Dr. Robert Charles Gallo (born 1937) Long-time colleague, mentor, and romantic partner [HN01RN][GDrive]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal
2021-11-14-wikipedia-org-flossie-wong-staal.pdf
Born
Wong Yee Ching
August 27, 1946
Guangzhou, Guangdong, Republic of China[1]
Died
July 8, 2020 (aged 73)
Nationality
Alma mater
University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D., 1972)
Known for
Cloning of HIV
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
University of California, San Diego, iTherX
Academic advisors
Flossie Wong-Staal (née Wong Yee Ching, Chinese: 黄以静; pinyin: Huáng Yǐjìng; August 27, 1946 – July 8, 2020) was a Chinese-American virologist and molecular biologist. She was the first scientist to clone HIV and determine the function of its genes, which was a major step in proving that HIV is the cause of AIDS. From 1990 to 2002, she held the Florence Riford Chair in AIDS Research at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). She was co-founder and, after retiring from UCSD, she became the chief scientific officer of Immusol, which was renamed iTherX Pharmaceuticals in 2007 when it transitioned to a drug development company focused on hepatitis C and continued as chief scientific officer.[3]
Wong-Staal was born as Wong Yee Ching in Guangzhou, China, in 1946. The third child in her family of four, she grew up with two brothers and a sister. In 1952, her family was among the many Chinese citizens who fled to Hong Kong after the Communist revolution in the late 1940s. During her time in Hong Kong, Wong attended Maryknoll Convent School, where she excelled in science.[4] Although no women in her family had ever worked outside the home or studied science, her parents supported her academic pursuits. Throughout her time at the school she was encouraged by many of her teachers to further her studies in the United States. Her teachers also suggested she change her name to something in English. Her father chose the name "Flossie" for her after a massive typhoon that had struck Southeast Asia around this time.[4][2]
At the age of 18, she left Hong Kong to attend the University of California, Los Angeles, where she pursued a B.S. in bacteriology. She was graduated cum laude in just three years. After earning her bachelor's degree, she went on to earn a Ph.D. in molecular biology from UCLA in 1972. She conducted her postdoctorate work at the University of California, San Diego, where she continued to research.[4]
Her postdoctoral work continued until 1973, when she moved to Bethesda, Maryland, to work for Robert Gallo at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). At the institute, Wong-Staal began her research into retroviruses.[5] Two years later, Wong-Staal became the first researcher to clone HIV. She also completed genetic mapping of the virus which made it possible to develop HIV tests.[6] This led to the first genetic map of the virus, which aided in the development of blood tests for HIV.[7]
In 1990, Wong-Staal was recruited from NCI to the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where she started the Center for AIDS Research. Wong-Staal continued her research into HIV/AIDS at UCSD. Wong-Staal's research focused on gene therapy, using a ribozyme "molecular knife" to repress HIV in stem cells. The protocol she developed was the second to be funded by the United States government. In 1990 a team of researchers led by Wong-Staal studied the effects that the Tat protein within the viral strain HIV-1 would have on the growth of cells found within Kaposi's sarcoma lesions commonly found in AIDS patients.[8]
The team of researchers performed tests on a variety of cells that carried the Tat protein and observed the rate of cell proliferation in cells infected by HIV-1 and the control, a culture of healthy human endothelial cells.[9] Wong-Staal used a type of cellular analysis known as radioimmunoprecipitation in order to detect the presence of KS lesions in cells with varying amounts of the Tat protein. The results of these tests showed that the amount of Tat protein within a cell infected by HIV-1 is directly correlated to the amount of KS lesions a patient may have. These findings were essential in developing new treatments for HIV/AIDS patients who suffer from these dangerous lesions.[10]
In 1994, Wong-Staal was named as chairman of UCSD's newly created Center for AIDS Research.[7] In that same year, Wong-Staal was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academies.[11]
In 2002, Wong-Staal retired from UCSD and accepted the title of professor emerita. She then joined Immusol, a biopharmaceutical company that she co-founded with her second husband, Jeffrey McKelvy,[12] while she was at UCSD, as chief scientific officer. Recognizing the need for improved drugs for hepatitis C (HCV), she transitioned Immusol to an HCV therapeutics focus and renamed it iTherX Pharmaceuticals.[13]
That same year, Discover named Wong-Staal one of the fifty "most extraordinary women scientists".[3] Wong-Staal remained as a research professor of medicine at UCSD until her death on July 8, 2020.[2][14]
In 2007, The Daily Telegraph heralded Wong-Staal as #32 of the "Top 100 Living Geniuses".[15]
For her contributions to science, the Institute for Scientific Information named Wong-Staal "the top woman scientist of the 1980s".[2] In 2019, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[16]
In 1971, while doing her PhD at the UCLA, she married a fellow student, oncologist Stephen P. Staal. The couple had two daughters (Stephanie and Caroline Vega), before divorcing around 1990. Wong-Staal later re-married to neurologist Jeffrey McKelvy, with whom she founded Immusol. She had four grandchildren.[17][18]
Wong-Staal died on July 8, 2020 at the age of 73, at Jacobs Medical Center in La Jolla, due to complications caused by pneumonia.[18]
Citations
^ Thomson, Gale (2007). "Wong-Staal, Flossie". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
a b c d Robbins, Gary (July 10, 2020). "Flossie Wong-Staal, pioneering UCSD virologist who helped identify AIDS cause, dies". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
a b "Immusol Chief Scientific Officer, Flossie Wong-Staal, Ph.D., Named One of Top 50 Women Scientists". PR Newswire. October 15, 2002.
