Embedded Files
AP Study guide questions…order may change on the final
Which of the following types of cells utilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope? archaean
The following experiment is used for the corresponding question(s).
A researcher discovered a species of moth that lays its eggs on oak trees. Eggs are laid at two distinct times of the year: early in spring when the oak trees are flowering and in midsummer when flowering is past. Caterpillars from eggs that hatch in spring feed on oak flowers and look like oak flowers. But caterpillars that hatch in summer feed on oak leaves and look like oak twigs.
How does the same population of moths produce such different-looking caterpillars on the same trees? To answer this question, the biologist caught many female moths from the same population and collected their eggs. He put at least one egg from each female into eight identical cups. The eggs hatched, and at least two larvae from each female were maintained in one of the four temperature and light conditions listed below.
In each of the four environments, one of the caterpillars was fed oak flowers, the other oak leaves. Thus, there were a total of eight treatment groups (4 environments 2 diets).
Refer to the accompanying figure. Recall that eggs from the same female were exposed to each of the eight treatments used. This aspect of the experimental design tested which of the following hypotheses?
The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars.
A controlled experiment ____.
includes at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment
Which of the following best describes a model organism?
It is well studied, it is easy to grow, and results are widely applicable.
A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?
covalent
Lipids ____. are insoluble in water
Saturated fatty acids ____.
are the principal molecules in lard and butter
All of the following contain amino acids EXCEPT ____. cholesterol
Which of the following includes all of the pyrimidines found in RNA and DNA?
cytosine, uracil, and thymine
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
. Bacteria and Archaea
When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell?
There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Which of the following is true of osmosis?
In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water—equal to the volume of blood lost—is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?
The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells
The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it ____.
contributes to the membrane potential
A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in ____.
lysosomes
For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?
The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.
A chemical reaction that has a positive elta G is best described as ____.
endergonic
Which of the following is true when comparing an uncatalyzed reaction to the same reaction with a catalyst?
The catalyzed reaction will have the same change in free energy.
Activity of various enzymes at various temperatures (a) and at various pH (b).
Which temperature and pH profile curves on the graphs were most likely generated from analysis of an enzyme from a human stomach where conditions are strongly acid?
A. curves 1 and 4 B. curves 1 and 5
C. curves 2 and 4 D. curves 3 and 4
Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid.
Based on this information, which of the following is correct?
Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product.
28. What is malonic acid's role with respect to succinate dehydrogenase? Malonic acid ____.
is a competitive inhibitor
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are ____.
6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ____.
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the ____.
creation of a proton-motive force
Glycolysis is active when cellular energy levels are ____; the regulatory enzyme that stimulates this process is called phosphofructokinase, and it is ____ by ATP. low; inhibited
The process of photosynthesis probably originated ____.
in prokaryotes
Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light.
What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the red and blue areas?
Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most oxygen being released.
In the thylakoid membranes, the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex ____.
absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis moves protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis moves protons from the ____.
stroma to the thylakoid space
Testosterone, a steroid hormone, functions inside a cell by ____.
binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes
Protein kinase is an enzyme that ____.
activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them
Scientists isolate cells in various phases of the cell cycle. They find a group of cells that have 1.5 times more DNA than G1 phase cells. The cells of this group are ____.
in the S phase of the cell cycle
Use the accompanying figure and the molecules labeled A, B, C, D, and E to answer the following questions.
Refer to the figure. To identify the molecule that accepts CO2, Calvin and Benson manipulated the carbon-fixation cycle by either cutting off CO2 or cutting off light from cultures of photosynthetic algae. They then measured the concentrations of various metabolites immediately following the manipulation. How would these experiments help identify the CO2 acceptor?
The CO2 acceptor concentration would increase when the CO2 is cut off, but decrease when the light is cut off.
The following questions are based on the accompanying figure.
In the figure at left, G1 is represented by which numbered part(s) of the cycle?
I or V
In the figure at left, which number represents DNA synthesis?
II
Use the data in the accompanying table to answer the following questions.
