A Collection of Algebraic Identities
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“Everything has beauty, but not everyone can see it.” - Confucius
Index
Part 0. Introduction
Part 2. Sums of Squares
Part 3. Quadratic Polynomial as a kth Power
Part 8. Fifth Powers
Part 9. Sixth Powers
5) May (none) 11) November (see Article 7)
(Pls read first: This almost 300-page book is divided into more than 30 sections. For navigation, note that the topic with a link, and those immediately below it without a link, belong to the same section. Alternatively, one can use the Home and other buttons on the sidebar. For questions and comments, feel free to email author at tpiezas@gmail.com.)
Part 1. Assorted Identities (Link 1)
Part 2. Sums of Squares (Link 2)
I. Sums of two squares
- x2+y2 = zk
- x2+ny2 = zk; ax2+by2 = cz2 (Link 3)
- ad-bc = ±1
- x2+y2 = z2+1
- x2+y2 = z2-1
- x2+y2 = z2+nt2
- x2+y2 = z2+tk
- x2+y2 = mz2+nt2
- c1(x2+ny2) = c2(z2+nt2)
- mx2+ny2 = mz2+nt2
II. Sums of three squares (Link 4)
- x2+y2+z2 = tk
- x2+y2+z2 = u2+v2
- (x2-1)(y2-1) = (z2-1)2
- x2+y2+z2 = u2+v2+w2
- x2+y2+z2 = (u2+v2+w2)Poly(t)
- x2+y2+z2 = 3xyz
III. Sums of four or five squares (Link 5)
- a2+b2+c2+d2 = ek
- a2+b2+c2+d2 = e2+f2
- a2+b2+c2+d2 = e2+f2+g2
- a2+b2+c2+d2 = e2+f2+g2+h2
- a2+b2+c2+d2+e2 = f2
IV. Some Identities of Squares (Link 5b)
- Euler-Aida Ammei Identity
- Brahmagupta-Fibonacci Two-Square Identity
- Euler Four-Square Identity
- Degen-Graves-Cayley Eight-Squares Identity
- V. Arnold’s Perfect Forms
- Lagrange’s Identity
- Difference of Two Squares Identity
Part 3. Quadratic Polynomial as a kth Power (Link 6)
I. Univariate: ax2+bx+c = z2
II. Bivariate: ax2+bxy+cy2 = zk
- x2+cy2 = zk
- ax2+cy2 = zk, k odd
- x2+2bxy+cy2 = zk
- ax2+2bxy+cy2 = zk, k odd
III. Bivariate: ax2+bxy+cy2 = dz2
-
ax2+bxy+cy2 = dz2
-
ax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz = 0
-
ax2+cy2 = dzk, k > 2
PART 4. Simultaneous Polynomials Made Squares (Link 7)
I. Two variables
- {x2+axy+by2, x2+cxy+dy2}
- {x2-ny2, x2+ny2}
- {x2+y, x+y2}
- {x2+y2-1, x2-y2-1}
- {x2+y2+1, x2-y2+1}
II. Three variables
- {x ± y, x ± z, y ± z}
- {x2-y2, x2-z2, y2-z2}
- {x2+y2, x2+z2, y2+z2}
- {x2+y2+z2, x2y2+x2z2+y2z2}
- {-x2+y2+z2, x2-y2+z2, x2+y2-z2}
- {2x2+y2+z2, x2+2y2+z2, x2+y2+2z2}
- {2x2+2y2-z2, 2x2-y2+2z2, -x2+2y2+2z2}
- {x2+yz, y2+xz, z2+xy}
- {x2+y2+xy, x2+z2+xy, y2+z2+xy}
- {x2-xy+y2, x2-xz+z2, y2-yz+z2}
- {x2+axy+y2, x2+bxz+z2, y2+cyz+z2}
III. Four variables
- {a2+b2+c2, a2+b2+d2, a2+c2+d2, b2+c2+d2}
- {a2b2+c2d2, a2d2+b2c2}
- {a2b2+c2d2, a2c2+b2d2, a2d2+b2c2}
- {1+abc, 1+abd, 1+acd, 1+bcd}
PART 5. Pell Equations (Link 8)
I. Complete Solution
II. Transformations
