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Dr. Paul Berg (born 1926)

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Paul Berg (born June 30, 1926) is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, along with Walter Gilbertand Frederick Sanger.^[4][5][6] The award recognized their contributions to basic research involving nucleic acids. Berg received his undergraduate education at Penn State University, where he majored in biochemistry. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952. Berg worked as a professor at Washington University School of Medicine and Stanford University School of Medicine, in addition to serving as the director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Berg was presented with the National Medal of Science in 1983 and the National Library of Medicine Medal in 1986. Berg is a member of the Board of Sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.^[7]

Early life and education[edit]

Berg was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of a Russian Jewish immigrant couple,^[8] Sarah Brodsky, a homemaker, and Harry Berg, a clothing manufacturer.^[9] Berg graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1943,^[10] received his Bachelor of Science degree in biochemistry from Penn State University in 1948 and Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952. He is a member of the Beta Sigma Rho fraternity^[^{citation needed}^] (now Beta Sigma Beta).

Research and career[edit]

Academic posts[edit]

After completing his graduate studies, Berg spent two years (1952–1954) as a postdoctoral fellowwith the American Cancer Society, working at the Institute of Cytophysiology in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the Washington University School of Medicine, and spent additional time in 1954 as a Scholar in Cancer Research with the Department of Microbiology at the Washington University School of Medicine.^[11] He worked with Arthur Kornberg, while at Washington University.^[12] Berg was also tenured as a research fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge.^[13][14] He was a professor at Washington University School of Medicine from 1955 until 1959. After 1959, Berg moved to Stanford University, where he taught biochemistry from 1959 until 2000 and served as director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine from 1985 until 2000.^[11] In 2000 he retired from his administrative and teaching posts, continuing to be active in research.^[15]

Research interests[edit]

Berg's postgraduate studies involved the use of radioisotope tracers to study intermediary metabolism. This resulted in the understanding of how foodstuffs are converted to cellular materials, through the use of isotopic carbons or heavy nitrogen atoms. Paul Berg's doctorate paper is now known as the conversion of formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol to fully reduced states of methyl groups in methionine. He was also one of the first to demonstrate that folic acid and B₁₂ cofactors had roles in the processes mentioned.

Berg is arguably most famous for his pioneering work involving gene splicing of recombinant DNA.^[16] Berg was the first scientist to create a molecule containing DNA from two different species by inserting DNA from another species into a molecule. This gene-splicing technique was a fundamental step in the development of modern genetic engineering. After developing the technique, Berg used it for his studies of viral chromosomes.^[17]

Berg is currently a professor emeritus at Stanford.^[11] As of 2000, he stopped doing active research, to focus on other interests, including involvement in public policy for biomedical issues involving recombinant DNA and embryonic stem cells and publishing a book about geneticist George Beadle.^[18]

Berg is a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists [1]. He was also an organizer of the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA in 1975. The previous year, Berg and other scientists had called for a voluntary moratorium on certain recombinant DNAresearch until they could evaluate the risks. That influential conference did evaluate the potential hazards and set guidelines for biotechnology research. It can be seen as an early application of the precautionary principle.

Awards and honors[edit]

Queen Beatrix meets Nobel laureates in 1983, Mildred Levy and Paul Berg are second couple from the left

Nobel Prize[edit]

Berg was awarded one-half of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with the other half being shared by Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. Berg was recognized for "his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA", while Sanger and Gilbert were honored for "their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids."^[19]

Other awards and honors[edit]

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966.^[20] In 1983, Ronald Reaganpresented Berg with the National Medal of Science. In 1989, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.^[21] He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1992.^[22] In 2005 he was awarded the Biotechnology Heritage Award by the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation.^[23][24] In 2006 he received Wonderfest's Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization.^[25]

References[edit]

^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1438118826.
^ "Paul Berg + Stanford Biochemistry Department". berg-emeritusprofessor.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Research Focus – Clare Hall". www.clarehall.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ Curriculum vitae Archived 2005-02-07 at the Wayback Machine from the Nobel Prize website
^ Berg autobiography Archived 2006-03-04 at the Wayback Machine from the Nobel Prize website
^ Berg interview Archived 2005-04-18 at the Wayback Machine from the Nobel Prize website
^ "Guide to the Paul Berg Papers". www.oac.cdlib.org. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
^ "Professor Paul Berg | Biographical summary". WhatisBiotechnology.org. Retrieved 2019-12-10.
^ HowStuffWorks "Paul Berg" Archived 2016-05-20 at the Wayback Machine. Science.howstuffworks.com (2008-10-21). Retrieved on 2014-04-03.
^ Hargittai, István. "The road to Stockholm: Nobel Prizes, science, and scientists", p. 121. Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-850912-X. Accessed September 20, 2009. "Arthur Kornberg (M59), Jerome Karle (C85), and Paul Berg (C80) all went to the Abraham Lincoln High School in Brooklyn."
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^a ^b ^c "Paul Berg – Curriculum Vitae". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^ "Paul Berg". HowStuffWorks. 2008-10-21. Archived from the original on 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^ "Research Focus | Clare Hall". www.clarehall.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-04-25.
^ Singer, Maxine; Berg, Pam (1990). Genes and genomes. Mill Valley, Ca.: University Science Books. p. xxviii. ISBN 0935702172.
^ Carey, Jr., Charles W. (2006). American scientists. New York, NY: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816054992.
^ "Paul Berg". Science History Institute. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
^ "Award Ceremony Speech". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^ "CAP – Paul Berg". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2011-03-25.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
^ "Professor Paul Berg ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2015-11-12.
^ "Biotechnology Heritage Award". Science History Institute. 2016-05-31. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Gussman, Neil (13 April 2005). "Paul Berg to Receive 2005 Biotechnology Heritage Award". PR NewsWire. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ "Sagan Prize Recipients". wonderfest.org. 2011. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.