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Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Counsel: The practice of conducting negotiations (in this case, about land or fishing rights, war, etc.) between two different groups.
Sovereignty: The independent power or authority in government as claimed by a state or community.
The Pennacook, Pawtucket, Pentucket, Naumkeg, and Mass-adchu-eset people all lived on or around the land we know today as the Merrimack Valley. During their yearly travels up (Lowell, red dot) and down (Newburyport, black dot) the Merrimack River, the Pennacook encountered these neighboring tribes with whom they traded food, handmade clothes, jewelry, tools, and weapons.
They would also hold counsel to make important agreements and exchange news and information. The tribal nations all had complex systems of government and they recognized each other's sovereignty, built alliances, waged wars, and negotiated peace.
Map: Geology.com.
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