III. Polynomial Parametrizations
IV. Diophantine Equations needing Pell Equations (Link 9)
PART 6. Third Powers (Link 10)
I. Sums of cubes
- x3+y3 = z3
- x3+y3+z3+t3 = 0
- x3+y3+z3 = 1
- x3+y3+z3 = 2
- x3+y3+z3 = (z+m)3
- p(p2+bq2) = r(r2+bs2)
- (x+c1y)(x2+c2xy+c3y2)k = (z+c1t)(z2+c2zt+c3t2)k
- x3+y3+z3 = at3 (Link 11)
- x3+y3 = 2(z3+t3)
- w3+x3+y3+z3 = nt3
- x3+y3+z3 = t2
- xk+yk+zk = {p2, q3}, k =2,3
- xk+yk+zk = tk+uk+vk, k = 1,3
- xk+yk+zk = tk+uk+vk, k = 2,3
- x3+y3+z3 = 3t3-t
- x3+y3+z3 = m(x+y+z)
- x1k+x2k+x3k+x4k = y1k+y2k, k = 1,2,3
- x1k+x2k+x3k+x4k = y1k+y2k+y3k+y4k, k = 1,2,3
- ax3+by3+cz3 = N (Link 12)
- ax3+by3+cz3+dxyz = 0
II. Cubic polynomials as kth powers
A. Univariate: ax3+bx2+cx+d2 = tk
- ax3+bx2+cx+d2 = t2
- ax3+bx2+cx+d2 = t3
B. Bivariate: ax3+bx2y+cxy2+dy3 = tk
- x3+y3 = t2
- ax3+by3 = t2
- x3+y3 = nz2
- x3+ax2y+bxy2+cy3 = t2
- x3+ax2y+bxy2+cy3 = t3
PART 7. Fourth Powers (Link 13)
I. Sums of biquadrates
- a4+b4 = c4+d4
- pq(p2+q2) = rs(r2+s2)
- pq(p2-q2) = rs(r2-s2)
- pq(p2+hq2) = rs(r2+hs2)
- x4+y4 = z4+nt2
- x4+y4 = z4+nt4
- u4+nv4 = (p4+nq4)w2
- u4+nv4 = x4+y4+nz4
- u4+v4 = x4+y4+nz4
- x4+y4+z4 = t4 (Link 14)
- x4+y4+z4 = ntk
- ak+bk+ck = dk+ek+fk, k = 2,4
12.1 a+b = nc; d+e = nf (Link 15)
12.2 a+b ≠ c; d+e ≠ f
12.3 a+b±c = n(d+e±f) (Link 16)
12.4 na+b+c = d+e+nf
12.5 na+b = e+nf
12.6 a+d = n(c+f)
12.7 (a2-f2)c2 = -(b2-e2)d2
- ak+bk+ck = 2dk+ek, k = 2,4
- ak+bk+ck = dk+ek+fk, k = 2,3,4
- x4+y4+z4 = 2(x2y2+x2z2+y2z2)-t2 (Link 17)
- v4+x4+y4+z4 = ntk
- vk+xk+yk+zk = ak+bk+ck+dk, k = 2,4
- 2(v4+x4+y4+z4) = (v2+x2+y2+z2)2
- x1k+x2k+x3k+x4k+x5k = y1k+y2k+y3k, k = 1,2,3,4
- x1k+x2k+x3k+x4k+x5k = y1k+y2k+y3k+y4k+y5k, k = 1,2,3,4
- x14+x24+…xn4, n > 4
II. Quartic Polynomials as kth Powers (Link 18)
- ax4+by4 = cz2
- ax4+bx2y2+cy4 = dz2
- au4+bu2v2+cv4 = ax4+bx2y2+cy4
- ax4+bx3y+cx2y2+dxy3+ey4 = z2
PART 8. Fifth Powers
I. General Conjectures and Problems (Link 19)
II. Some Theorems on Equal Sums of Like Powers
III. Fifth Powers (Link 20)
5.1 Four terms
5.2 Six terms
5.3 Seven terms (Link 21)
5.4 Eight terms (Link 22)
5.5 Ten terms
5.6 Twelve terms
PART 9. Sixth Powers (Link 23)
6.1 Four terms
6.2 Six terms
6.3 Seven terms (Link 24)
6.4 Eight terms (Link 25)
PART 10. Seventh Powers (Link 26)
7.1 Eight terms
7.2 Nine terms
7.3 Ten terms (Link 27)
PART 11. Eighth Powers (Link 28)
8.1 Eight terms
8.2 Nine terms
8.3 Ten terms
8.4 Twelve terms
8.5 Fourteen terms
8.6 Sixteen terms
8.7 Seventeen terms
PART 12. Ninth Powers (Link 29)
PART 13. Tenth Powers (Link 30)
PART 14. Eleventh and Higher Powers (Link 31)
PART 15. Index of Updates (Link)
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