Cancer poses a significant challenge due to the diverse nature of cancer cells and their ability to resist treatment, often limiting its effectiveness. Nevertheless, considerable efforts have been made to combat this deadly disease.

Recent advancements in cancer treatment, particularly in adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), have led to significant improvements in outcomes for patients with advanced cancers. One notable approach within ACT is endogenous T-cell therapy (ETC) which stands out for its distinct methodology. Unlike CAR T cells, ETC does not require tumor samples or genetic manipulation. Instead, ETC harnesses naturally occurring tumor-reactive T cells sourced from peripheral blood.

The combination of ETC with ICB strategies shows great potential for improving patient outcomes and extending survival, especially for individuals with metastatic disease who have already undergone conventional therapies or even immune checkpoint therapy. This highlights the benefits of T cell therapies with other therapies like ICB.

However, ICB have well-documented immune related adverse effects. All organs, including the kidneys are susceptible to such adverse effects which can pose challenges in diagnosis and management. Consequently, ongoing research endeavors are dedicated to identifying and addressing nephrotoxicity resulting from ICB and novel treatment strategies.