Koch Tiles

The mathematician Niels Fabian Helge von Koch (1870-1924) invented a famous curve by iteratively breaking up a line segment into three line segments of equal length and by replacing the central one by an equilateral triangle and removing the base line of the triangle. This produces a fractal geometry (Fig. K1) Fig.K1 Four iterates of the Koch curve. The edges of our type b)  2x2 rhomb tilings are reminiscent of these Koch curves as shown in Fig. 2. The main difference is that our building instruction is different. At each new iteration n, all the line segments are replaced by a dent or a dimple with a connecting angle of 120 degrees. The edges for even n are identical to the Koch curves.  Fig. K2 Edge shapes of a number of generations of the 2x2 rhomb tiles with edge sequence (1/2, -1/2) and n=3 (or equivalently, edge sequence (1, -1)), and type b) substitution rule.  By applying substitution rule b) repeatedly, the circumference of our rhomb tiles also gets a fractal appearance (Fig. 3).  Fig. K3 Tile shapes for edge sequence (1, -1), n=3 rule b)  Koch curves can be connected to form so called  Koch Snowflakes or Koch Islands. Below four snowflake tiles are shown using the same edge. To the left the curve is decorating the edge of a triangle either at the outside or at the inside. To the right the curve is decorating a hexagon.  Note, that the inside decorated hexagon is identical to a next generation outside decorated triangle. Fig. K4 Koch Snowflakes. Periodic tilings of the plane may be achieved by using two or more Koch tiles. Examples can be found on the Koch Snowflake Wikipedia page. Below, two special tilings with differently sized Koch tiles are shown, one with small and one with a large snowflake in the center. The first one is related to the circle limits of M.C.Escher (van Dusen et. al.).                                                                 Fig. K5 Koch Snowflake Circle Limit.                                                               Fig. K6 Expanding Koch Snowflake Tiling For Koch snowflakes based on other polygons, we only managed to get similar tilings of the plane using a pentagon. In contrast to the hexagonal Koch tiling both tiles with interior and exterior edges have to be used. The tilings have a (barely visable) hole in the middle which cannot be filled with one of the Koch pentagons.                             Fig. K7 Expanding Koch Pentagon Tilings.