Automotive (Grades 9-12): As defined in the NATEF course description: Explain the theory and operation of a 4-stroke internal combustion engine; explain the operation of the various drivetrain systems. Use hand tools, power tools, solvents, cleaners, hoists, and other various equipment in a safe manner observing all OSHA rules and regulations and MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets). Explain the theory and operation of each of the 8 basic systems of the automobile and identify their locations. Diagnose, maintain, and repair the cooling system, exhaust system, fuel injection system, lubrication system, and body electrical system to an extent appropriate for a fundamental level course. Mount and balance tires; identify, maintain, diagnose, and repair components of the steering and suspension system. Use test lights, digital multimeters, and scan tools to diagnose and repair the electrical system and engine controls. Identify the components of the brake system, explain brake system operation, and repair or maintain brake system components as necessary.