• Alma mater : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Ph.D.)

• Known for : HIV/AIDS research

• Scientific career Institutions : University of Washington / Oregon National Primate Research Center

• Thesis : The organization of repetitive sequences in two cloned mouse beta-globin clusters (1980)

Nancy Logan Haigwood is an American scientist. She is a professor and the director of the Oregon National Primate Research Center. Haigwood is an HIV/AIDS researcher and serves as a volunteer board member on the Cascade AIDS Project. She is an advocate of science education and outreach.

Education

Haigwood earned a doctor of philosophy at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1980.^[1] She was the graduate mentor to the Kappa Kappa Gamma chapter at Chapel Hill.^[2] Her dissertation was titled The organization of repetitive sequences in two cloned mouse beta-globin clusters.^[3] Haigwood completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Johns Hopkins University from 1979 to 1981.^[1]

Career

Haigwood worked for 17 years in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. A large portion of this was at the [Chiron Corporation] (Novartis) and the Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute. She was a professor of microbiology and pathology from 1997 to 2007 at the University of Washington and a member of the Center for Global Infectious Disease Research. In 2007, she became the fifth director of the Oregon National Primate Research Center. She is a volunteer board member of the Cascade AIDS Project and an advocate for science education and outreach. Haigwood has researched HIV/AIDS with an emphasis in preventing mother to child transmission and on vaccines since 1986.^[1]

Awards and honors

Haigwood is a Fellow of the American Society for Microbiology. She won the Cascade AIDS Project 2017 Action Award for her "outstanding volunteer service to this AIDS service organization."^[1]

Personal life

Haigwood contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation in early 2002 after she had suspicions that [Dr. Bruce Edward Ivins (born 1946)] was behind the 2001 anthrax attacks.^[2]

References

• ^{a b c d} "Nancy L. Haigwood, Ph.D. | OHSU People". Oregon Health & Science University. Retrieved February 14, 2019.

• ^{a b} Moughty, Sarah (October 10, 2011). "Nancy Haigwood: "I Had a Gut Feeling It Was Bruce"". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved February 14, 2019.

• ^ Haigwood, Nancy Logan (1980). "The organization of repetitive sequences in two cloned mouse beta-globin clusters". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

External links

• Nancy Haigwood publications indexed by Google Scholar

About

I am a professor and a director of one of the National Primate Research Centers in the US. My research focus in industry and academics has been on the development of vaccines and biological therapeutics, primarily antibodies. For more than 35 years I have studied various aspects of the HIV Envelope glycoprotein, from structure-function analyses to protein expression, to immunogenicity studies. My laboratory has worked on vaccines in primate models for AIDS that are modeled after native Envelopes from subjects who develop neutralizing antibodies in 2-3 years after infection. For the last 20 years, our focus has been passive studies with broadly neutralizing antibodies to limit mother to child transmission. The lab is currently am working on passive antibody-based approaches to treat SARS-CoV-2 early in infection. In my role as a center director, I enjoy learning from my colleagues here and at other centers so that we can model and understand immune responses and disease pathogenesis. I am an advocate for science education and transparency.

Experience

• OHSU

  • • Director, Oregon National Primate Research Center ( Oct 2007 – Present / 14 yrs 2 mos / Location: Beaverton, Oregon (Greater Portland Area) )

      • • As Director of one of the eight National Primate Research Centers in the US, I am responsible for strategic planning, working with scientific division heads to direct research, and the management and breeding of a large colony of nonhuman primates bred for NIH-funded research.

• Oregon Health & Science University

  • • Professor ( Oct 2007 – Present [ which is Oct 2021] / 14 yrs 2 mos )

      • • My role is in mentoring Staff Scientists, fellows and students and in leading NIH and foundation funded biomedical research aimed at developing vaccines and immune-based therapies for HIV.

• National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR)

  • • Board Member ( Sep 2013 – Present / 8 yrs 3 mos )

• Cascade AIDS Project

  • • Board Member and President ( Dec 2011 – Present / 10 yrs / Location: Portland, Oregon Area )

      • • I am currently serving as board president, and I serve on the Finance Committee and participate in fundraising activities for CAP.

