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Roadmap of the Internet Events

Introduction:-

The way the internet works is very simple. It sends files and messages through packets in order to transfer files in an appropriate speed and not lose the file once disconnected. This means, all around the world millions of people using the internet. More than a trillion packets are being shared or sent right this minute.

 

1960’s:-

It’s hard to believe but the internet actually started way back then in the 1960s. In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward  by Paul Baran. this proposal stated the principles of a new network which was to be built for maximum robustness and flexibility. The principles of this network were that each one person could send and receive messages through mail. In 1969, The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to installed a more advanced network based on the same principles in UCLA


1970’s:-

Then in 1971, the ARPANET was constructed because computer time was precious and expensive at that period of time and the ARPANET offered scientists lot possibilities to share their computers using long distance computing and messaging.


1972

Ray Tomlinson of BBN invented the first e-mail program. Now, they had the chance to share files and gossip among each other through the e-mail program. Each and every one of them had an e-mail.


1973

 The growth of ARPANET was possible because you could use any platform to connect to it. One year later Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn published "A protocol for Packet Network Internetworking" which specified the design of a TCP which was really unique


1976

 the UUCP (UNIX to UNIX Copy Program) was created. It was used to transfer data between UNIX machines. UUCP protocols are used for transferring data in USENET. Later on in 1979, The USENET was created. It was using UUCP.


1980’s:-

In 1982, The Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was established for ARPANET. On the 1st of January 1983,this protocol became standard protocol which every computer has to follow.


1983

ARPANET split into the military sector which was then called MILNET. MILNET became integrated and joint venture with the Defense Data Network. Thanks to TCP/IP and its decentralized structure, ARPANET grew bigger during the early eighties. The word SERVER was then created in the University of Wisconsin


1984

The number of hosts in servers exceeded 1,000 so there was too many. Then that triggered the creation of the Domain Name System (DNS).

 

1986

The National Science Foundation (NSF) wanted to make supercomputers useable for research projects, so they decided to link five super-computing centres. First they wanted to use ARPANET for connecting the computers, but ARPANET's shortage of speed and connection kept NSF from using this solution. So they built their own network using the same IP-protocol of ARPANET. NSF linked the five centres of supercomputers. Their goal was to link all the different colleges into one huge network. The "traffic" in this network increased steadily and so the computers and the lines were soon to slow to handle the massive amount of data that was being sent.

 

1987

NSF signed a contract with Merit Networks to increase the performance of the network. At this time, they had more than 10,000 hosts and by the end of 1989 their hosts begin to spread to 100,000 and increasing.

 

1990’s:-

Then Later in the 1990’s, It was the blooming age of the internet where people increasingly started using the internet as a daily usage. At the time, ARPANET ceased to exist, but its users hardly noticed that because ARPANET's functions were continued all the way to this date.

 

1991

 The (WAIS), Wide Area Information Service, a program that searches databanks for a specified string of information related to keywords keyed in. At the same time, there were the GOPHER servers. GOPHER servers are servers which offer data such as software programs, pictures, music and etc. The data’s are organized in menu’s to aid searching faster and easier.

 

1992

The WWW (World Wide Web) was created at CERN. An institute for particle physics situated in Switzerland. The WWW was created by Sir Tim Berners Lee. He was the leading expert who led to the creation of the WWW. The number of hosts then broke into more than 1,000,000++.

 

1993

The first internet browser was created which was called the Mosaic. The Internet then shooted up till 100,000,000 users till this date, there’s no records of how many people whom are using the internet because of the high level and amount of users around the world.

 

2008

Internet is now being used in Cell Phones, Handheld’s, In Kitchen’s, Gaming centres and a lot more places. It has spread all over the world. Now the only competition in our internet connection is the connection speed.

 

MILNET

The MILNET project was begun in early 1985 with the intention of providing a comprehensive authorial database, with its use mainly to aid the author in compiling, learning, and eventually writing fictional accounts which deal with the U.S. military industrial complex. Since the project was begun and still remains a part time effort, the database of information may suffer from lapses of inactivity.

The MILNET project goal was to compile open source information on the world's military and intelligence apparatus. Consequently, the information, while in places mostly complete and accurate, is never-the-less comprised only of information made public, and therefore subject to possible dis-information tactics.

The MILNET project's main form of output began with simple ASCII text files organized in a hierarchical directory structure, and then was transferred into a graphical "tool book" using the Asymmetric TOOLBOOK toolset. In the spring of 1995 work began on transferring the database into a series of html documents for publication on the World Wide Web.  Some of that work still continues as other priorities for the web site have emerged.

Below is the list of chronological events leading to the current "published forms" of the database?

1985:

Work began on a buzzword database in plain ASCII text file format. Other relevant information is compiled and organized in several DOS directories for eventual BBS publication.

 

 

1986:

The author begins research in earnest in the Spring of 1986, accumulating better than 10 hrsper week gleaning information from non-fiction works and magazines. The compilation 20mb of information on Terrorism alone nearly kills the project.

