Tone vs. Mood
In writing a story, the author sets a tone and mood by conveying emotions through the choice of words, phrasing, and sentence structures. These strategies contribute to forming the author’s purpose.
Let us learn about the difference between tone and mood.
Tone
The tone is how the author expresses himself through writing. Tone words also shape the writing and the characters to which a particular tone is used or represented. Readers can learn the character’s attitude or personality through its tone. Study the different words that describe the author’s tone: encouraging, sarcastic, bored, excited, angry
Encouraging: “You can always do what you want. You just have to want it.”
Sarcastic: “I enjoyed seeing you today,” said Isaac. “As if I believe you,” Sheldon replied.
Bored: “Sigh! I don’t have anything to do.”
Excited: “Yay! We’re going to the beach.”
Angry/commanding: “Get. Out. Here. Now.”
Mood
The mood is used to create the atmosphere in narratives; the feelings conveyed to the readers/listeners set the story's mood. The characters feel a certain way, and the readers feel it. You can also determine the mood of a text by the way its setting is described.
They stopped by a sweets shop to buy fruit tarts when Aurora saw a stall full of cats. She ran towards them, admired their fur, and stroked them while giggling happily.
In this example, the character’s mood was conveyed through Aurora’s actions when she saw the cats and how she interacted with them. This may give the readers a feeling of happiness or delight for Aurora.
Purpose
The author may use different strategies to convey tone and mood in narratives. However, the one thing they have in common is that they all serve the author’s purpose. There are three categories for the author’s purpose:
To Inform
To inform is to lay out facts to a statement without adding an opinion. Informative writing is common in textbooks, encyclopedias, newspapers, and the Internet. To determine whether particular writing serves to inform is to look out for statistics or numbers or certain information that is untainted. Take a look at the example:
The Philippines is divided into three different island groups called Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
To Persuade
When the writer aims to persuade, he or she wants to convince the reader to believe in or do something. When the author uses this purpose, the writer’s opinion on a given point, some recommendations, and points in favor of and against an issue are included. Look at the example:
The act of giving that the young man showed us should not just be done because it makes us look cool. We should do it because it is the right thing to do.
To Entertain
To entertain is to amuse the reader. Some narratives are created to entertain. Comics are a good example. It usually has a short plot and includes graphics of people conversing about a funny topic.
There are many different text types a person may encounter in the course of a single day. They might read a newspaper article in the morning, then write a letter (or email) to a friend, follow a recipe to make dinner, complete an application form, pick up a leaflet, before finally savoring a good novel at bedtime. While all of these forms of text have the written word in common, each has its own unique features and conventions.
Text Types
Any writing you read or produce is a form of text. These could contain anything from books, articles from the newspaper, and textbooks to food guides, movie reviews, and gaming rules. The words, phrases, grammatical constructions, writing styles, and sentence structures you come across when reading an advertisement, an email from a friend, or a research piece vary. Thus, the characteristics and purposes of various text types vary. You frequently use or encounter a variety of text types. Each one's function and language characteristics are unique. Only the four text types—classification, explanation, enumeration, and time order—that are most frequently used will be covered in this lesson.
Classification
Classification text, also known as text tagging or text categorization, categorizes text into organized groups. In this type of text, items or ideas are sorted according to commonalities. Also, in this type of text, the writer presents the overall idea then splits it into parts to provide clarity and description. Readers can recognize classification text through signal words such as: first, finally, to begin, next, in addition, on the other hand, for example, or then.
Different students attend various types of schools; they can usually be classified as either public, private religious, private non religious, or alternative. Public schools are funded by the state, and the majority of students in the United States attend them. Private schools are schools that do not receive federal funding but are instead supported by a private organization or funding from individuals. Private religious schools are based around a particular faith, such as Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism, and so forth. Religion is part of the everyday lives of the students and they also learn about their faith in addition to regular subjects. On the other hand, private nonreligious schools do not receive state funding and can make their own rules. Alternative schools can comprise various different categories, such as the Montessori program or technical schools, and are typically self-paced and hands-on. Most students attending class in a school building go to one of these institutions.
Explanation
An explanation text contains an event that has cause and effect. For example, if a house suddenly collapses, there must be factors that made it collapse, such as lack of material, defects in the manufacturing process, wood weathering, or other causes.