• International AIDS Vaccine Initiative

  • • SAC member ( 2008 – 2011 / 3 yrs )

• US-Japan CMSP

  • • Member and former chair ( 2003 – 2010 / 7 yrs )

• Seattle Biomedical Research Institute

  • • Senior Scientist ( 1997 – 2007 / 10 yrs )

• Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center

  • • Scientific Ombudsperson ( 2004 – 2006 / 2 yrs )

• Bristol-Myers Squibb Seattle

  • • Senior Principal Scientist ( 1992 – 1997 / 5 yrs )

• [Chiron Corporation]

  • • Associate Director ( 1983 – 1992 / 9 yrs )

Education

• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  • • Degree Name : B.S., Ph.D. Field Of StudyZoology; Microbiology & Immunology

    • Dates attended or expected graduation: 1969 – 1979

    • Activities and Societies: Alpha Phi Omega Kappa Kappa Gamma

Volunteer experience

• Northwest Association for Biomedical Research

  • • Board President ( 1997 – 2007 / Volunteer duration10 yrs )

      • • Cause Science and Technology

        • Education and outreach on biomedical research

• PROBING the DYNAMICS of INFANT IMMUNITY to LIMIT HIV PERSISTENCE

  • • 2017-08-03 to 2022-07-31 | Grant

    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000060/R01AI133712/PROBING-the-DYNAMICS-of-INFANT-IMMUNITY-to-LIMIT-HIV-PERSISTENCE

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.R01AI133712

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

• Persistent modulation of microbiota to enhance HIV vaccination

  • • 2015-07-01 to 2019-12-31 | Grant

    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000060/R01AI120712/Persistent-modulation-of-microbiota-to-enhance-HIV-vaccination

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.R01AI120712

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

• Targeting IgM Memory to Establish Protective B Cell Responses to HIV

  • • 2015-03-01 to 2019-02-28 | Grant

    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000060/R01AI117787/Targeting-IgM-Memory-to-Establish-Protective-B-Cell-Responses-to-HIV

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.R01AI117787

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

• Protective role of V2 antibodies induced at mucosal tissues in macaques

  • • 2015-01-15 to 2019-12-31 | Grant

    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000060/R01AI112546/Protective-role-of-V2-antibodies-induced-at-mucosal-tissues-in-macaques

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.R01AI112546

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

• Reducing Latent Viral Reservoirs in Infant Macaques

  • • 2014-08-01 to 2019-06-30 | Grant

    • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000071/R01HD080459/Reducing-Latent-Viral-Reservoirs-in-Infant-Macaques

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.R01HD080459

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

• Targeting neutralizing epitopes in the MPER of HIV Env

  • • 2014-05-06 to 2018-04-30 | Grant

    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000060/R01AI111851/Targeting-neutralizing-epitopes-in-the-MPER-of-HIV-Env

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.R01AI111851

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

• Epitope-targeted Vaccines for HIV-1 Prevention

  • • 2012-08-15 to 2018-07-31 | Grant

    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000060/P01AI100151/Epitope-targeted-Vaccines-for-HIV-1-Prevention

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.P01AI100151

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

• Plant-derived HIV neutralizing mAbs for passive immunotherapy in newborn macaques

  • • 2009-01-01 to 2018-06-30 | Grant

    • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (n/a, United States)

    • URL: https://grants.uberresearch.com/100000060/R44AI081621/Plant-derived-HIV-neutralizing-mAbs-for-passive-immunotherapy-in-newborn-macaques

    • GRANT_NUMBER: grant.R44AI081621

    • Source: Nancy L. Haigwood via DimensionsWizard

While President Clinton promotes a goal of developing an AIDS vaccine in 10 years, a company led by Seattle biotechnology entrepreneur [Dr. Robert Charles Nowinski (born 1945)] is raising tens of millions of dollars to finance immediate, large-scale testing of just such a potential vaccine.

Nowinski and stockbroker George Steiner of Prudential Securities' Seattle office are recruiting private investors for [VaxGen, Incorporated], which plans final clinical trials in 7,500 American volunteers and another 3,000 in Thailand.

The South San Francisco, Calif.-based company already has raised at least $18 million and hoped to reach $36.75 million, according to papers filed in March with the state Securities Division. Steiner said last week that VaxGen is "very close" to completing its money hunt, but he declined further comment.

Some experts are skeptical of the VaxGen effort, however, saying that the company's so-called gp120 vaccine has been superseded by newer approaches more likely to protect against AIDS.

The National Institutes of Health decided in 1994 not to fund phase-three clinical trials of VaxGen's vaccine, which was developed by biotech powerhouse Genentech Inc.