 

1987:

Buzzword Database converted to HP Electronic Card file Manager (ECM) format. Other database formats are created as well, but do not last the extremely dynamic computing environment of the author. Acronyms create another 20mb of data and the project nearly comes to a standstill again. Author elects to create multiple sections for acronyms to better organize both the lookup for the end user as well as the organization and tasking of input workload for the author.  Some of the key data is available on an area on CompuServe.

 

1988:

Terrorism data is growing so fast, author elects to go to quarterly updates. Author builds first Tool book version of database, as well as briefly formats ASCII files onto the Connect Business Information Network and CompuServe. Files are never made public however. The tool book version will require the full year to transfer data from ASCII files to Tool book pages. During an intense period of research in the fall of 1988, the author compiles better than 500 pages of notes on the U.S. intelligence agencies, terrorism, and military weapons, as well has amassed a fine collection of reference works on the topic of weapons. Data on anti-terror groups threatens to become obsolete as the U.S. creates a blackout on all information related to SOCOM, the Special Operations Command. Tom Clancy’s "Red October" will become a movie! Author is inspired to write 100 pages of a military action story. Database gets its strongest test and is found to be more than the author hoped for.

 

1989:

Short hiatus on project. The breakup of the former Soviet Union obsoletes at least 50% of the database information.

 

1990:

The Gulf War era changes how the world views its alliances, and thus the database undergoes a major new obsolescence. During the Gulf War, the author updates the database by gleaning news reports in various magazines and wire services. Acronym updates begin immediately upon leaving the Defense Contractor using public sources discovered while working for the Defense Contractor. Documentation of C3I and SDI components begins in earnest, again using public sources used by Defense Contractors.

 

1991:

Work begins on completing the Tool book version of the database and by the end of the summer of 1991, 25% of the obsolete data replaced. The author goes back and researches the Gulf War background to fill in personal knowledge. Work begins to update the database to reflect the changes to military structures around the world due to change in "world order" realized during this period. The author begins work on updating the Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union portions of the database. Obsolescence rate still climbing faster than the author can research. Author makes conscious decision to continue despite obsolescence hoping to provide a historical database with pockets of current information. The dearth of information on U.S. anti-terrorist organizations continues but ironically it is the area of most interest.

 

1992:

Terrorism section remains the largest single entity in the database and continues to be updated regularly making it the only section with little obsolete data. The ramp down in U.S. military forces and procurement spells relieve for the data collection, but is not welcomed.

 

1993:

An analysis of the current data shows only about 25% of the original obsolete data remains, but the world has changed so quickly that perhaps much of the newer data is already becoming obsolete, yet it will not be apparent until a historical perspective can be had. Draw down of U.S. forces continues to make data obsolescence for U.S. military force and structure difficult to track. Also, the continuing black out on anti-terror organizations in the U.S. poses a yet another new obsolescence threat. Reductions on major systems procurement and a shift of military projects into intelligence arenas have dried up most of the publicly available information on military spending.

 

1994:

The author updates to version 1.5 of Tool book, and moves to higher resolutions requiring subtle changes to "hand built" pushbuttons on screen. Indecisive U.S. government military actions relieve the author from "conflict" updates, but the continuing crippling of the U.S. military forces obsoletes most of the U.S. military organizational data and force strengths. Large portions of the U.S. military sections of the database have now become mostly of historical use only. Terrorism data, however, is still accurate. The data input volume has grown so much (due to better research methods, not a rise in Terrorism fortunately), the author elects to move from quarterly to semi-annual updates.

 

1995:

The author moves to multimedia tool book, but elects not to add multimedia clips at present due to possible copyright issues. In Spring of 1995, Terrorism data gets gleaned via Newshound (copyright Mercury News) (on America Online) in addition to the previously used AP Wire and summarized. Time formerly used in finding terrorism data is now used to compile and format, so the author returns to quarterly updates. Changes in the British/IRA conflict promises to produce the first real obsolete data in the Terrorism section. The author opens champagne! HTML version of database begins in the Spring of 1995, with goal to go online with first five layers of database hierarchy by Summer of 1995.  Never-the-less, the first internet version of the database goes online. Tom Clancy still enjoying a huge popularity, so author continues to write and edit fiction, thus continuing the need for the database despite a known 25% per year obsolescence rate (offset by a 30% turnover of data in the database?). In early Summer of 1995, author decides to add image map technology utilizing "button panels" to allow users to navigate the database. This delays completion till sometime in the fall of 1995.

 

1996:

Various offers of help from the Open Source Intelligence Community and other interested students of the topic matter flood in. At present, major rewrites of sections dealing with individual countries and organizations are in progress. Several new features are added, including links and mirror copies to high energy weapons technology (unclassified), declassified imagery from the Corona Program, links to the U.S. Intelligence Community official web page (Yep, isn’t it fun to live in the U.S.!), terrorist profiles, U.S. State Department Travel Warnings, and various images on and off site for impressive or memorable aircraft. These and other external links are categorized and freshened up with image map technology.

