Sarah Augusta (Tilghman) Hughes (born 1896)

Sarah Tilghman Hughes (August 2, 1896 – April 23, 1985) was an American lawyer and federal judge who served on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. She is best known as the judge who swore in Lyndon B. Johnson as President of the United States on Air Force One after John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963. She was the first and only woman to have sworn in a US President. The photo depicting Hughes administering the oath of office to Johnson is widely viewed as the most famous photo ever taken aboard Air Force One.^[1][2]

Contents

Education and career[edit]

Born Sarah Augusta Tilghman in Baltimore, Maryland, she was the daughter of James Cooke and Elizabeth (Haughton) Tilghman. She went to high school at Western Female High School (now Western High School) in Baltimore, where she was elected president of the freshman class. Standing only five feet one-half inch at maturity, she was described by a classmate as "small but terrible".^[3] Her determined personality extended to the athletic field where she participated in intramural track and field, gymnastics, and basketball. Another instance of Hughes's strong personal discipline was seen in her habit of going to bed by 8 pm and getting up at 4 am, a habit she continued through much of her life. After graduating from Western High School, she attended Goucher College, an all women's college in central Baltimore very close to her home. She participated in athletics at Goucher College, and 'learned to lose without bitterness, to get up and try again, to never feel resentment,' a trait that would serve her well through many years of political victories and defeats. She graduated with an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1917.

After graduating from college, Hughes taught science at Salem Academy in Winston-Salem, North Carolina for several years. She then returned to school to the study of law. In 1919 she moved to Washington, D.C. and attended The George Washington University Law School. She attended classes at night and during the day worked as a police officer. As a police officer, Hughes did not carry a gun or wear a police uniform because she worked to prevent crimes among women and girls, patrolling areas where female runaways and prostitutes were normally found. Her job was an expression of the progressive idea of rehabilitation instead of punishment. Hughes later credited this job with instilling in her a sense of commitment and responsibility to women and children. At that time she lived in a tent home near the Potomac River and commuted to the campus by canoe each evening.^[3] She graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1922.

In 1922, she moved to Dallas, Texas, with her husband, George Ernest Hughes, whom she had met in law school. Her husband quickly found employment after law school, but Sarah faced significant obstacles as a woman during a time in which law firms generally did not regard women as qualified.^[4] Eventually, the small firm of Priest, Herndon, and Ledbetter gave her a rent-free space and even referred some cases to her in exchange for her services as a receptionist. As her practice grew and became more successful, she became increasingly active in local women's organizations. She joined the Zonta Club, the Business and Professional Women's Club, the Dallas Women's Political League, the League of Women Voters, YWCA, Dallas College Club, and the American Association of University Women. Hughes served as Chair of the AAUW Committee on the Economic and Legal Status of Women, advocating equal pay jury service for women, and improved status and recognition for women in the Armed Services. She practiced law for eight years in Dallas before becoming involved in politics, first being elected in 1930 to three terms in the Texas House of Representatives as a Democrat.^[5] In 1935, Hughes accepted an appointment as a state judge from Governor James V. Allred for the Fourteenth District Court in Dallas, becoming the state's first female district judge. In 1936 she was elected to the same post. She was re-elected six more times and remained in that post until 1961.

Federal judicial service[edit]

Hughes received a recess appointment from President John F. Kennedy on October 5, 1961, to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, to a new seat authorized by 75 Stat. 80. She was nominated to the same position by President Kennedy on January 15, 1962. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 16, 1962, and received her commission on March 17, 1962. She was the only female judge appointed by President Kennedy, the first female federal judge in Texas and the third female to serve in the federal judiciary. She assumed senior status on August 4, 1975. Her service terminated on April 23, 1985, due to her death.^[6]

Circumstances of appointment[edit]

The appointment almost did not happen, according to the historian Robert Caro, because the Kennedy administration thought that Hughes was "too old" and they were seeking younger jurists for the lifetime tenure afforded under Article III for federal judgeships. Hughes had been a "longtime Johnson ally," and as vice president, Johnson had asked Robert F. Kennedy, the attorney general of the United States and brother of President John F. Kennedy, "to nominate Mrs. Hughes" for the Federal bench, but the United States Justice Department turned him down. Johnson then offered the job to another attorney. However, Hughes was also an ally of the speaker of the House, Sam Rayburn, who held up a bill important to Robert Kennedy until Hughes' appointment was announced.^[7] Johnson was outraged at the chain of events because it appeared to be an intentional attempt to insult him, and made him look like the "biggest liar and fool in the history of the State of Texas". President Kennedy's White House appointments secretary called it a "terrible mistake", citing negligence on the part of Kennedy's staff. The story of how Hughes received her appointment made the rounds of Washington, D.C. insiders, including the political gossip columnists Evans and Novak, which hurt Johnson's reputation for political effectiveness.^[7]Historian Steven Gillon agrees with Caro's story, although it was not cross-cited.^[8]