Genentech itself, after putting $50 million and eight years into its AIDS vaccine, cut its financial exposure in December 1995 by spinning off the research-and-development program as VaxGen. Genentech is contributing to VaxGen 300,000 units of the vaccine but only $2 million in cash.

VaxGen executives, who did not return phone calls, reckon that even a partial preventative to AIDS would be welcome.

The company's private placement prospectus, obtained from a potential investor, says the Food and Drug Administration might even approve a vaccine that protects 30 percent of recipients against AIDS.

Such a vaccine could be given to health-care professionals, law-enforcement personnel and others who face on-the-job exposure to HIV, the document says.

Clinton's declaration this month of a 10-year push to find an AIDS vaccine received a lukewarm reception, in part because it provided no new funding. And AIDS researcher [Dr. Robert Charles Gallo (born 1937)], a co-discoverer of the HIV virus, told reporters the vaccine might indefinitely elude medicine's grasp: "It is possible that we may never develop a vaccine for HIV."

Nowinski himself is controversial in the biotechnology industry. He founded [Genetic Systems Corporation], Icos Corp. and PathoGenesis Corp., all in the Seattle area, and private investors in those companies' large start-up financings generally have profited.

But his launch-'em-and-leave-'em approach has drawn criticism that Nowinski is more interested in starting companies than shepherding them through to success.

Gp120 vaccines have advanced the furthest in human testing. But the shortcomings uncovered in those tests have led many researchers to conclude gp120 alone won't conquer AIDS.

"I hope that gp120 is at least partially effective -- it could be. However, I think we're better off to spend our money to develop vaccines that produce a broader immunity," said Nancy Haigwood, a virologist now at Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, who previously worked at [Chiron Corporation] developing that company's version of a gp120 vaccine.

Although gp120 does cause a significant immune response, she said, "we already know from safety trials that it's not completely efficacious, because (some) people who have been vaccinated with the Genentech product and the very similar Chiron product during safety trials became infected."

For many researchers, said Haigwood, "Life has definitely moved beyond the subunit gp120."

AIDSVAX, the vaccine championed by Nowinski's company, is termed a subunit gp120 vaccine because it uses a portion of the virus's glycoprotein coat with a molecular weight of 120,000.

According to the VaxGen prospectus being circulated in Seattle, the vaccine has been tested in chimpanzees, where it prevented infection from direct intravenous injection of HIV.

In addition, safety tests on 1,093 human volunteers showed no serious side effects, and almost all of them developed high levels of antibody against HIV. Such antibodies have been shown in laboratory tests -- outside the body -- to neutralize HIV, the prospectus states.

But the prospectus also acknowledges that among a high-risk group of 102 vaccine recipients, six did become HIV-infected during the three-year monitoring period.

The document blames that "breakthrough" effect on the existence of different strains of HIV, and says the clinical trials will include mixtures of vaccine variants aimed at different HIV mutations.

Haigwood said the gp120 vaccine's immune effect in chimpanzees has little predictive value. Both the [Chiron Corporation] and Genentech products did protect chimpanzees, but "we already know that it doesn't" work in humans to the same degree, she Haigwood.

One setback to the gp120 vaccine came in December when University of North Carolina researchers halted a test of Genentech's gp120 vaccine in patients already infected with HIV. They stopped halfway through the intended three-year trial after finding the vaccine didn't slow the disease's progress.

However, that failure as a therapeutic vaccine doesn't necessarily reflect on gp120's usefulness as a preventative.

Observers raise another issue as well. Antibodies attack the form of the HIV virus that appears outside the cell, but another type of immune response, called CTL, apparently is needed to attack HIV once it burrows inside normal human cells to begin replicating.

"Both modes of transmission must be addressed for a vaccine to be effective," said a recent status report on HIV vaccines by Drs. Matt Meldorf and [Dr. Lawrence A. Corey (born 1947)], both affiliated with the federally funded AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Unit run by the University of Washington and the [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center].

Various trials of gp120 vaccines "have rarely elicited" that second type of response, according to the report.

Alternative approaches to creating immunity to HIV are in the early stages of testing. "There are some products that do appear to provide a broader immune response, and a more robust response," said Haigwood.

The AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Unit's recent report listed 13 candidate HIV vaccines, among them four gp120 vaccines.

