One of the limits of executive function is that imposed by the limitations of so-called working memory. This “scratch pad” for maintaining chunks of information where they can be accessed as part of comprehension and problem-solving is very limited for any learner and even more severely limited for many learners with learning and cognitive disabilities. As a result, many such learners seem disorganized, forgetful, and unprepared. Wherever working memory capacity is not construct-relevant in a lesson, it is important to provide a variety of internal scaffolds and external organizational aids—exactly those kinds that executives use—to keep information organized and “in mind.”

• Provide graphic organizers and templates for data collection and organizing information
• Embed prompts for categorizing and systematizing
• Provide checklists and guides for note-taking