The data were obtained from a study of the length of time spent in each phase of the cell cycle by cells of three eukaryotic organisms designated beta, delta, and gamma.Minutes Spent in Cell Cycle Phases
43. Of the following, the best conclusion concerning the difference between the S phases for beta and gamma is that ____.
gamma contains more DNA than beta
44. The human X and Y chromosomes ____.
include genes that determine an individual's sex
How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I? They have ____.
half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.
Which of the following can occur by the process of meiosis but not mitosis?
. Diploid cells form haploid cells.
In meiosis, homologous chromosomes are separated during ____.
Anaphase I
Centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles in meiosis ____.
anaphase II
The bulldog ant has a diploid number of two chromosomes. Therefore, following meiosis, each daughter cell will have a single chromosome. Diversity in this species may be generated by mutations and ____. crossing over and independent assortment
Use the figure and the following description to answer the question(s) below.
In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding, dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in the figure, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square.
Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype?
2 and 3
Which of the boxes corresponds to the homozygous recessive
4
In some parts of Africa, the frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following?
Darwin's explanation of natural selection
Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance as expressed in the early twentieth century?
. Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and, in turn, segregate during meiosis.
Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that generally has the most severe impact on the health of the individual? 47, trisomy 21
Cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? 8%
A new DNA strand elongates only in the 5' to 3' direction because ____.
DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' end
58. After the first replication was observed in their experiments testing the nature of DNA replication, Meselson and Stahl could be confident of which of the following conclusions?Replication is semi-conservative.
According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the blank? (both blanks are the same)
DNA is transcribed into ______ and then _______ is translated Proteins
A. mtDNA B. rRNA C. mRNA D. tRNA
A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is ____.
A. TTT B. UUA C. UUU D. AAA
According to the lac operon model proposed by Jacob and Monod, what is predicted to occur if the operator is removed from the operon?
The lac operon would be transcribed continuously.
Which of the following mechanisms is/are used to coordinate the expression of multiple, related genes in eukaryotic cells?
The genes share a single common enhancer, which allows appropriate activators to turn on their transcription at the same time.
HIV is inactivated in the laboratory after a few minutes of sitting at room temperature, but the flu virus is still active after sitting for several hours. What are the practical consequences of these findings?
The flu virus can be transmitted more easily from person to person than HIV
6Which of the following problems with animal cloning might result in premature death of the clones?
abnormal gene regulation due to variant methylation (epigenetic differences)
If each of the water molecules in the diagram had all of its potential hydrogen bonding sites filled, like the water molecule in the center of the diagram, what would be the total number of water molecules represented?
The water molecules in the diagram are attracted to the cell walls of water-conducting cells by adhesion due to hydrogen bonds. What conclusion is supported by this information?
In living systems molecules involved in hydrogen bonding almost always contain either oxygen or nitrogen or both. How do you explain this phenomenon?
High temperatures or various chemical treatments will denature a protein causing it to lose its shape and hence its ability to function. If a denatured protein remains dissolved it often renatures when its normal physical or chemical environment is restored as shown in the diagram below.Which statement best explains the connection between the sequence and subcomponents of a protein and its properties?
The specific shape of a protein is naturally known to the original sequence of amino acids so the protein will function properly after renaturation.
Absorbance at Various pH Levels
The accompanying table represents the results of an experiment where the effects of pH buffers on an enzyme found in saliva (amylase) were studied. A spectrophotometer set at 500nm was used to measure absorbance at the various pH levels every 20 sec for 2 min. The higher absorbance values would indicate greater enzyme activity. All experiments were conducted at the same temperature.
Which statement correctly identifies the result that the optimum pH for amylase function is 7?
Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for lipid metabolism. This leads to a collection of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells would be involved in Gaucher disease.
The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids.
Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table:
Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently?
Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.
Three lab groups carried out an experiment to identify the correct molarities for five solutions. Each unknown contained one of the following sucrose concentrations: 0.0 M, 0.2 M, 0.4 M, 0.6 M, 0.8 M, and 1.0 M. Each data entry represents the average of 3 sample replications of 1 cm3 sweet potato cubes expressed as percent change in mass after an overnight (24 hr) soak in the unknown solutions. From the data given, which statement most accurately describes what is occurring in response to a particular unknown solution.
