in the 80s. If you aim for 80 you'll probably make in the 60s or 70s. You've got to aim for 100% mastery.
Use all of the resources. Use the faculty member's office hours. Use tutorial sessions. Use that to clarify any information that you're not sure you've totally mastered. Use efficient learning strategies that are in other modules of the student lingo sessions that you've looked at and if you haven't looked at all of those especially take a look at the test preparation and test anxiety modules. Then, make sure that as you're studying study information very carefully so that you will avoid making careless mistakes when you get to the final exam.
How are Final Exams Different
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Are often are comprehensive
Can count for a significant % of final grade
Can cause high anxiety & stress
Now, we've just talked about some general things that you can do to make sure you do well on finals and you probably noticed that many of these strategies are the same strategies that you would need to incorporate to do well on any exam or any quiz. Finals are a little bit different in the sense that most of the time they are comprehensive so they are covering the whole course whereas for the individual hour exams you had a smaller amount of material that you had to master and be responsible for. Also, because in some cases the final exam counts for a significant percentage of the final grade, in fact, there was one Physics instructor who 66% of the course grade was going to be determined by the final exam. This really was the cause of a high anxiety state, as you might imagine, in a lot of students. Even if the final exam doesn't count for that large a percentage, still people tend to be stressed out during finals.
Also, sometimes people don't take enough time to eat well, to sleep well, to exercise so there are a lot of other factors that are surrounding final exams that are not associated with individual exams and so that's why I want to talk about final exam preparation in really five stages.
Exam Prep – Stage I
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Start for the first day of class
Use effective learning strategies
Manage your time effectively
Spend enough time studying
Focus on understanding; not memorization
Get the most out of every lecture
Use the textbook to preview material before class
Arrive early
Actively participate
Review notes soon after class
Rethink and/or rework all examples covered in class
Now that we have some general overall strategies that we're going to use let's talk about the stages that you can use to prepare for finals. As I said, there are five stages. Let's take a look at the exam preparation, stage 1. That actually starts from the first day of class because you're really building up for the final exam from the first day. During that stage you want to make sure that you're using very effective learning strategies, you're managing your time effectively, you're spending enough time studying so that you're focusing on understanding information as opposed to what many students do, spending a little bit of time just memorizing information before a quiz or a test or an exam and they don't have the deep understanding that's necessary to perform well on a comprehensive final. Also, making sure that you're getting the most out of every single lecture period. That's very important that you use lecture not as a period where you're just going to go and take dictation, get the notes down and you're not using it as a learning session but using it as a learning session.
How do you do that? It's very important to use your textbook to preview material that's going to be covered in class before class, get to class very early so you're settled and ready to learn, actively participate in each lecture. When the instructor is asking questions then try to answer those questions so you're actively engaged. Then, as soon as possible after class review your lecture notes so that you can start the information moving from short term memory into long term memory. Definitely rethink and rework all of the examples that were covered in class so you can deepen your understanding of that information.
Why the Textbook is Important
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Have you ever been told… You don't need to buy the textbook.
What’s the real cost?
Buying the textbook
Don’t get into medical school or law school
Now, I've said a couple of times that it's really important to use your textbook. I really can't overemphasize that although I am pretty sure, based on what other students have told me, that you have been in at least one class where the professor has indicated you don't really need to purchase the textbook for this course. Is that true? I'm sure it is. When I asked this question to students around the country all of the students said yes, professors have said that. I point out that the reasons that professors indicate that and many times students tell me that, yes the professor said the textbook is too expensive, they don't want us to spend that money. I say, absolutely, textbooks are expensive but what's more expensive, buying the textbook for an organic chemistry course or getting a C in organic chemistry that's going to keep you out of medical school? Getting a C in a political science course because you don't have the textbook or getting an A that will allow you to gain entrance into law school.
Exercise
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C_T Cot Cut Cat C?T
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Our mind fills in incomplete information when we are familiar with that information.