A lunar eclipse is one of the natural phenomena that we often encounter. This natural event occurs when the moon is in opposition to the sun. But the lunar opposition to the sun does not always result in a lunar eclipse.
Why is that? This is due to the inclination of the orbital plane of the moon to the ecliptic plane. There will be times when there is an intersection between the orbital plane of the moon and the ecliptic plane, which will then cause the appearance of two points which are also known as nodes. It is at this node point that the lunar eclipse occurs. It takes approximately 29.53 days for the moon to move from one point of opposition to another.
Enumeration
An enumeration text is one that expresses ideas by describing several aspects of a particular object, such as its varieties, features, classes, types, components, ways, groupings, and other details. It usually starts with the statement of the general subject that is broken down into parts, classes, etc. These parts are introduced by signal words such as the following: first, next, and so on; or they may be listed using commas or enumerated one by one.
Have your blood cholesterol measured if you've never had it done. Finger-prick tests at health fairs and other public places are generally fairly accurate, especially if they're offered by a hospital or other reputable health group. When you know your "number," follow these guidelines from the
National Cholesterol Education Program:
● If your cholesterol is under 200 mg/dl, maintain a healthy lifestyle--including eating a low-fat diet, getting regular exercise, maintaining a healthy body weight, and not smoking--and get another test within five years.
● If your cholesterol is between 200 and 239 mg/dl, have a second test performed and average the results. If that number falls in the same range, and if you do have any form of cardiovascular disease, change your diet to improve your cholesterol. In addition, eliminate any other risk factors you have and get tested again in about one year.
● If your cholesterol is 240 mg/dl or more, your physician should order a more detailed cholesterol analysis and recommend therapy based on the results. You should begin a cholesterol-improving diet immediately.
Time Order
Time order words tell us the order in which events happen. They allow us to understand the sequence of events in chronological order, from first to last. This is helpful when you're telling a story or something that happened - whether you're writing it down or just telling it to a friend.
First, we measured out the ingredients for the cake. After that, we mixed them together to make a batter. Then, we poured the batter into a cake tin. Finally, we put the cake tin in the oven.
Questions like "Why is the sky blue?" or "Why is the ocean salty?" are commonly asked by both children and adults. We often have questions we seek to be answered or curiosities about certain events. There are also times when we have difficulty understanding things. Most of the time, someone is kind enough to explain to us how things came to be. But what if you were the one who needs to give the explanation? How would you do it? In this lesson, you will learn how to give summarizations of explanations.
Explanation
An explanation text is a type of nonfiction writing that uses simple words and short sentences. This type of text answers the question of how and why something happened or exists, or something could be done.
The sky is blue because blue light particles travel in a shorter period of time. This phenomenon is called Raleigh scattering.
The ocean tastes salty because of the dissolved rocks from land and the sea floor.
The examples above are common questions children often ask.
Explanations may also detail a process or steps of how something is done. If this is the case, it will call for a chronological presentation of information.
instruction manual, how-to guide, and recipe
First, make sure the eggs are clean. Then, slowly add the eggs to a boiling pot of water before covering it.
The example above shows the first two steps in cooking boiled eggs. Words like first and then were used to describe the sequence of steps to be followed.
The impersonal writing style is used, avoiding the use of pronouns I and you. Metaphors, similes, and descriptive information are discouraged.
You must not just cross the street, especially if there is a sign saying not to! Who knows, a big truck might run over you!
Recklessly crossing a busy street is dangerous. Pedestrians might get into accidents.
The statement on the left used the personal voice as if the speaker is having a conversation with someone they are familiar with. Also, the statement exaggerated the possible outcome of crossing the street. If it is compared to the statement on the right side, it makes use of the impersonal tone. It also provided a sufficient reason why someone must not be reckless when crossing the street without having to exaggerate.
How to Write an Explanation
To write an explanation, always remember: use short, simple sentences in the present tense.
Birds like penguins, chickens, and ducks can’t fly for long because of their heavy bodies.
If you ought to write a process or a method, consider using bullet points. This way, your presentation of the necessary steps is clearer, more organized, and logical.
If the situation calls for it, do not hesitate to include illustrations, diagrams, and photographs in your explanation.
Lastly, a glossary may be included in your work to guide the readers to the definition of words they may not be familiar with.
Summarization
Summarization is an effective note-taking technique where the writers present the ideas they gathered using their own words. Although the writers are retelling the ideas using their own words, no information is added or altered. The main idea still remains the same. A summary is done to shorten lengthy texts. By shortening the original text but still preserving its original meaning, the writer will be able to retell essential information to the reader effectively.