Among the more promising prospects, according to the report, are those that pack a double punch, combining a subunit vaccine like gp120 with a vaccine based on HIV viral DNA spliced into another virus.

If gp120 turns out to produce some partial immunity in humans, it could be part of some future package of several vaccines, said Haigwood. "That I would support," she said.

AIDS. A weariness descends at the sound of the acronym. The working surmise is that heterosexuality, monogamy, safe sex, no drugs, no streetwalkers, no Thai or sub-Saharan trysts are all the average citizen needs to know. Yes, 16,000 a day join the ranks of the infected. Yes, 20 million have died. Yes, 13 million have been orphaned. But death has little purchase, no matter its numbers, when the dead are despised or distant. Even those with compunctions about the responsibilities of superpower citizenship quaver at the tall wall of science to be scaled before informed judgments on AIDS can be made. We know something about an amazing but not curative cocktail of drugs that makes a longer, better life with AIDS possible. We might know such drugs are a luxury reserved for the First World. We might know their efficacy is not always consistent. Still, scientists somewhere will solve this one. Leave the science to them.

But as Patricia Thomas's Big Shot demonstrates, science needs an engaged and knowledgeable citizenry to defeat AIDS, because the best tactic is a vaccine, and after 10 years of hunting, science has failed to find one. The scientific search drew in Congress, the military, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), multinational drug companies, lawyers, biotech startups, academic laboratories, President Bill Clinton and the media. All helped, and harmed, in ways peculiar to them and to AIDS.

With a command of the science and a sensitive approach, Thomas takes the concerned citizen through it all, without hyperbole or shrillness. Congress listened to a powerful lobbyist, slipping money for his client's vaccine into the budget, which caused a scandal, which left Capitol Hill over-cautious on future vaccine funding. The military bogged down in infighting, so vaccine trials were delayed for years. NIH was great at making committees, but the committees were lousy at making decisions; hence none of the 13 most promising vaccine candidates got the NIH support needed for the risky but necessary human trials to be conducted. Drug companies, made to make profits, devoted resources to developing drugs taken daily for years rather than a cheap vaccine taken once. Lawyers advised against human trials -- if a vaccine failed and people died, the lawsuits could bankrupt a company. Biotech startups, small and independent, weren't set up to share discoveries or agree on standards, plus they depended on NIH or the military or big drug companies to put their potential vaccines through massive human trials -- which the big guys failed to do. Academic researchers were hobbled by their culture's embedded snobbery against the human-trial empiricists. President Clinton called for an AIDS campaign in late 1996 after listening to a presentation about this stumbling mess but never followed through. The media partially understood most of it and, by not going deeper, helped sink good ideas.

Thomas's account can be compared with a book published earlier this year on this complicated subject: the smart and authoritative Shots in the Dark by Jon Cohen, a writer for Science. Expecting to spend a year chronicling how a vaccine was discovered, Cohen spent 10, a demoralizing extension that could have buried a lesser writer. Thomas began her book in 1997. She covers the same facts as Cohen but employs some of the conveniences of compelling characters, dramatic scenes and suspense to help you get through the brain-numbing science. Cohen is more analytical, and he comes to a conclusion, advocating a March of Dimes approach to developing an AIDS vaccine similar to the strategy that finally wiped out polio. Thomas makes no overt recommendation, but in the way it is told her book reveals one fairly clearly.

She looks at the vaccine hunt through the eyes of the young scientists who first became obsessed with it back in 1982 and stuck with it for almost 20 years. She refrains from idealizing their initial motives: "Although it would be romantic to think that scientists throw themselves at a new infectious scourge because it vexes their curiosity or stirs pity and terror in their hearts, that isn't how it works." These virologists and molecular biologists "tackle problems that they believe they are equipped to solve."

By the '90s, all they had -- heart, intellect, wits, career, life -- were engaged in the effort. Thomas's implied argument is that such encompassing commitment had everything to do with the little progress made in the last decade on finding a vaccine. There is [Dr. Phillip Wayne Berman (born 1948)], then 34, ordered by biotech management not to work on an AIDS vaccine but who "in his free time at Genentech worked on a vaccine anyway." There is Kathy Steimer, 34, a virologist prone to depression who "was surrounded by men who never lost sleep wondering whether they were wrong about anything," and who still won respect by her meticulous work and willingness to disclose flaws in her version of the vaccine. There is Nancy Haigwood, 31, a molecular biologist whose vaccine was ridiculed for years as "weird science" or "cold fusion." Thomas is great on the forces and individuals -- policy makers, investors, CEOs -- that intentionally and unintentionally thwarted these scientists. Her portrait of NIH's Tony Fauci is damning yet sympathetic. She astutely calls him "a productive narcissist," showing him strutting but sensitive, brilliant but feeble. The chapters on the summer of 1994 that feature him and bring all the hopeful vaccine scientists together are dramatic. We can't help concluding that that summer Fauci crushed the vaccine hunt for years.