How do you become familiar with the information?
Notes are just a part of the information.
You need the book!
Purchase your textbook!
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I want to do a little activity with you to show you why the textbook is so important. I'm going to ask you; I'm going to use my hand. If I were to draw a C, a space and a T and ask you what's the first word that comes to your mind when you see that, a C, a space and a T, what word comes to mind? Well, if you're like most people, cat jumped into your mind. Sometimes students say cot, sometimes they say cut, whichever but most students say cat. Then, absolutely, I ask, "If we live in a culture that had no cats and you didn't see that word growing up would that word have jumped into your head?" Students say, "No, absolutely not." That's correct. The reason it jumps into our head is because the way the brain operates is if it sees something that it's very familiar with large chunks of it can be left out but your brain automatically fills in that information. That's why you can read those text messages that people send you. You can read those specialty license plates because you're mind automatically fills in the missing information.
Then, when I ask students, "What are you supposed to use if you don't use the textbook? What do they say you are supposed to use?" They say, "Oh, well they tell us use our notes." They say, "Everything we need to know is in the notes." I say that that's absolutely true. Everything that you need to know is in the notes that the professor is seeing because when the professor sees the notes they're actually the C, space, T version of the information that you're seeing but the professor's brain fills in everything.
They're seeing all of the information but you're only seeing the C, space, T. Does your brain have any information to fill in what's missing in Anatomy and Physiology or in Sociology? Probably not. In order for you to see what the professor sees in the notes you have to purchase the textbook.
As a final question I want you think about, when the professor writes the test and he says oh or she says I'm only going to use information from my notes do you think that they're making up the test based on what their brain sees in the notes or what your brain sees in the notes? Absolutely, what their brain sees in the notes and the only way for you to see that is to purchase the textbook. I encourage you to get the textbook and use it because then you will see all of the information that you are responsible for on the tests and exams.
Exam Prep Stage II Plan
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Planning (1-2 weeks before the exam)
• Review exam preparation & Test Anxiety
• Construct practice exams
• Go to all help sessions
• Locate exam room
Preparing
Performing
Now, let's look at exam preparation, stage 2. It really has a lot of different components. We're going to break it up into three phases. One will be planning, one will be preparing and one will be performing. Let's start with the planning. This is exam preparation, stage 2, remember one to two weeks before the exam. As you're planning to do very well on the exam it's really important to review or if you've not seen these for the first time, view the student lingo modules on exam preparation and reducing test anxiety because this information is going to be very, very helpful.
Also, it's important to construct practice exams with friends. You can construct practice exams by taking your notes or taking the textbook and turning those headings into questions. For example, if there were a heading that says titrating strong acids and strong bases you might turn that into how do you titrate strong acids with strong bases. When you construct that practice test, and it's fun when you do it with friends, then you're going to be compiling a lot of information that will be important for the final exam. It's very important to make sure that you go to all help sessions, go to tutorial sessions, if you have supplemental instruction on your campus, go to those sessions. Many times instructors will start to have review sessions. Make sure you attend all of those.
Also, make sure that you locate the exam room and the time of the exam because the final exam schedule is different than your regular class schedule and I've seen students miss the first 15 minutes of a final exam because they went to the wrong room or they thought it started at a different time. If you do all of those things you will have planned very well in preparation, stage 2.
Title: Exam Prep Stage II Prepare
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Determine type of exam
• Multiple choice, short answer, essay
Determine scope of exam
• Comprehensive or Information since last exam
Now that we've talked about how to really plan for the final exam the next phase of preparation, stage 2 we want to look at is how do you prepare for the final. We've said that the final exam is different than preparing for the exams that you were taking during the term because the final exam may have a lot more anxiety associated with it and it may be very different than the exams that you've had during the course. It's very important to determine the type of exam and the scope. Is it going to be multiple choice, is it going to be a combination of multiple choice, short answer and essay? This is important because very often these instructor, your instructor, may have given the exams during the course in one format but the final exam may involve students from a number of different sections of the course.