Last week, I went to a party with my friends. We played party games like “bring me”, ”pukpok palayok”, and other fun games. I also ate a lot of delicious food. I even asked for a second serving of spaghetti because it was so good! All in all, it was a happy day for me.
I attended a birthday party last week, it was enjoyable.
In the example above, the writer summarized the experience relayed in the first paragraph. The first paragraph detailed what games were played by the writer and what food was eaten. In the summarization, the writer captured the mood of the birthday attendee and wrote it in a single sentence.
To summarize a text, it is most important to first understand its meaning. Thus, you need to carefully read and understand the text. By doing this, you will be able to determine the purpose of the text you are reading and take note of the important details. Restructure the ideas and rewrite them using your own words. You may ask somebody to proofread your work for you or do it yourself.
You have reached the last lesson for this unit. After writing your descriptive essay, it is not enough that you completed the task. Making sure that your essay is near flawless is essential. This is where revising comes in. Revising and editing will help improve your essay.
Revising and Editing a Descriptive Essay
During the revising and editing stage, you review your essay to see if there are improvements that could be made. Use the checklist below to make sure your descriptive essay has the required elements:
1. Organization
Is there an introduction, body, and conclusion?
Are the paragraphs arranged properly?
Do the ideas in the essay flow smoothly?
2. Content
Is it a descriptive essay?
Was vivid language used?
Did the essay “paint a picture” in your mind?
Was the essay detailed and precise?
Does the essay have a clear focus?
3. Grammar
Do the subjects and verbs agree in the essay?
Are the tenses consistent?
Is the point of view consistent?
4. Mechanics
Are the words spelled correctly?
Does the text make use of punctuation marks properly?
Is proper capitalization used throughout the essay?
As you check and revise your essay, you may use the following common proofreading marks as a guide: https://images.app.goo.gl/Q3i5DZUyMXQTRsVi6
Below is a sample passage. As you read, try to think of ways to improve it.
Today, there are many delicious foods easily available. I sometim wonder how life was in the the ancient passed when they did not have ease of access to food as we do today. Unlike before, I could easily visit restaurants or shops and buy pizza, fluffy pastrys, pies, and cream cakes.
Below is a suggested improvement:
Nowadays, several delicious foods are readily available in convenience stores, fast-food restaurants, and other places. Sometimes, this kind of convenience makes me wonder how life was in the past when they did not have easy access to food similar to the one we have these days. Unlike before, I could easily visit restaurants or shops and buy pizza, fluffy pastries, pies, and cream cakes.
We are given verbal and non-verbal instructions everywhere that we need to follow in order to maintain order in society. We have traffic lights which tell us what to do when crossing the street and we also have different street signs which give us instructions on what to do or where to go.
In school, people such as the principal, teachers, and even fellow classmates also give you directions on the different things you need to do. Because of these, following instructions well and giving clear directions are important.
Following and Giving Directions
Following and giving directions properly is considered as an important life skill. It is an ability that we can practice in real life since it tells us how to do things or teaches us how to instruct someone to do things properly. There are particular words or phrases that we can use in following and giving directions such as imperative verbs.
Imperative
An imperative is a kind of statement that gives directions and instructions. It is one of the three moods of English verbs (indicative, imperative, and subjunctive).
Imperative verbs are used to give orders, commands, warnings, or instructions, and requests (when used with please or kindly).
The subject of an imperative sentence (you) is not shown, but it is understood.
Study the examples below. Here are some of the reminders that we can give to Rose as she tours the hometown of her parents.
Familiarize yourself with the road signs.
Do not talk to people you do not know.
Stay alert. Hide your valuables carefully.
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
Please drive carefully.
Please don’t smoke here.
Kindly fall in line.
Uses of the Imperative
1. to give a direct order
Example:
Change that top you are wearing right now, it is inappropriate for the occasion.
Stand up straight.
Give me the receipt.
2. to give instructions
Example:
Read the sentence.
Take two tablets every evening.
Turn left then right.
3. to invite
Example:
Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.
Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.
4. to give directions on signs and notices
Example:
Pull.
Do not smoke.
5. to give friendly advice
Speak to him. Tell him how you feel.
Have a quiet word with her about it.
Don't go. Stay at home and rest. Get some sleep and recover.
