Introduction:-
The way the internet works
is very simple. It sends files and messages through packets in order to
transfer files in an appropriate speed and not lose the file once disconnected.
This means, all around the world millions of people using the internet. More
than a trillion packets are being shared or sent right this minute.
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1960’s:-
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It’s
hard to believe but the internet actually started way back then in the 1960s.
In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward
by Paul Baran. this proposal stated the principles of a new network
which was to be built for maximum robustness and flexibility. The principles
of this network were that each one person could send and receive messages
through mail. In 1969, The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) wanted to installed a more advanced network based on the same
principles in UCLA
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1970’s:-
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Then
in 1971, the ARPANET was constructed because computer time was precious and
expensive at that period of time and the ARPANET offered scientists lot
possibilities to share their computers using long distance computing and
messaging.
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1972
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Ray
Tomlinson of BBN invented the first e-mail program. Now, they had the chance
to share files and gossip among each other through the e-mail program. Each
and every one of them had an e-mail.
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1973
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The growth of ARPANET was possible because
you could use any platform to connect to it. One year later Vint Cerf and Bob
Kahn published "A protocol for Packet Network Internetworking"
which specified the design of a TCP which was really unique
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1976
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the UUCP (UNIX to UNIX Copy Program) was
created. It was used to transfer data between UNIX machines. UUCP protocols
are used for transferring data in USENET. Later on in 1979, The USENET was
created. It was using UUCP.
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1980’s:-
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In
1982, The Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was
established for ARPANET. On the 1st of January 1983,this protocol
became standard protocol which every computer has to follow.
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1983
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ARPANET
split into the military sector which was then called MILNET. MILNET became
integrated and joint venture with the Defense Data Network. Thanks to TCP/IP
and its decentralized structure, ARPANET grew bigger during the early
eighties. The word SERVER was then created in the University of Wisconsin
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1984
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The
number of hosts in servers exceeded 1,000 so there was too many. Then that
triggered the creation of the Domain Name System (DNS).
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1986
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The
National Science Foundation (NSF) wanted to make supercomputers useable for
research projects, so they decided to link five super-computing centres.
First they wanted to use ARPANET for connecting the computers, but ARPANET's
shortage of speed and connection kept NSF from using this solution. So they
built their own network using the same IP-protocol of ARPANET. NSF linked the
five centres of supercomputers. Their goal was to link all the different
colleges into one huge network. The "traffic" in this network
increased steadily and so the computers and the lines were soon to slow to
handle the massive amount of data that was being sent.
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1987
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NSF
signed a contract with Merit Networks to increase the performance of the
network. At this time, they had more than 10,000 hosts and by the end of 1989
their hosts begin to spread to 100,000 and increasing.
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1990’s:-
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Then
Later in the 1990’s, It was the blooming age of the internet where people
increasingly started using the internet as a daily usage. At the time,
ARPANET ceased to exist, but its users hardly noticed that because ARPANET's
functions were continued all the way to this date.
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1991
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The (WAIS), Wide Area Information Service, a
program that searches databanks for a specified string of information related
to keywords keyed in. At the same time, there were the GOPHER servers. GOPHER
servers are servers which offer data such as software programs, pictures,
music and etc. The data’s are organized in menu’s to aid searching faster and
easier.
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1992
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The
WWW (World Wide Web) was created at CERN. An institute for particle physics
situated in Switzerland. The WWW was created by Sir Tim Berners Lee. He was
the leading expert who led to the creation of the WWW. The number of hosts
then broke into more than 1,000,000++.
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1993
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The
first internet browser was created which was called the Mosaic. The Internet
then shooted up till 100,000,000 users till this date, there’s no records of
how many people whom are using the internet because of the high level and
amount of users around the world.
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2008
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Internet
is now being used in Cell Phones, Handheld’s, In Kitchen’s, Gaming centres
and a lot more places. It has spread all over the world. Now the only
competition in our internet connection is the connection speed.
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MILNET
The
MILNET project was begun in early 1985 with the intention of providing a
comprehensive authorial database, with its use mainly to aid the author in
compiling, learning, and eventually writing fictional accounts which deal with
the U.S. military industrial complex. Since the project was begun and still
remains a part time effort, the database of information may suffer from lapses
of inactivity.
The
MILNET project goal was to compile open source information on the world's
military and intelligence apparatus. Consequently, the information, while in
places mostly complete and accurate, is never-the-less comprised only
of information made public, and therefore subject to possible
dis-information tactics.
The
MILNET project's main form of output began with simple ASCII text files
organized in a hierarchical directory structure, and then was transferred into
a graphical "tool book" using the Asymmetric TOOLBOOK toolset. In the
spring of 1995 work began on transferring the database into a series of html
documents for publication on the World Wide Web. Some of that work still
continues as other priorities for the web site have emerged.