It's really important to find out what the type is and also the scope. Is it going to be a comprehensive final exam that covers everything from the beginning of the course or is it going to be an exam that just focuses on the last part of the course after the last exam that was given in the course. I've seen students waste a lot of time studying all the information when the final exam was only on the last part and I've seen students miss a lot of points because they concentrated on the last part and ignored the beginning of the course. Finding out the type and the scope is also extremely important.
Title: Exam Prep Stage II Perform
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Eat well Sleep well Exercise
• Hippocampus part of brain
• Storage & recall of information
• Needs nutrition & sleep
• Aim for 100% mastery
• Visualize success
The last phase of exam preparation, stage 2 is perform. How do you make sure that you're going to perform to the best of your ability on the day of that final exam when you're actually in that room taking the final? One of the things that's really important to do starting at least one to two weeks before is to make sure that you eat well, you sleep well and you get enough exercise. The research shows that if you neglect nutrition, if you don't get enough sleep and if you stop exercising then that really negatively impacts the ability of your brain to recall information. There's a part of the brain, the hippocampus, that's responsible for forming memories and recalling memories. The research actually shows that the ability of the hippocampus to do that is really ... It declines if you have neglected your nutrition, your sleep patterns and your exercise.
Also, it's important to aim for 100% mastery. In your preparation recognize that you can't leave any topic uncovered, you can't say, well, oh I'm not going to think about that. That's probably not going to be on the test. Aim for 100%. Then, visualize success. Imagine yourself walking into that room very calmly, you sit down, you look at the test and you understand everything because you put enough time in to prepare and then just visualize yourself doing fantastically well on the exam and I guarantee you that's going to play a large part of your success on final exams.
Organize the Information
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Preparing charts or summaries
Integrate notes with your textbook information
Predict text questions
Spend time memorizing & creating
Create chapter maps
We've talked about the different phases in preparation, stage 2 in general terms but now I want to drill down a little bit more and talk about some specific strategies you can use. First of all, it's important to really organize the information because the final exam will typically cover more information than exams that you were having during the term. It's really important to make sure that all of that information is organized very well. You can do that by preparing charts or summary sheets of the information. You can spend some time integrating your notes with the textbook information so study with your notes and your textbooks side by side and then just integrate the information from both sources so that you can consolidate. Spend some time predicting test questions and as we said, you can do this with friends.
Also, make sure that you spend enough time memorizing, creating mnemonics for things that might be a little bit hard to remember. For example, ROYGBIV that all of us learned about the colors and the visible spectrum. Also, creating chapter maps is a great way to consolidate the information in an individual chapter into just one sheet that you can look at that contains all of the information in one chapter.
Chapter Maps
[Title box at top, with three boxes below that labeled Subhead, with six boxes below that labeled Secondary Subhead, with six boxes below that labeled Concept]
Chapter maps are very, very useful tools for condensing the content of an entire chapter in pictorial format. What a chapter map entails is on one sheet of paper indicating the title of the chapter at the top and then beneath the title of the chapter there are the subheadings, the primary subheadings and then under that there are the secondary subheadings and under secondary subheadings you can have lines coming away from those that talk about specific concepts in those secondary subheadings. What that does is it gives you a representation of the contents of an entire chapter. If it's a long chapter you may have to use two sheets of paper and tape them together but on one sheet of paper you've got all of the different concepts in that chapter. You can use a table of contents to produce a chapter map but it's just very helpful to condense all of that wording into a picture.