This is cheating, of course -- we should be able to read about important issues without these kinds of novelistic tricks. But the science in this tale is so demanding, the types of vaccines being developed so critical to describe, along with the many groups of scientists working on them, that even Thomas's book is difficult, at least in parts. But a third of the way in, you are conversant -- almost proud of it, too -- with all the details, and Thomas's account truly takes off.

Because her book appeared later than Cohen's, Thomas ends with more hopeful news about vaccine trials pushed through because of the mad-dog determination of a retrovirologist biotech entrepreneur named Robert Nowinski and a veteran vaccinologist, Donald Francis. "Tightly wound" and possessing "a mouth like an Uzi," the passionate Francis played important roles in testing vaccines for smallpox and hepatitis B. Results of the massive vaccine trials by their company, VaxGen, are at least a year off, and Thomas is not so unsubtle as to suggest that Francis and Nowinski's heroics will win the day. But anyone trying to understand this issue knows after reading her book that a kind of driven, brilliant passion is what the AIDS fight needs. *

Lorraine Adams is a staff writer for The Washington Post.

Paul Bentley Haigwood Edit Profile

officer company executive

Paul Bentley Haigwood, American manufacturing company executive, former marine corps officer. Decorated Legion of Merit. Member American Society Corporate Secretaries, Retired Officers Association.

Background

Haigwood, Paul Bentley was born on December 25, 1922 in N. Wilkesboro, North Carolina, United States.

Education

Bachelor of Science in Commerce, University North Carolina, 1947. Master of Arts in Personnel Management, George Washington University, 1963. Master of Science in International Affairs, George Washington University, 1969.

Career

Business management trainee General Electric Company, Schenectady, 1947-1951. Commissioned 1st lieutenant United States Marine Corps, 1951, advanced through grades to colonel, 1968. Senior marine advisor Thai Marine Corps., 1960-1963.

Commander battalion 6th Marines, 1963-1965, regimental Commander, 1969-1970. Plans officer Vietnam, 1965-1966. Chief staff 2d marine division, 1970-1971.

Chief staff III Marine Amphibious Forces, Vietnam, 1972-1973. Retired, 1973; assistant secretary American Machine and Foundry Inc., White Plains, New York, 1973-1976, vice president, secretary, since 1976. Also director numerous subsidiary.

Achievements

• Paul Bentley Haigwood has been listed as a noteworthy company executive, officer by Marquis Who's Who.

Membership

Member American Society Corporate Secretaries, Retired Officers Association.

Connections

Son of Thomas Jefferson and Octavia (Bentley) H. M. Nancy Dobbins, April 21, 1945. 1 daughter, Nancy Logan Haigwood.

Father:

Thomas Jefferson Haigwood

Mother:

Octavia (Bentley) Haigwood

Education

• 1947
  University North Carolina , Commerce , Bachelor of Science

• 1963
  George Washington University , Personnel Management , Master of Arts

• 1969
  George Washington University , International Affairs , Master of Science

Career

• vice president secretary , American Machine and Foundry Incorporated

• secretary secretary , American Machine and Foundry Incorporated

• 1947 - 1951
  Business management trainee , General Electric Company
  Schenectady, New York, United States

• 1951
  commissioned 1st lieutenant , United States Marine Corps

• 1960 - 1963
  senior marine advisor , Thai Marine Corps

• 1963 - 1965
  Commander battalion 6th Marines

• 1965 - 1966
  plans officer , Vietnam

• 1968
  commissioned 1st lieutenant , United States Marine Corps

• 1969 - 1970
  Commander battalion 6th Marines

• 1972 - 1973
  chief staff , The third Marine Amphibious Forces
  Vietnam

• 1973 - 1976
  assistant secretary , American Machine and Foundry Incorporated
  White Plains, New York, United States

• 1973
  retired

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