Women on juries[edit]

Hughes was concerned over the ineligibility of women in Texas to serve on juries even though they had the right to vote. She and Helen Edmunds Moore coauthored^[^when?^] a proposed amendment that would allow women on juries in Texas, but the bill failed and went nowhere. Despite defeat, Hughes became closely identified with this cause and few people were recognized as working harder for this right. Due in to part to Hughes's work, Texas women secured the right to serve on juries in 1954.^[9][10]

Administering the oath of office[edit]

Main article: First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson

Judge Hughes swears-in Lyndon B. Johnson as President of the United States as Mrs. Kennedy and Lady Bird Johnson look on. Photo by Cecil W. Stoughton.

Two years into her tenure as a federal district judge, on November 22, 1963, Hughes was called upon to administer the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson after the assassination of President Kennedy, a task usually performed by the Chief Justice of the United States. According to an interview with Barefoot Sanders, who was United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas at the time:^[11]

LBJ called Irving Goldberg from the plane and asked, 'Who can swear me in?' Goldberg called me, and I said, 'Well, we know a federal judge can.' Then I got a call from the President's plane, with the command 'Find Sarah Hughes.' Coincidentally, Judge Hughes, Jan [Sanders' wife] and I [Sanders] were supposed to go to Austin that night for a dinner for President Kennedy. I reached her at home and said, 'They need you to swear in the Vice President at Love Field. Please get out there.'

She said, 'Is there an oath?'

I said, 'Yes, but we haven't found it yet.'

She said, 'Don't worry about it; I'll make one up.'

She was very resourceful, you know. By the time she got to the airplane, someone had already called it into the plane. We quickly realized that it is in the Constitution [Art. II, Sec. 1, cl. 8].

Hughes believed that President Johnson chose her to administer the oath of office due to their friendship,^[^{citation needed}^] and because Johnson was not pleased with other federal judges in Dallas.^[^{citation needed}^] Because of this, Hughes was the most suitable choice. Sanders and Hughes no doubt believed those rationales, but Johnson had other reasons to choose her, according to Caro: "He knew who he wanted - and she was in Dallas." Citing another historian, Max Holland,^[12] Caro noted that the circumstances surrounding Hughes's appointment meant that she "'personified Johnson's utter powerlessness'" when he was vice president. The new president ordered his staff, "'Get Sarah Hughes ... Find her.'" Hughes was found and driven to Love Field, while Air Force One—and thus the inauguration of the new president—was held up just for her. Caro asserts that Johnson, in his insecurities, chose Hughes to show to the world that he was now powerful.^[13] Two other historians (Holland and Gillen) agree with Caro's assessment that Johnson was still upset that he'd not been consulted on Hughes's appointment in the first place, so it was a way to placate his ego.^[8][12] On the other hand, Johnson needed to make sure that "the swearing-in take place at the earliest possible moment ... to demonstrate, quickly, continuity and stability to the nation and the world. ... " Johnson used the "few minutes to spare" while waiting for Hughes to arrive to plead to Kennedy's staffers to stay awhile for the transition. Finally, she arrived, along with the media and Jackie Kennedy; only then the swearing-in could take place. Hughes noted that Jackie's "eyes 'were cast down'" when Johnson nodded to the judge to start the oath of office.^[14]

Other significant contributions[edit]

Throughout her lifetime, Sarah Hughes was known for her speedy and impartial administration. In 1950, she assisted in establishing Dallas's first juvenile detention center.^[^{citation needed}^]

Hughes was involved in multiple court decisions, including Roe v. Wade, Shultz v. Brookhaven General Hospital, and Taylor v. Sterrett. Hughes was a member of the three-judge panel that first heard the case of Roe v. Wade; the panel's decision was subsequently affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States. In Taylor v. Sterrett, she argued to upgrade prisoner treatment in the Dallas County jail. Hughes noted that "the Dallas County Jail was very much in need of change. It was in deplorable condition, and [she] think[s], that under [her] jurisdiction, it became one of the best jails in the whole United States."^[15]

