Traditional research is a scientific form of inquiry in which researchers or practitioners seek to investigate naturally occurring phenomena. Specifically, this kind of research aims to test hypotheses or identify patterns, placing emphasis on generalizations beyond research contexts.

Action research is a scientific form of inquiry in which researchers or practitioners aim to implement actionable changes into daily practice. Specifically, this research adopts an iterative and cyclical approach, utilizing findings to inform context specific improvements, guided by diverse perspectives to facilitate professional reflection.

Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of numerical data and statistical information. Its primary goal is to empirically test hypotheses and assess potential relationships among examined variables. Common data collection techniques include surveys and controlled experiments. Analytical procedures typically involve descriptive statistics to summarize data and inferential statistics, such as t-tests, ANOVA, and regression analysis, to evaluate relationships. The design of quantitative studies can take the form of experimental designs, correlational designs, quasi-experimental designs, etc. The quantitative approach is considered to be a objective and a deductive process, aligning most with post-positivist epistemology.

Qualitative research focuses on exploring individual experiences in depth rather than relying solely on numerical data. Common data collection techniques include interviews, observations, and other verbal or visual documentation such as diaries and transcripts. Data analysis typically involves systematic procedures such as coding to identify and organize emerging themes. Qualitative research may incorporate designs tailored to the research question and context, such as case studies, ethnographies, or phenomenology.  This methodology is inherently subjective and inductive, aligning closely with constructivist epistemology.

Mixed methods research integrates both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, offering a more comprehensive and triangulated understanding of a particular phenomena. Effectively combining these methodologies addresses many complex research problems. Mixed methods research may involve simultaneously collecting both quantitative and qualitative data to provide complimentary insights, gathering qualitative data after quantitative data to provide contextualized interpretation, or obtaining quantitative data following qualitative data to investigate a novel phenomenon lacking established theory.