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Propp's Character Theory Introdution
Propp analysed some Russian Folktales from the 1920s and noticed that the majority contained the same narrative functions, specifically 31 functions. This theory has since become synonymous with his 7 character archetypes. Archetypes are quite simply characters universally assoicated with a certain genre. From a fantasy perspective, Propp would suggest the following 7 archetypes. These archetypes can be associated to most genres, helping shape the narrative.
Hero – the good guy(s)
Villain – The bad guy
The Donor – Sacrifices something to enable the hero to continue
The Helper – Helps the hero
Princess – Need saving by the hero
False Hero – The character who could be on anyone’s side
The Dispatcher – send the hero on their way
Todorov has the idea that all narratives share a basic structure that involves a movement from one state of equilibrium to another. The key consideration is that these two states of equilibrium are separated by a period of imbalance or disequilibrium (chaos). He also stated that the way in which narratives are resolved can have particular ideological significance. This theory is split into 5 stages:
Equilibrium – The setting is established, key character(s) are introduced and the plot is set up.
Disruption – Oppositional character(s) appear and the story takes a particular direction.
Recognition of disruption – The lives of characters and events are interwoven. Tension builds throughout this section, which is often the longest.
Attempt to repair disruption – the highest point of tension after which there is a change in dynamic.
Reinstatement of equilibrium – matters are sorted out, problems are solved and questions answered.