Written by the Rev. Samuel F. Smith in 1831, My Country ’Tis of Thee (also known as America) debuted on July 4, 1831. Before Smith’s lyrics were sung aloud, the tune for America had already served as the national anthem for at least six other countries, including the United Kingdom’s God Save the Queen.

The song is a contrafactum, in which one text is substituted for another while the music remains largely the same. Since Smith’s writing, the tune has been reused in support of a number of issues, including temperance, suffrage, abolition, and even the Confederacy.

Collins’s America: A Hymnal includes one hundred such versions, bound chronologically in a horizontal format that alludes to 19th-century shape note hymnals, musical notations found in congregational songbooks. On each page, Collins burned and etched away the unifying thread—the tune—leaving behind only difference and dissonance in the remaining words. Opening the book releases a charred smell. Bits of text tangle and flake off, altering the book each time it is handled. Within the edition of twenty-five, no two are alike. Collins conceived America: A Hymnal in response to the 2016 election in an attempt to articulate what it means to be an American.

Like America, Dixie (or Dixie’s Land) is another contrafactum. It was written in 1859 by Dan Emmet of Ohio, founder of the first blackface minstrel troupe, the Virginia Minstrels. In 1861, shortly before Virginia seceded from the Union, the Richmond Dispatch deemed Dixie the “National Anthem of Secession” and the de facto anthem of the Confederacy. In fact, most of the song’s rewritten lyrics alternate between support of the Union and the Confederacy. By the end of the Civil War, Emmett’s song was forever linked to the South and slavery. Dixie continues to conjure America’s enduring history of racial injustice and violence.

Like many Southern colleges, Davidson College has its own particular relationship with Dixie. The song was performed at Davidson athletic events into the 1960s. Dixie is part of the original score for Birth of a Nation, the film version of which screened in Davidson’s old student union (now the Sloan Music Center) in April of 1961 as a social gathering before final exams. And in 1917, a Davidson College affiliate faculty member, Dr. Paul Barringer, wrote and copyrighted lyrics for the War-Time Dixie for the benefit of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

Collins’s multipart work on paper, Dixie’s Land (1859-2001) consists of 10 contrafacta–each from a key moment in American history–transposed into a mournful minor key. Atop these pages are charcoal drawings of police deploying tear gas during the recent protests following the killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis. The final song included in the work is René Marie’s 2001 version, which puts the Dixie lyrics to the tune of Billie Holiday’s Strange Fruit (lyrics by Abel Meeropol). Each drawing is a haunting vision of the past in our present.