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As a ubiquitous and multifunctional protein, Thioredoxin (Trx) is expressed in all forms of life, executing its function through its anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and signal-transuding activities. In addition to Trx, the thioredoxin system comprises truncated Trx (Trx-80), Trx reductase, NADPH, and thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), a natural Trx inhibitor.

Still cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as dysfunctions of heart and blood vessels, remain the leading cause of morbidity and death worldwide. The majority of CVDs result from complications of atherosclerosis. Available evidence supports the notion of central role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, targeting the Trx system represents an interesting therapeutic approach for human diseases.