6. to show politeness -We could make the imperative polite by adding ‘do’
Example:
Do be quiet.
Do come.
Do sit down.
In our daily life, there are times when we are asked by the people around us how to do a particular thing, how to get to a specific place, and which item we should choose or buy. Whenever we are asked these questions, a lot of ideas come to our minds, but we sometimes find it difficult to say these out loud or write them down in a clear, understandable manner. A series of ideas, if not arranged properly, can be very confusing. That is why using signal words is important to help us organize our thoughts properly, in both oral and written speech.
Signal words, also called transition words, are used to show the connection between different ideas. These words are used to show the relationship and direction of the thoughts in a text and help the writer or speaker achieve a clear and well-organized speech.
Moreover, signal words guide the readers or listeners in moving from one idea to another and understanding their connection.
Signal Words Used to Give Directions
Directions provide a guide on how to start and finish performing an action such as a routine, experiment, cooking, baking, etc. Below are some signal words you can use to give clear, organized directions or instructions. This will guide the readers or listeners from the first step to the last step in accomplishing a particular task or process.
first
then
second
finally/lastly
next
while
after/before that
now
Study how these signal words are used in the sample paragraph below.
How to Cook Scrambled Eggs in the Microwave
First, break an egg into a microwavable container or heat-safe bowl. Next, beat the egg using a fork and season with salt and pepper to taste. Then, microwave the egg in 15-second increments, and stir with the fork until cooked through. Finally, remove the bowl from the microwave and let it cool before serving.
In the paragraph above, the signal words used are first, next, then, and finally. These words made the instructions easier to follow and understand. Now, try to reread the paragraph without the signal words. Do you think the readers will be able to identify the order of the steps without them?
Signal Words Used to List Details
Enumeration is the listing of details or examples in a text. However, this list of details does not follow a particular order, unlike when we give a list of instructions. Below are some signal words you can use in enumerating things.
To begin
with/first
another
second/next
In addition/additionally
and
moreover
also/too
finally/lastly
Study how these signal words are used in the sample paragraph below.
Why I Love Rainy Days
My favorite season is the wet season. There are three reasons why I love it when it rains. First, I love coffee so much, and I think it’s the perfect time to warm up my body with a hot cup of coffee. Also, it’s a great time just to stay indoors, relax, and spend time with my family. Lastly, I enjoy the chilly weather when it’s raining because we usually experience hot weather here in my country.
In the paragraph above, three reasons are listed to support why the author loves the rainy season. The writer used the signal words first, also, and finally to enumerate these ideas. Now, try to read the paragraph again without the signal words. Do the sentences in the paragraph make sense? Will the reader understand the connection between the ideas without them?
Signal Words Used to Show Similarities and Differences
We also use signal words to show similarities and differences between things or ideas. Below are some of the commonly used words to signal comparison and contrast. The words in the left column are used to show similarities, while the words in the right column are used to show differences between ideas.
similarly
but/yet
like/alike
unlike
likewise
however
Study how these signal words are used in the sample paragraph below.
My Twin and I
People always say that my twin and I are alike, but little do they know that our physical appearance is only one of our similarities. I have loved pets since I was still a kid. I usually play with my dogs in my free time. Similarly, my twin loves pets too! She even lets her cats sleep beside her on her bed. However, I am not a cat person, nor is she a dog person, and I think this is just one of our differences.
When we were still younger, we used to go to the park and wait for the ice cream truck. Just like her, I love ice cream too, but her favorite is a vanilla flavor which I totally hate.
My twin is great at doing many things. Likewise, I also have my fair share of talents. However, there are things she can do that I cannot do. For example, she’s really into dancing and always asks me to dance with her, but I never really learned how to dance. I am more interested in singing, which she doesn’t like. These things make us similar but so different from each other.
In the text above, the author described how similar and different he/she is from his/her twin. The author compared himself/herself to his/her twin by using the signal words alike, similarly, like, and likewise. On the other hand, the author showed their differences using the words but and however. Now, try reading the text again without the signal words. Does the text make sense at all?
To sum up, signal words are used to show a transition from one idea to another in a text. These words are important to show how these ideas are connected to one another. Signal words help us achieve a clear and well-organized series of sentences and help the reader understand them.
Nowadays, we see and create a lot of information. The way such information is organized is called text structure. There are four types of text structure. In this lesson, we will study one of them: enumeration.