Later years and death[edit]

Hughes retired from the active federal bench in 1975, though she continued to work as a judge with senior status until 1982. A close friend of Lyndon Johnson and his family, Hughes participated in his inauguration in 1965, took part in the book signing of Lady Bird Johnson's White House memoirs, and participated in the dedication of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. The dress Hughes wore during the swearing in on Air Force One was donated to a wax museum in Grand Prairie, Texas, but it was destroyed in a fire in 1988.^[16] In 1982, Hughes suffered a debilitating stroke which confined her to a nursing home in Dallas. She died three years later on April 23, 1985.^[17]

The Sarah T. Hughes Field Politics Center at Hughes' alma mater, Goucher College, founded in the 1950s with a grant from the Maurice and Laura Falk Foundation, is named in her honor.^[18] The special collections reading room of the University of North Texas Libraries is also named in her honor.^[19]

Bibliography[edit]

La Forte, Robert S. "Hughes, Sarah Tilghman." Handbook of Texas Online. Accessed December 1, 2013.
La Forte, Robert S. and Richard Himmel. "Sarah T. Hughes, John F. Kennedy, and the Johnson Inaugural, 1963." East Texas Historical Journal 27, no. 2 (1989): 35–41.
Payne, Darwin. Indomitable Sarah: The Life of Judge Sarah T. Hughes. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 2004.
Riddlesperger, James W. "Sarah T. Hughes." Master's thesis, North Texas State University, 1980.

References[edit]

^ terHorst, Jerald F.; Albertazzie, Col. Ralph (1979). The flying White House: the story of Air Force One. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 0698109309.
^ Walsh, Kenneth T. (2003). Air Force One: a history of the presidents and their planes. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1401300049.
^
Jump up to:
^a ^b "Judge Sarah T. Hughes Collection — University of North Texas Libraries". Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
^ Bowman, Cynthia Grant (2009). "Women in the Legal Profession from the 1920s to the 1970s". Cornell Law Faculty Publications. Archived from the original on 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
^ "Texas Legislators Past and Present-Sarah Hughes". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
^ Clark, Mary (2002). "Carter's Groundbreaking Appointment of Women to the Federal Bench: His Other "Human Rights" Record" (PDF). AALS. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 13, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2013."Today, women comprise 26.3% of the judgeships on state courts of last resort, 19.2% of federal district court judgeships, 20.1% of federal appellate judgeships, and 33.3% of the U.S. Supreme Court." Women in the United States judiciary.
^
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^a ^b Caro, Robert (2012). ""Genuine Warmth"". The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power. New York City: Albert A. Knopf. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-679-40507-8.
^
Jump up to:
^a ^b Gillon, Steven (2009). ""I Do Solemly Swear". The Kennedy Assassination - 24 Hours Later. New York City: Basic Books.
^ "Biographies: Women in Texas History". womenintexashistory.com. 2007. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
^ From Gutsy Mavericks to Quiet Heroes: True Tales of Texas Women. Dallas, Texas: Foundation for Women's Resources. 1997.
^ "vd_2002_fall_Barefoot%20Sanders(1)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-01-08. Retrieved 2008-09-22.
^
Jump up to:
^a ^b Holland, Max (2004). The Kennedy Assassination Tapes. New York: Knopf. p. 24.
^ Caro, Robert (2012). ""Taking Charge"". The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power. New York City: Albert A. Knopf. pp. 328–329. ISBN 978-0-679-40507-8.
^ Caro, Robert (2012). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power. Albert A. Knopf. pp. 333–336. ISBN 978-0-679-40507-8.
^ "INSIDE THE DALLAS COUNTY JAIL". D Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
^ "Irreplaceable items lost in museum fire". The Seguin Gazette-Enterprise. Seguin, Texas. AP. September 11, 1988. p. 3. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
^ FOLKART, BURT A. (1985-04-25). "Fateful Flight From Dallas : Sarah T. Hughes, the Judge Who Swore In Johnson, Dies". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archivedfrom the original on 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
^ "The Sarah T. Hughes Field Politics Center | Goucher College". Goucher College. Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
^ "Special Collections: Research - University Libraries - UNT". Archived from the original on 2018-11-05. Retrieved 2018-11-05.