Review all Materials
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Lecture notes
Textbook notes
Study sheets
Self-‐tests
End of chapter tests
Old exams
Now, it's really important that you review all of the materials that have information that may be on the final. These include your lecture notes, your textbook notes, any study sheets or study group notes that you have accumulated during the term, any self tests that are in your textbook. Many textbooks, at the end of every chapter or even at many times the sections in chapters, they will give you little self-‐test questions. It's important to make sure that you review those and old exams. It's really important to look at those old exams and retake them. I am aware that some faculty members won't let you keep the exam after you see your grade but you might ask the professor if it's possible for you to just get a copy of the blank exam and most times they have these on the web anyway. If they're available on the web, then just download the blank exam and take it as if it's an exam because that's going to allow you to identify those concepts that you might not have totally mastered the first time and you can spend more time on this as you're preparing for the final.
Supplemental Materials
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Come with textbooks
Usually online
Practice quizzes & exams
Additional diagrams
Interactive exercises
Practice tests
Another great resource that you should take full advantage of are the supplemental materials that come with textbooks. These are typically online and they include things like practice exams, practice quizzes, many times even they will have additional diagrams, additional texts, sometimes they have interactive activities that you can do just to test your total knowledge and understanding of a concept. It's really important to practice those exercises. I was working with a student a few years ago and she was not aware that online she had access to practice tests and I pointed this out and she used the practices tests. She came back to me after the final and she was so appreciative about finding out that information because she said many of the questions on the final exam were verbatim from the practice tests that she was able to take online. Make sure you take advantage of all of the resources that are provided through your textbook.
Exam Prep Stage III
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Day of the exam
• Calmly rehearse facts, formulas, ideas
• Perform deep breathing to relax
• Use positive self-talk
• Arrive at the exam room a few minutes early – not too early!
• Visualize success
Exam prep, stage 3 is the day of the exam. It's very important to go through a ritual that day so that you don't undermine all the great preparation you have been doing up to this point. It's important to just calmly rehearse facts, formulas and ideas. You can perform deep breathing exercises as another way to relax. This can be a simple as breathing in slowly to a count of 6 and then exhaling slowly to a count of 8. If you do about three or four repetitions of this, you will find that it's a very calming exercise.
Use positive self-‐talk. Tell yourself that you are prepared for this test because you are. You spent time preparing. You know you're going to do well as opposed to, in the past, you might have had some negative self-‐talk, things like, oh I don't know if I'm going to do well on this test. I didn't do well on this. I don't totally understand these concepts. You want to make sure that you not focus on any of that negative self-talk. Replace it with positive self-talk.
Make sure that you arrive early at the exam room, a few minutes early, not too early because if you get there too early you're going to be surrounded by people who are very anxious about the exam and that might impact how anxious you are about the exam. Just calmly arrive four or five minutes early and then visualize success. I think this is maybe the third time I've said visualize success because it is so important to see yourself just calmly going through all of the questions and just sharing what you know with the instructor. Don't even think of it as a final exam. Just think, I'm going to share what I know with the instructor and since you know it all you will do very well.
Exam Prep Stage IV
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During the exam
• Perform deep breathing to relax; use positive self-‐talk
• Write down formulas on exam before you begin
• Read the directions VERY carefully
• Listen for additional directions
• Ask for clarification
• Survey the exam
• Start with the easiest questions first
• Expect memory blocks
• Visualize success
Now, exam preparation, stage 4 actually involves during the actual exam. It's very important to pay very attention to your actions and thoughts and ideas while you're taking the exam because they can have a huge impact on the outcome. So, we talked about performing deep breathing exercises to calm yourself down the day of the exam and it's important when you get to the exam to do a few deep breathing cycles before you start. Then, if you've had to memorize a lot of formulas or definitions then as soon as you get to the exam then just write down all the formulas so that you know that they will be correct and you won't have a tendency to, maybe, forget something when you're in the midst of taking the exam.
It's important to read the directions very carefully and listen for additional directions. Sometimes a faculty member will think, oh, I forgot to say on item #2 I want you to do this instead of that and sometimes students are so focused on doing the exam they don't really listen to the additional direction. Listen carefully for additional directions and always ask for clarification. If you see an item that you're not sure you understand what it's asking, then ask for clarification because that can mean the difference in getting 20 points or zero points on a question that you totally know the information but you just were not sure about the way the question was asked.