Enumeration
Enumeration is a text structure where a major idea is supported by a list of details or examples. The purpose of this text structure is to list down or identify facts, parts, or categories in random order. The information comes in no special order.
Features of an Enumeration Text Structure
● The information is presented in a way that resembles an outline.
● It is often presented in a bulleted or numbered format.
● The order on a list does not matter.
● Transition words are used when written in text form.
Example 1 - List in outline form, with bullets
Tourist Destinations in Manila
● Rizal Park
● Intramuros
● SM Mall of Asia
● Quezon City Memorial Circle
● National Museum
The first example above is an enumeration text structure in bulleted format. Note that the tourist destinations were enumerated randomly, and bullets were used.
Example 2 - List in text or paragraph form, with transition words
Things I will do this coming vacation.
There are so many things I want to do this coming vacation. To begin with, I would really love to visit my grandmother in the province. Then, I will shop for clothes. I also want to swim at the beach with my family.
In the second example, the things that the speaker wants to do are enumerated but in text form. There are no bullets, but transition words like to begin, with, then, and also were used. The text does not follow a particular order. The speaker is just telling us all the things she would like to do on vacation randomly.
Here are the transition words commonly used in an enumeration:
In addition
Another
Also
First
To begin with
Second
Next
Finally
Here are more examples of enumeration:
Examples of Vegetables
● carrots
● cauliflower
● broccoli
● lettuce
● squash
Paula’s Nice Traits
My friend Paula has a lot of nice traits. First, she is very funny. She likes telling hilarious jokes. Second, she is helpful. She guides other students in doing projects and school activities. Next, Paula is also a generous girl. She always shares her snacks with me! I love the banana rolls she brings every Monday.
Have you ever had to choose between two options? Maybe you wanted two toys but could only get one. How did you decide the one you wanted? Most likely, you made your choice using comparison and contrast techniques. Typically, we compare and contrast two objects when doing so. When we compare two items, we seek out their commonalities. There are more items to compare the closer they are to one another.
Comparison and Contrast
Compare and contrast are words that are often used to talk about the similarities and differences between two things or objects. These two words are very commonly used.
Compare means to see the similarity and contrast means to see the difference. Comparing involves identifying similarities (e.g., apples and oranges are both fruit) whereas contrasting involves comparing two or more objects or events in order to show their differences (e.g., an apple has a thin skin that we can eat; an orange has a thick skin that we cannot eat).
Compare and contrast structure words are transition signals which show the similarities or differences. Below are some common examples.
Comparison
similarly
likewise
also
both. . . and. . .
not only. . . but also. . .
just like (+ noun)
similar to (+ noun)
to be similar (to)
to be the same as
to be alike
to compare (to/with)
Contrast
however
in contrast
in comparison
by comparison
on the other hand
while
whereas
but
to differ from
to be different (from)
dissimilar to
unlike
Example sentences for comparison:
Computers can be used to communicate easily, for example via email.
Similarly/Likewise, the mobile phone is a convenient tool for communication.
Both computers and mobile phones can be used to communicate easily with other people.
Just like the computer, the mobile phone can be used to communicate easily with other people.
The computer is similar to the mobile phone in the way it can be used for easy communication.
Example sentences for contrast:
Computers, although increasingly small, are not always easy to carry from one place to another. However, the mobile phone can be carried with ease.
Computers are generally not very portable, whereas the mobile phone is.
Computers differ from mobile phones in their lack of portability.
Computers are unlike mobile phones in their lack of portability.
Viewing different materials has been an important life skill, especially now in the digital age. We can get a lot of information from various visual media sources. As viewers, we need to think critically about the information we get and be able to use them wisely. Through this lesson, you will be able to learn that by identifying the audience and purpose of viewing materials.
Viewing Materials
Viewing materials are materials we interpret by looking at sources of information from pictures, charts, graphic designs, video clips, or even films. Information and ideas are illustrated in a way that makes them easier to be understood and can serve as learning tools.
These are some examples of viewing materials:
1. Images – the most common viewing material which depicts a scene, object, or idea
2. Videos – a recording which can be played back
3. Infographics – may present facts and statistics that are straightforward and easy to understand.
Target Audience and Purpose of a Viewing Material
In order to identify the target audience of a viewing material, it is important to recognize its purpose as well. These two go hand in hand and are important for viewing materials in art, education, communication, and business.