 

1997:

MILNET focuses on the spread of International terrorism and predicts increases in International Terrorism in U.S. The site exceeds 12,000 hits per day, some 2000 unique visitors per month.

 

2001:

Armed Forces Intelligence (AFI) Research and MILNET begin a cooperative exchange and hosting of up-to-the-minute and extremely insightful analysis of world events on military, intelligence and terrorism topics. 

 

9/11/2001:

MILNET removes military database information for two weeks following 9/11 attacks on U.S.  With approval, data returned on  9/30/2001.   MILNET is attacked no less than four times by denial of service and complete site downloads from routers via European to Middle East linkages.  AFI and MILNET critical of slow pace in developing military response to 9/11 attacks as well as critical of United Nations total ineffectiveness.

 

9/2002:

Due to shortage of operating funds, AFI ceases to distribute the AFI Research reports

 

12/2002:

Due to shortage of operating funds, MILNET site is no longer on the Internet.

 

6/2004:

MILNET returns to the Internet with a new look.

 

7/2004:

MILNET exceeds 200,000 hits per month.  Alan Simpson agrees to offering his writing to the Political Intelligence section

 

8/2004: 

Dr.Mohamed Ibn Guadi agrees to contribute his writing and compilation of events in the Middle East.

 

11/2004:

Ryan Mauro agrees to be interviewed for MILNET's new section, Those In The Know.  Later he agrees to host his own section on MILNET, Ryan Mauro's Geo-Political Analysis

 

12/2004:

MILNET exceeds 500,000 hits per month  Dr.Louis Rene Beres allows MILNET to post his occasional writing on Israel and the Middle East.

 

3/2005:

MILNET exceeds 750,000 hits per month

 

4/2005:

MILNET adds first advertising banners and becomes fully financially self sufficient yet still a non-profit organization.

 

NSFNET:

The National Science Foundation's enlightened management of the NSFNET facilitated the Internet's first period of explosive public growth.

1979

The National Science foundation (NSF) funded development of the CSNET to link computer science departments in universities not connected to the ARPANET, an experience that familiarized them with the significant benefits of internetworking.

 

1983

The US military split off the network MILNET from the ARPANET, reducing their continued interest in the network, and freeing it to become primarily a non-classified research network.

 

1984

The NSF began construction of several regional supercomputing centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community.

 

1985

With the CSNET growing rapidly, NSF hired Dennis Jennings to lead the establishment of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) to link five of the university based super-computer centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET: that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited to connection of the supercomputers; it would act as the backbone for connection of regional networks at each supercomputing site; and it would use the ARPANET's TCP/IP protocol.


1987

The NSF gave IBM, MCI, and Merit Network Inc. a contract to upgrade the NSFNET backbone

 

1988

 A much faster 1.5 Mbps network had been established for communication between the original supercomputing centers, plus seven additional research networks: BARRNet, Merit, MIDnet, NCAR, NorthWestNet, SESQUINET, SURAnet, and Westnet. The upgraded NSFNET connected more than 170 TCP/IP enabled networks in all. Merit received a contract to manage the backbone, and traffic began to double approximately every seven months.

 

1990

The military sponsored ARPANET was officially dissolved, and responsibility for the remaining elements of the research network was passed to the NSFNET. The network continued to spread among research and academic institutions throughout the US, including connections to research networks in Canada and Europe, greatly extending the Internet's size and reach.

 

1991

The NSFNET officially ushered in the next wave of Internet growth by modifying its Acceptable Use Policy to allow commercial use by "research arms of for-profit firms when engaged in open scholarly communication and research". Between growing connections to research networks and increasing commercial traffic, the growth of the NSFNET over the next few years was rapid


1992

The NSFNET traffic exceeded 12 billion packets (1 trillion bytes) of traffic a month. By November the traffic had doubled, and NSFNET was connected to more than 7,500 networks, one third of which were outside the United States. In December, 1992, the NSFNET backbone was completely converted to a T3 or 44.736 Mbps capacity, capable of transmitting 4 and a half million characters a second.

 

1994

The traffic on NSFNET broke the 10 trillion bytes a month level. Starting in 1990, over the next few years the NSF conducted a series of workshops and studies to plan for transition of the NSFNET to private industry. The vehicle that evolved to support this new architecture was a set of Network Access Points that acted as connection points for the commercial backbones so that the network would remain connected at the top level once the NSFNET was retired

 

Over the following year, all of the regional NSFNET networks migrated their connections to commercial network providers who were connected to one or more of the NAPs. On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET was officially dissolved, although, returning to its roots, the NSF retained a core research network for research only use called the Very High Speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), which went on to form the basis for the Internet2 project. At its peak, the NSFNET connected more than 4,000 institutions and 50,000 networks across the Unites States, Canada, and Europe.