External links[edit]

Sarah Tilghman Hughes at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
More photos of the taking of the oath
The Sarah T. Hughes Center for Field Politics at Goucher College
Sarah T. Hughes Archive at University of North Texas
Indomitable Sarah: The Life of Judge Sarah T. Hughes by Darwin Payne (Texas A&M University Press)
Sarah T. Hughes at Find a Grave
Oral History Interview with Sarah T. Hughes, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
Women in Texas History
Description of Judge Hughes

1970 (June 19)

https://www.newspapers.com/image/42577371/?terms=sarah%20hughes%20abortion&match=1

1970-06-19-corsicana-daily-sun-pg-1-clip-abortion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Loeb_Goldberg

On June 28, 1966, Goldberg was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a new seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit created by 80 Stat. 75. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 22, 1966, and received his commission the same day.[1] He assumed senior status on January 31, 1980, and served in that capacity until his death on February 11, 1995, in Dallas.[2] Judge Goldberg authored the case Zatarains, Inc. v. Oak Grove Smokehouse, Inc. 698 F.2d 786 (5th Cir. 1983), a leading case in trademark law.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McLaughlin_Taylor_Jr.

On June 28, 1966, Taylor was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas vacated by Judge Thomas Whitfield Davidson. Taylor was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 22, 1966, and received his commission the same day. He served as Chief Judge from 1973 to 1977, assuming senior status on February 7, 1979, and serving in that capacity until his death on June 17, 1985.[1]

1970 (Aug 03)

great hughes story

https://www.newspapers.com/image/588160432/?terms=%22sarah%20hughes%22&match=1

1970 (Aug 19) - Was Hughes also an abortion activist?

https://www.newspapers.com/image/386514047/?terms=%22sarah%20hughes%22&match=1

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-25-mn-12178-story.html

1985-04-25-latimes-com-archives-sarah-hughes.pdf

Fateful Flight From Dallas : Sarah T. Hughes, the Judge Who Swore In Johnson, Dies

BY BURT A. FOLKART

APRIL 25, 1985 12 AM PT

TIMES STAFF WRITER

U.S. District Judge Sarah T. Hughes, the diminutive women’s rights activist whom Lyndon Baines Johnson selected to swear him in as President on his fateful flight from Dallas to Washington in 1963, is dead.

Mrs. Hughes was 88 and died late Tuesday night in Dallas, where President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963.

Lois Swan Jones, an aide to Mrs. Hughes, said that the jurist had been confined to a nursing home since suffering a stroke three years ago.

Standing 5-feet, 1-inch tall and weighing slightly more than 100 pounds, Judge Hughes’ physical stature belied both the toughness she displayed in her early battles for equal rights for women and her later contempt for ill-prepared lawyers and inconsistent witnesses.

She was a former president of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs and toured the country in the early 1950s advocating equal pay for working women. She also urged unquestioned support for the United Nations and world federalism as steps toward a lasting peace.

Born in Baltimore, she worked her way through law school as a police officer in Washington. She married a Texan after graduation, and they moved to his home state in 1922. But she was unable to find work.

“I offered my services to every law firm in Dallas,” she said many years later. “I didn’t know there was any discrimination against women.”

It was the attitude of prospective employers that turned her toward women’s rights.

In 1930 she ran for the Texas state House and was reelected twice. In 1935 she became the first woman to be named a state district judge when she was appointed to the 14th District Court. She was reelected seven times before Kennedy named her to the federal bench in 1961.

She had come to Kennedy’s attention when she was Dallas County (Tex.) chairman of the Kennedy-Johnson presidential campaign of 1960. Her relationship with Johnson dated to his 1948 race for the Senate.

Mrs. Hughes was among the group of people waiting for the presidential caravan at the Dallas Trade Mart when Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed Kennedy.

Then-Vice President Johnson asked that she be sent to Dallas’ Love Field, where he was to be flown back to Washington as the nation’s new President.

Took Oath on Plane

With Kennedy’s widow, Jacqueline, at his side, Johnson was hastily administered the presidential oath by Mrs. Hughes as their plane was in the air.

Over the succeeding years she was often criticized by local conservatives who found her rulings too liberal. One example was her order to remodel and improve the Dallas County Jail, which she called a “factory for crime.”

Her order was issued in 1972 but it was eight years before construction began.

She once complained that “People were willing to vote for me for judge because they thought that I would be fair. But they were not willing to vote for me in a place where I could change the laws.”

Husband Died in 1964

Her husband, George Hughes, was a lawyer who died in 1964. They had no children.

