Publications
Raheem, S.M., Al-Jaf, H.I. and Tofiq, G.K., 2018. Influence of foliar and soil application of humic acid on growth and yield of lettuce. Euphrates Journal of Agriculture Science, 10(2).
Abstract The plastic-house experiment was carried out at University of Sulaimani, College of Agricultural Sciences during the growing season of 2016-2017 to determine the effect of soil and foliar application of humic acid on yield and yield components of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.var Romaine). Four humic acid doses (0) control, (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5) ml/L were sprayed, and soil application of humic acid in four levels, such as (0) control, (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5) ml/L added to the soil. Among the treatments level, highest total yield (47.863t/ha) was obtained with treatment T4 (1.5 ml/L soil application) followed by treatment T1 (2.5 ml/L foliar application). Foliar application of 4.5 ml/L humic acid (T3) recorded significantly highest plant height as compared with control treatment. In addition the highest values of (TSS) were obtained by soil application (T6) at rate 3.5 ml/L. The data showed that there were no significant differences in the amount of the N, P, K and nitrate in the lettuce product.
Raheem, S.M., Rasul, H.I. and Harun, R., 2020. Farmer's Behavior and Attitude in Using Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticide in Rural Areas. Journal of Plant Production, 11(11), pp.1077-1081.
ABSTRACT Human activates especially farmers can have impacts on the environment via using chemical substances, these effects can be directly on human or indirectly through food, wildlife, climate, crops, or livestock. Chemical substance which are created to introduce into delicately balanced ecosystems, they could have led to damage in motion that reverberates via the food for years. Nevertheless, it wreaks havoc, biodiversity and the natural system that human survival depends on. The aim of this study is to evaluate farmer’s behavior in using pesticides and fertilizers to prevent the environment pollution and the harm to the human beings. Primary data was used to achieve the objective which using a semi-structure questionnaire, that administered in a random sampling technique, face to face administration. The total number of farmers in the sample was 200 farmers in 31 villages. The analysis is conducted with SPSS and Excel Spreadsheets. The results illustrated that great number of farmers in rural area of Sulaimani uses chemical pesticides and fertilizers in huge amounts, they still with the adage, “if little is good, a lot more will be better”. In addition, the great number of farmers don’t follow the product’s labels, or believe that these chemical substances impact on the environment, or adopt new techniques in applying chemical substances. So, farmers require knowledge and informations to understand the negative influences of these chemical substances on the biotic and abiotic components of the environment to use organic fertilizers and pesticides instead of toxic chemicals with the recommended standard levels.
Hawall, I., Raheem, S.M. and Tofiq, G.K., 2018. Growth and Yield of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Corato) as affected by humic acid application. Journal of Plant Production, 9(9), pp.739-741.
Abstract The present study was conducted during the 2016-2017 at University of Sulaimani, College of Agricultural Sciences. This investigation aimed to study the effect of humic acid (foliar application) with three levels; 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 ml/L and three levels of (soil application) ; 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 ml/L, compared with the control (spray with water only) on growth and yield components of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. corato). After 2 weeks from transplanting, the humic acid was added four times to the plants. The experimental design was used is Random Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replicates was applied and the means compared according to Dunken at 0.05 level. The obtained results showed that soil application in the rate of (1.5 ml/L) achieved the highest results of Plant height (53 cm), fresh weight of main head (403.5 gm) and total yield (50 ton/ha). On the other hand, the highest value of the main head diameter was obtained by foliar application of 2.5 ml/L. In addition, the highest value of TSS was recorded when humic acid as a foliar spray at a rate of 3.5 ml/L, while the amount of NPK were not significantly affected by applications of different doses of humic acid. These results imply that soil application of humic acid at the rate of 1.5 ml/L could be recommended to use in the agricultural field for producing optimum yields.
Palani, Z.M.R.K., Al‐Jaf, H.I. and Raheem, S.M., 2019. Effect of addition of selenium to Kurdi sheep and its interactions with some necessary and toxic elements on health and the environment. Plant Archives, 19(2), pp.3963-3970.
Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of selenium in inorganic form which is Sodium Selenite, and its effects on animal health and the environment and its effect on age by measuring some necessary and toxic elements in the muscles, liver and dung of Kurdi lambs and rams. Six (6) lambs were taken and separated into two groups with three (3) lambs in each group, the first group standard (control) group that fed on regular feed, while the second group fed on feed with added selenium with a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg of feed. In addition, Six (6) rams were taken and split into two groups with three (3) rams in each group. The first group of rams where control that fed on regular feed, whilst the second group fed on feed that supplied selenium with a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg of feed, in a 90-day trial. Organic matter (OM), carbohydrates (CHO), nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo) and selenium (Se) were measured. The results showed that selenium supplementation had a significant effect (P 0.05) in changing the elements that has been analyzed, and differences in some elements between lambs and rams. Moreover, Selenium supplementation enhances animal health, and there was no high level of Se in muscle and liver in concentration that causes damage to health or negatively affect the environment. The levels of the elements in the dung were significant (P 0.05) and did not have an adverse effect on the environment. Furthermore, Concentrations of elements were all within the permitted limits of ANZFA, RDA, NIST, SRM, WHO, and Institute of Medicine (US). It concludes from these results that selenium supplementation with a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg of feed improves animal health and has no detrimental effect on the environment. Sheep dung can be used as fertilizer for plants which has an environmental benefit.