72. Suppose that the cell shown in this figure is secreting insulin, a protein hormone, via exocytosis. Which statement most accurately describes why this mechanism of transport is ideal for insulin secretion?
Proteins are large molecules that cannot be transported efficiently across the membrane via transport proteins, so the Golgi packages them for transport.
Osmosis of water molecules from unknown solution A likely caused the increase in mass observed.
Biological systems use free energy based on empirical data that all organisms require a constant energy input. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. For living organisms, which of the following statements is an important consequence of this first law?
In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect if malonic acid. Select the correct identification of the molecules described in the reaction.
Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product in the reaction.
New biosensors, applied like a temporary tattoo to the skin, can alert serious athletes that they are about to "hit the wall" and find it difficult to continue exercising. These biosensors monitor lactate, a form of lactic acid, released in sweat during strenuous exercise. Which of the statements below is the best explanation of why athletes would need to monitor lactate levels?
During anaerobic respiration, lactate levels increase when muscles cells need more energy, however muscles cells
eventually fatigue, thus athletes should modify their activities to increase aerobic respiration.
ATP synthase is a key enzyme of mitochondrial energy conversion. Mitochondrial ATP synthase deficiency is due to a mutation in a gene important for the formation of a subunit in the ATP synthase complex.
Scientists could use cells with this gene mutation to investigate which of the following questions?
What effect does the mutation have on the amount of ATP synthesized during cellular respiration?
The oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). Some energy is captured in glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), more energy is captured in the form of reduced electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.
Select the best explanation for why the eventual reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 is crucial for the continuation of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.
A)
In order for the cycle to continue, oxidized electron carriers must be available.
Students conducted an experiment to determine the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. They punched 40 leaf disks from spinach leaves and used a syringe partially filled with water to pull the gases from the leaf disks so that all leaf disks sunk to the bottom of the syringe. Ten (10) leaf disks from the syringe were placed in each of four cups and covered with 50 ml of the solutions as indicated below. All leaf disks were resting on the bottom of the cups when the experiment began. The volume of liquid in each cup and the temperature of the solutions were held constant. All cups were placed 0.5 meters from the designated light source. A large beaker of water was placed between the light and the cups to act as a heat sink to prevent a change in temperature. At the end of 10 minutes, the number of disks floating in each cup was recorded.
Use your knowledge of the mechanism of photosynthesis and the data presented in the chart to determine which of the statements below is a correct explanation for the student's data.
.
Cup 4 had the slowest rate of photosynthesis because it had the least baking soda.
Which of the following poses the best evidence that cell-signaling pathways evolved early in the history of life?
Signal transduction molecules identified in distantly related organisms are similar.
Cells that are infected, damaged, or have reached the end of their functional life span often undergo "programmed cell death." This controlled cell suicide is called apoptosis. Select the appropriate description of this event on a cell's life cycle.
In a phosphorylation cascade (transduction pathway), a series of different molecules in a cell signaling pathway are phosphorylated. Each molecule adds a phosphate group to the next one in line. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that dephosphorylate each molecule returning the previous one to its inactive form.
Use information from the figure to select which sentence best describes what would occur if the protein phosphatases were inhibited.
During apoptosis, cellular agents chop up the DNA and fragment the organelles and other cytoplasmic components of a cell.
Signals would continue to be sent as there is no mechanism to turn off the signal.
In a dividing cell, the mitotic (M) phase alternates with interphase (I), a growth period.
Select the part of the cell cycle where the cell actually produces two new identical cells.
D)
Cytokinesis when the cytoplasm divides forming two new cells.
84. Density-dependent inhibition is a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing at some optimal density and location. This phenomenon involves binding of a cell-surface protein to its counterpart on an adjoining cell's surface. A growth inhibiting signal is sent to both cells, preventing them from dividing. Certain external physical factors can affect this inhibition mechanism. Select the statement that makes a correct prediction about natural phenomena that could occur during the cell cycle to prevent cell growth.
As cells become more numerous, the amount of required growth factors and nutrients per cell becomes insufficient to allow for cell growth.