On Wednesday, Lady Bird Johnson, the former President’s widow, said: “I’ve known and admired (Mrs. Hughes) since my university days in the 1930s, when she was a young Texas legislator. Lyndon and I enjoyed her friendship and were so proud of her and the service she gave to Texas.”

https://www.newspapers.com/image/292961111/?article=4e9864d6-d7b6-4744-b045-8f1a792574fd

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https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/hughes-sarah-tilghman

2022-05-06-tshaonline-org-handbook-entries-hughes-sara-tilghman.pdf

Hughes, Sarah Tilghman (1896–1985)

By: Robert S. LaForte

Type: Biography

Published: February 1, 1995

Updated: May 6, 2022

HUGHES, SARAH TILGHMAN (1896–1985).Sarah T. Hughes, jurist, politician, and feminist, was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on August 2, 1896, daughter of James Cooke and Elizabeth (Haughton) Tilghman. Her parents were descended from colonial families that immigrated to North America in the 1660s. She attended public schools in Baltimore and in 1917 graduated from Goucher College with an A.B. in biology. After two years of teaching science at Salem Academy, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, she enrolled in the George Washington University Law School, from which she received an LL.B. degree in 1922. During this period she was a member of the Washington, D.C., police force, a job in which she worked primarily with juveniles. She married George Ernest Hughes of Palestine, Texas, a classmate, on March 13, 1922. The same year, the Hugheses moved to Dallas, where her husband began a private law practice. In 1923 Mrs. Hughes joined the firm of Priest, Herndon, and Ledbetter. She remained with the firm until 1935, when Governor James Allred appointed her to the bench of the Fourteenth District Court in Dallas. She was the first woman state district judge in Texas. In 1936 she was elected in her own right and was reelected on six subsequent occasions, the last in 1960.

Sarah Tilghman with her gym group (circa 1913). Courtesy of Bob Gough.

Sarah Tilghman with group in Washington (circa 1913). Courtesy of Bob Gough

Before her appointment as district judge, Sarah Hughes had served three terms in the Texas House of Representatives. She was among the first women elected to the legislature after the granting of woman suffrage and was active in debates over major issues of the day-oil proration laws, penal-system reform, and public school land usage. In 1933 newspaper reporters in Austin named her the state's most effective representative. In 1946 she was beaten in the Democratic primary when she ran for the United States Congress. She claimed her liberal views caused her defeat. In 1952 she received a token nomination for the vice presidency of the United States at the Democratic national convention but withdrew her name before the vote was taken. At the time, she was national president of the Business and Professional Women's Club. She was also defeated when she ran for the Texas Supreme Court in 1958. In 1961 she asked Senator Ralph Yarborough and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to recommend her for the federal judgeship of the northern district of Texas. Her age, sixty-five, caused the American Bar Association and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to oppose her selection. At her request, the Business and Professional Women's Club undertook a letter-writing campaign in support of her candidacy, and Yarborough, Johnson, and Speaker of the House Samuel T. Rayburn lobbied effectively on her behalf. When President John F. Kennedy appointed her in October 1961, she became the first woman to serve as a federal district judge in Texas.

Judge Hughes was known for her speedy and impartial administration of justice. While serving the Fourteenth Judicial District of Texas she played an important part in the construction of Dallas's first juvenile detention center (1950) and in securing an amendment to the Texas constitution allowing women to serve as jurors (1953). Among her most well-known decisions as a federal judge were Roe v. Wade, 1970 (the legalization of abortion in the United States), Shultz v. Brookhaven General Hospital, 1969 (equal pay for equal work for women), and Taylor v. Sterrett, 1972 (upgrading prisoner treatment in the Dallas County jail). She was also involved with several cases related to Billie Sol Estes and to the Sharpstown stock fraud scandal.

She became a national figure as a result of the assassination of John F. Kennedy (see KENNEDY ASSASSINATION) in Dallas on November 22, 1963, after which she administered the oath of office to Lyndon Johnson aboard Air Force One at Love Field. She said she liked to believe that President Johnson chose her for the honor because of their friendship but was realistic enough to know that his feelings towards other federal judges in Dallas made her the most acceptable choice.

Judge Hughes and her husband were Episcopalians. He died on June 1, 1964, after many years (1928–62) as an attorney for the United States Veterans Administration in Dallas. They had no children. After several years of illness, Judge Hughes died on April 23, 1985. She was interred at Hillcrest Mausoleum and Memorial Park in Dallas.

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