The following are the common purposes of viewing materials:
1. To educate
● Viewing materials that provide information can be used in education or even in real life.
● These materials allow the audience to learn something they can use.
● Some examples of materials are images of occupations for young students learning about jobs, videos about climate change for everyone to be aware of our environmental status, and infographics about a healthy body for the people who want to know more about being healthy.
2. To entertain
● These are viewing materials created for the pleasure and enjoyment of the audience.
● They stir the emotions of the audience as well.
● Some examples of materials are memes for those familiar with trends online, videos of interesting events for anyone who wants to relive a moment, or even films for those who want to pass the time.
3. To persuade
● These are viewing materials that are created to convince the audience about a certain topic.
● They usually provide reasons to let the audience know why they should follow their thinking.
● Some examples are images or infographic campaigns against smoking essentially for everyone affected by it or commercial videos for those who may want to buy certain products.
Have you read a newspaper or an encyclopedia? These are examples of informational text. They give new knowledge and insights by providing information organized through a text structure. There are four types of text structure, among which is time order.
Text structure is the way that the information is organized in a text. There are many text structures. One of these is time order.
Time Order
Time order is a type of text structure where a main idea is supported by details that must be in a particular sequence. Often, the details are arranged from what happened or will happen first to what happened or will happen last. Its main purpose is to write about specific order of events or steps that make up a process
Below are the transition words used in time order.
first
second
third
next
meanwhile
before
finally
last
following
after
while
during
Features of a Time Order Text Type
● The events or steps are arranged in order of time (e.g. from first to last, beginning end).
● Transition words are used.
Sample Time Order Text
How to Make Fruit Salad
The first step in making fruit salad is to prepare fruits and other ingredients such as cream and condensed milk. Second is to wash the fruits. Next, cut up the fruits and mix them in a bowl or container. Then, you add the cream and condensed milk. When the taste is right, you can finally refrigerate it. Additional ingredients like cheese may be added to make it more flavorful.
Note that in the example above, the steps were arranged from the first to the last one transition words were used.
Imagine you have more homework today than usual. You think the word busy alone is not enough to describe how much work you have to finish and how much time you have spend. Adverbs of intensity can help you out. You may say you are too busy because of the amount of homework you have.
In this lesson, you will learn more about adverbs of intensity and their use in daily conversations.
Adverbs of Intensity
Adverbs of intensity answer the question how much when describing a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. They are usually placed before the word they modify. Here are some examples:
totally
very
almost
too
completely
really
slightly
Adverbs of intensity are used to either strengthen or weaken the meaning of a word. Take a look at the sentences below.
Rina gave a very encouraging speech.
Rina gave a slightly encouraging speech.
In both sentences, the adverb tells how encouraging the speech Rina gave. The word very strengthens the meaning by adding more intensity to it. On the other hand, the speech becomes a bit less encouraging with the use of the word slightly.
Here are some more examples:
To Strengthen
She really loves romantic films.
John completely believed me.
To Weaken
It's quite cold outside.
Jessica barely remembers her childhood friends.
Making a stand is an important life skill. Although it is not that easy, it can be a powerful step to bring about change effectively. How does one make a stand? This lesson will help you find the answers.
A conversation is an example of a common, familiar context in which one can influence others. On the other hand, some occasions in school, politics, and media require a more structured, formal way of presenting one’s point of view.
Guidelines in Making a Stand
Study the guidelines below on how to make a stand to convince your audience.
1. Know your audience.
● Study the various methods you can use to entice your audience.
● Know their needs and wants.
● Balance logic and emotions in persuading them.
2. Plan your speech.
● If you are given much time to prepare before you present your stand, research the topic and gather evidence and other pertinent information.
● KISS: keep it simple and short. It means you have to be direct to the point.
● Start strong, build up the interest, engage the audience, and close with a powerful and memorable statement.
● Consider the location and equipment available that will aid and enhance your presentation.
● Make use of appropriate persuasive methods in your speech.
3. Deliver your stand well.
● Make sure that you maintain proper posture. People will notice if you are nervous or confident. You will be more convincing if the audience perceives you as confident.
● You may use gestures to enhance the meaning of your words and better illustrate your points.
● Be aware of the way you say your words. Make sure that you practice proper pronunciation. Say each word clearly and loud enough for everybody to hear.
● Control your pacing and pauses. Do not speak too fast or too slowly.