a b c "Biographies of Flossie Wong-Staal Scientists". www.biography-center.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
^ Notable Asian Americans. Gale Research. 1995.
^ World of Health. Gale Group. 2000.
^ Ratner, Lee; Haseltine, William; Patarca, Roberto; Livak, Kenneth J.; Starcich, Bruno; Josephs, Steven F.; Doran, Ellen R.; Rafalski, J. Antoni; Whitehorn, Erik A. (January 24, 1985). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III". Nature. 313 (6000): 277–284. doi:10.1038/313277a0. PMID 2578615.
^ Schmeck Jr., Harold M. (March 3, 1987). "Aids Virus: Sutdies Reveal Extraordinary Complexity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ Wong-Staal, Flossie (1990). "Tat Protein of HIV-1 Stimulates growth cells derived from Kaposi's sarcoma lesions of AIDS patients" (PDF). Nature.
^ "Celebrating Women in STEM: Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal – University News |". info.umkc.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
^ Heidt, Amanda, Pioneering Molecular Virologist Flossie Wong-Staal Dies, The Scientist, July 14, 2020
^ Heidt, Amanda, Pioneering Molecular Virologist Flossie Wong-Staal Dies, The Scientist, July 14, 2020
^ "Immusol" Archived September 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, immusol.com; accessed July 17, 2020.
^ Robert Simon Jr. (October 28, 2007). "Top 100 living geniuses". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
^ Faye Flam (July 17, 2020). "Flossie Wong-Staal, Who Unlocked Mystery of H.I.V., Dies at 73". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
a b Sarah Nelson (August 6, 2020). "Biologist Flossie Wong-Staal remembered for pioneering HIV research and treatments". Daily Bruin. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
General sources
"Science Superstar". National Geographic World: 25–27. June 1993.
"Intimate Enemies". Discover: 16–17. December 1991.
Clark, Cheryl (November 11, 1992). "Researcher Stays Hot on the Trail of Deadly Virus". San Diego Union Tribune. pp. C-1.
"Science Leaders: Researchers to Watch in the Next Decade". The Scientist: 18–24. May 28, 1990.
By Faye Flam / Published July 17, 2020Updated July 20, 2020 / Source : [HN01RN][GDrive]
Flossie Wong-Staal, a molecular biologist who helped establish H.I.V. as the cause of AIDS, revealed the virus’s inner-workings by cloning it and then laid the foundation for treatments, died on July 8 in San Diego. She was 73.
Her death, at Jacobs Medical Center in the La Jolla section of the city, was caused by complications of pneumonia not related to Covid-19, her husband, Jeffrey McKelvy, said.
Her former colleague [Dr. Robert Charles Gallo (born 1937)] said Dr. Wong-Staal was a “whiz kid” in molecular biology when she went to work for the National Institutes of Health in the 1970s, adept at manipulating the components of living things like DNA and proteins.
Calm and collected, she produced dozens of groundbreaking papers amid personal and professional turmoil in the lab at a time when Dr. Gallo, its leader, was caught up in investigations over his disputed claim to have discovered H.I.V.
Dr. Wong-Staal was a member of the National Academy of Medicine and was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame last year. Her work was so prolific and influential that the magazine The Scientist named her the most cited female scientist of the 1980s.
“Flossie was the best of the best,” Dr. Gallo said in an interview.
Dr. Wong-Staal joined Dr. Gallo after he had started studying what was then considered an obscure class of viruses known as retroviruses. Unlike ordinary viruses, retroviruses invade the cellular nucleus and insert their genes into the DNA of their hosts. Retroviruses had been observed in birds and mice but not humans, and Dr. Gallo’s research was ridiculed at first.
He soon discovered the first human retrovirus, called HTLV-1, which caused a kind of leukemia in humans. Dr. Wong-Staal went to work studying its various parts and how the virus interfered with human DNA to activate certain cancer-causing genes called oncogenes. Her work contributed to the broader understanding of the role of oncogenes in cancers not associated with viruses.
In a strange coincidence, a year after HTLV-1 was discovered, Dr. Gallo and Dr. Wong-Staal suspected that another human retrovirus might be the cause of a new disease that was spreading in the gay community and elsewhere. Eventually called AIDS, the mysterious disease had many traits in common with HTLV-1: Both were transmitted sexually, through blood or from mother to child, and both infected T-cells, a type of white blood cell.