During meiosis, homologous chromatids exchange genetic material by a process called crossing over. This process increases genetic variation in the gametes that are produced.
Which of the following explanations of other meiotic processes and fertilization would also increase variation within a population?
The random fertilization of egg cells by sperm increases variation.
In eukaryotes, genetic information is passed to the next generation by processes that include mitosis or meiosis. Which of the explanations identifies the correct process and supports the claim that heritable information is passed from one generation to another?
In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Biological systems have multiple processes, such as reproduction, that affect genetic variation. They are evolutionarily conserved and shared by various organisms. Which statement best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution?
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.
The figure below shows the pedigree for a family. Dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. Males are represented by squares, females by circles
The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, and genes linked on the same chromosomes) can be predicted from data if one is given the parent or offspring genotypes or phenotypes. Two organisms, with genotypes BbDD and BBDd, are mated. Assuming independent assortment of the B/b and D/d genes, determine the genotypic ratios in offspring that would occur.
During meiosis, a defect occurs in a cell that results in the failure of microtubules, spindle fibers, to bind at the kinetochores, a protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. Which of the following is the most likely result of such a defect?
Which of the following statements is a correct explanation for the observation that all offspring exhibit a phenotype for a particular trait that appears to be a blend of the two parental varieties?
Neither of the parental genes is dominate over the other.
1/4 BBDD 1/4 BbDD 1/4 BBDd 1/4 BbDd
The resulting cells will not receive the correct number of chromosomes in the gametes, a condition known as aneuploidy.
Inheritance patterns cannot always be explained by Mendel’s models of inheritance. If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis I, select the choice that shows the chromosome number of the four resulting gametes with respect to the normal haploid number (n)?
n+1; n+1; n-1; n-1
In E. coli replication the enzyme primase is used to attach a 5 to 10 base ribonucleotide strand complementary to the parental DNA strand. The RNA strand serves as a starting point for the DNA polymerase that replicates the DNA. If a mutation occurred in the primase gene, which of the following would you expect?
Hershey and Chase used a DNA-based virus for their work. What would the results have been if they had used an RNA virus?
A)
B)
With an RNA virus radioactive protein would have been in the final pellet.
With an RNA virus radioactive RNA would have been in the final pellet.
The lagging strand is characterized by a series of short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) that will be joined together to form a finished lagging strand. The experiments that led to the discovery of Okazaki fragments gave evidence for which of the following ideas?
DNA polymerase is a directional enzyme that synthesizes leading and lagging strands during replication.
The template strand of a gene contains this sequence: 3'-TAC TAG GCT AGT TGA-5'. A mutation occurs that changes the gene sequence to 3'-TAC TAG ACT AGT TGA-5'. How does this mutation affect the resulting amino acid sequence?
How many amino acids are coded by the codons shown on the previous chart
20
Evidence suggests that factors which contribute towards the virulence of E. coli strain O157:H7, a bacterial strain reported to cause several food poisoning deaths, are caused by genes from a virus that infects bacteria. Considering this evidence, which statement most likely explains how the O157:H7 population acquired the genetic variation that distinguishes the strain from harmless E. coli strains, such as those that reside in our intestines?
Which of the following processes within viral replication is the greatest source of genetic variation in RNA virus populations?
In 2009, a flu pandemic was believed to have originated when viral transmission occurred from pig to human, thereby earning the designation, "swine flu." Although pigs are thought to have been the breeding ground for the 2009 virus, sequences from bird, pig, and human viruses were all found within this newly identified virus. What is the most likely explanation of why this virus contained sequences from bird, pig, and human viruses?
which is the most important life process
respiration
Why is a scientific topic best discussed by people of varying points of view, from different subdisciplines, and representing diverse cultures?
Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking.
Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates, but not by other organisms such as bacteria or plants?
iodine
7. How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of a phosphorus-32 (32P) atom (see the figure above)?17
What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?
a polar covalent bond
Which of the following can be attributed to water's high specific heat?
. A lake heats up more slowly than the air around it.
Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water?
A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond.
.
How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell? 4
Report abuse