It's important when you get to the exam take just a few minutes to survey the whole exam and then start with the easiest questions. Start with those questions that you know you know the answer to and that actually has two purposes, one is it builds your confidence and the other is you're being exposed to ideas that may come up later in the test and it's refreshing your memory of those ideas. It's also important to expect memory blocks. All of us have memory blocks. They're going to come during exams but don't let that unnerve you. Just know, ah, this is a memory block that I was warned about, continue to go on and that information will come back to you. Again, just visualize your success.
Exam Prep Stage V
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After the exam
• Leave the exam room properly & quietly
• Don’t talk about the exam with others
• Reward yourself
• Resume your preparation for other exams
• Always go back and review your exam
Now, we're going to talk about the stage that is most people's favorite stage, that's exam preparation, stage 5 and that is after you have finished the exam. What I'm going to suggest you do then is leave the exam area promptly. Don't talk about the test with other people because they're asking, "What did you do for #2, what did you do for #3? I had this," and sometimes you start to doubt yourself so don't even entertain that. Just let it go. Reward yourself, though, for the hard work that you've put in. You might want to go to a movie or have lunch with a friend. Just take a little bit of time to debrief and then, though, you really want to make sure that you resume your preparation. Don't get too relaxed that you forget that you have another final exam the next day. Resume your preparation for the next examination or if you're totally finished then you can celebrate that all of the exams are over.
One of the really important things to recognize and very few students do this, is when you get your final grade back, if it's lower than you expected then always go back to your professor and ask if you can see your final exam. Typically, this will be at the beginning of the next term. It's important to do this because when you look at the test you may find that there have been some mistakes in grading. I had one student who I suggested that he do this, he got the exam and when they looked at it they recognized that the graders had neglected to grade one whole page of his exam and his final grade increased by a whole letter grade after they made that correction. Don't ever be shy about asking to see your final exam because if there was a grading mistake they can correct it but you need to do this at the very beginning of the next term or as soon as possible.
The ABC’s of Final Exam Success!
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Attitude
“It’s your attitude not your aptitude that determines your altitude.”
Behavior
“It’s the difference between knowing and doing that leads to success”
Commitment
“It’s not over until it’s over, and only you can determine when it’s over.”
[icon of person with speech bubble that says, “Whether you think you can or think you can’t, you are right!” Henry Ford
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You can do well on your final exams!
I want to end this session with what I call the ABCs of success. I think it's particularly important for final exam success. The A is for attitude and I have a quote for each of the As, Bs and Cs. Attitude, the quote is, "It's your attitude not your aptitude that determines your altitude." Simply what that means is if you go in with the attitude I'm going to prepare for this exam, I'm going to make sure that I've mastered everything and I can do well on it you will succeed. It's not how much you knew before you got to the final exam but it's your attitude in preparing that's going to determine your success.
Then, with quote for the B, which is behavior, is, "It's the difference between knowing and doing that determines success." We've talked about a lot of strategies that you can use to make sure that you do every well on final exams but if you just know the strategies and don't implement them then that's not going to lead to success. We have to do those things that we know will be useful.
Then, the C is for commitment and the quote is, "It's not over until it's over and only you can determine when it's over." You may have had a faculty member tell you, well there's no way you can get anything higher than a C in this course because of course they're assuming that your final exam performance is going to mirror the performance that you've done on previous exams. As we've seen during this session that doesn't have to be the case at all. We saw the student who never gotten out of the 60s on the exams during the course but then he made 107 on the final. So, you have to decide that you are the only one who will determine what your final grade will be and you can determine that and ace that final exam.
Then, the final quote that I want to end with is one from Henry Ford who said, "Whether you think you can or you think you can't you're right." I hope that during this session you are convinced that you can do very well on finals because I know you can. Just use the strategies that we've discussed and just go out and do a great job on all of your final exams.