Dr. Gallo and Dr. Wong-Staal turned out to be right, but they were not alone. While Dr. Gallo and a French group led by Luc Montagnier were locked into a protracted fight over who got credit for discovering H.I.V., Dr. Wong-Staal moved the science forward by figuring out how the virus worked.
She took the virus apart, probing its genes and proteins to see what each component did. One protein became the target of the drug AZT; another became the target of a class of drugs known as protease inhibitors.
In Dr. Gallo’s 1991 book, “Virus Hunting,” Dr. Wong-Staal was quoted as saying: “Working with this virus is like putting your hand in a treasure chest. Every time you put your hand in, you pull out a gem.”
Her virology work is now being deployed in the fight against the novel coronavirus.
“H.I.V. research built a strong foundation for Covid-19 research,” said David Ho, a Columbia University virologist, who directs the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center there. “It’s why things are moving so fast on the vaccine front and the antibody front, as well as the development of drugs.”
Yee Ching Wong was born on Aug. 27, 1946, in Guangzhou, China, to Sueh-Fung Wong, who was in the import-export business, and Wei-Chung (Chor), a homemaker. The family moved to Hong Kong in 1952.
She attended a Roman Catholic girls school, where her teachers noticed her academic talents and encouraged her to adopt an English name. She asked her father for help. “She said, ‘I don’t want to be another Teresa or Mary,’” Mr. McKelvy, her husband, said.
Her father came up with Flossie, taking it from a hurricane by that name. “He said, ‘That’s you, you’re a Flossie,’” Mr. McKelvy said.
Dr. Wong-Staal moved to the United States to study bacteriology at the University of California, Los Angeles, graduating magna cum laude in 1968. She earned a doctorate in molecular biology from U.C.L.A. in 1972. While attending graduate school she married Stephen Staal and had a daughter with him. The marriage ended in divorce in 1986.
Dr. Wong-Staal went to work with Dr. Gallo at the National Institutes of Health in 1973 and was quickly promoted to lead a group of molecular biologists. When the lab turned its attention to AIDS, she was the first to transform H.I.V. from tissue and blood samples into something that could be studied using a labor-intensive process known as cloning.
Cloning allowed researchers to study each part of the virus, and in doing so it revealed a critical facet that made H.I.V. so challenging to fight: its genetic diversity.
“We now know this diversity is enormous, and is a big obstacle to vaccine development,” said Prof. Beatrice Hahn of the University of Pennsylvania, who worked with Dr. Wong-Staal.
That diversity — a surprise to the researchers, since other retroviruses did not have this feature — allowed H.I.V. to evade the immune system. But once they figured out the role of the individual genes and proteins, they could target them. “It was a logical next step in characterizing a completely new pathogen,” Professor Hahn said. “It was an exciting time, and Flossie was in charge.”
In 1990, Dr. Wong-Staal took a job at the University of California, San Diego, where she continued to study H.I.V., looking for new treatments and a vaccine. In 2002 she became the chief scientific officer of Immusol, a biotech company she co-founded. She later renamed it iTherX Pharmaceuticals, after its had mission shifted from AIDS to hepatitis C. (The company is no longer active.)
Dr. Wong-Staal had a longstanding romantic relationship with Dr. Gallo, which was well known in the virology community, and she was open about the fact that he had fathered her second child.
In interviews, she called him a polarizing figure. Dr. Gallo had originally claimed that a variant of his original human retrovirus, which he called HTLV-3, was the cause of AIDS. The French lab led by Dr. Montagnier proposed a different virus, called L.A.V., which proved to be the right one and was later named H.I.V.
Dr. Gallo would himself propose L.A.V. as the virus that causes AIDS, but the French researchers accused him of using samples obtained from their lab. That led to federal investigations, a patent dispute and, in 2002, a 670-page book by the journalist John Crewdson, though the fight was never completely resolved.
Through it all, Dr. Wong-Staal was known for navigating this brutally competitive, male-dominated research world with quiet confidence, while supporting the many younger researchers in her lab who went on to have extraordinary careers.
“She was strong and resilient,” Dr. Gallo said. “We could be like bulldogs, but I think she was able to get up easier.”
In addition to her husband, Ms. Wong-Staal is survived by her daughters Stephanie Staal and Caroline Vega; a sister Nancy Yao; two brothers, Raymond Wong and Patrick Wong; and four grandchildren.
Mr. McKelvy said that he and Ms. Wong-Staal had taken up ballroom dancing in her last decade for recreation, but that even there her competitive nature eventually came through. “It became a passion, and she took it really seriously, as she did most things,” he said. It wasn’t long before they were entering competitions.
This is an oral history interview with Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal on the National Institutes of Health’s response to AIDS. The interview was conducted at the National Institutes of Health on 10 December 1997. The interviewers are Dr. Victoria Harden, Director, NIH Historical Office, and Dr. Caroline Hannaway, Historical Contractor, NIH