Below
is the list of chronological events leading to the current "published
forms" of the database?
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1985:
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Work began on a buzzword database in plain ASCII text file
format. Other relevant information is compiled and organized in several DOS
directories for eventual BBS publication.
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1986:
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The author begins research in earnest in the Spring of
1986, accumulating better than 10 hrsper week gleaning information from
non-fiction works and magazines. The compilation 20mb of information on
Terrorism alone nearly kills the project.
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1987:
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Buzzword Database converted to HP Electronic Card file
Manager (ECM) format. Other database formats are created as well, but do not
last the extremely dynamic computing environment of the author. Acronyms
create another 20mb of data and the project nearly comes to a standstill
again. Author elects to create multiple sections for acronyms to better
organize both the lookup for the end user as well as the organization and
tasking of input workload for the author. Some of the key data is
available on an area on CompuServe.
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1988:
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Terrorism data is growing so fast, author elects to go to
quarterly updates. Author builds first Tool book version of database, as well
as briefly formats ASCII files onto the Connect Business Information Network
and CompuServe. Files are never made public however. The tool book version
will require the full year to transfer data from ASCII files to Tool book
pages. During an intense period of research in the fall of 1988, the author
compiles better than 500 pages of notes on the U.S. intelligence agencies,
terrorism, and military weapons, as well has amassed a fine collection of
reference works on the topic of weapons. Data on anti-terror groups threatens
to become obsolete as the U.S. creates a blackout on all information related
to SOCOM, the Special Operations Command. Tom Clancy’s "Red
October" will become a movie! Author is inspired to write 100 pages of a
military action story. Database gets its strongest test and is found to be
more than the author hoped for.
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1989:
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Short hiatus on project. The breakup of the former Soviet
Union obsoletes at least 50% of the database information.
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1990:
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The Gulf War era changes how the world views its
alliances, and thus the database undergoes a major new obsolescence. During
the Gulf War, the author updates the database by gleaning news reports in
various magazines and wire services. Acronym updates begin immediately upon
leaving the Defense Contractor using public sources discovered while working
for the Defense Contractor. Documentation of C3I and SDI components begins in
earnest, again using public sources used by Defense Contractors.
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1991:
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Work begins on completing the Tool book version of the
database and by the end of the summer of 1991, 25% of the obsolete data
replaced. The author goes back and researches the Gulf War background to fill
in personal knowledge. Work begins to update the database to reflect the
changes to military structures around the world due to change in "world
order" realized during this period. The author begins work on updating
the Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union portions of the database.
Obsolescence rate still climbing faster than the author can research. Author
makes conscious decision to continue despite obsolescence hoping to provide a
historical database with pockets of current information. The dearth of
information on U.S. anti-terrorist organizations continues but ironically it
is the area of most interest.
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1992:
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Terrorism section remains the largest single entity in the
database and continues to be updated regularly making it the only section
with little obsolete data. The ramp down in U.S. military forces and
procurement spells relieve for the data collection, but is not welcomed.
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1993:
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An analysis of the current data shows only about 25% of
the original obsolete data remains, but the world has changed so quickly that
perhaps much of the newer data is already becoming obsolete, yet it will
not be apparent until a historical perspective can be had. Draw down of U.S.
forces continues to make data obsolescence for U.S. military force and
structure difficult to track. Also, the continuing black out on anti-terror
organizations in the U.S. poses a yet another new obsolescence threat.
Reductions on major systems procurement and a shift of military projects into
intelligence arenas have dried up most of the publicly available information
on military spending.
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1994:
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The author updates to version 1.5 of Tool book, and moves
to higher resolutions requiring subtle changes to "hand built"
pushbuttons on screen. Indecisive U.S. government military actions relieve
the author from "conflict" updates, but the continuing crippling of
the U.S. military forces obsoletes most of the U.S. military organizational
data and force strengths. Large portions of the U.S. military sections of the
database have now become mostly of historical use only. Terrorism data, however,
is still accurate. The data input volume has grown so much (due to better
research methods, not a rise in Terrorism fortunately), the author elects to
move from quarterly to semi-annual updates.
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1995:
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The author moves to multimedia tool book, but elects not
to add multimedia clips at present due to possible copyright issues. In
Spring of 1995, Terrorism data gets gleaned via Newshound (copyright Mercury
News) (on America Online) in addition to the previously used AP Wire and
summarized. Time formerly used in finding terrorism data is now used to
compile and format, so the author returns to quarterly updates. Changes in
the British/IRA conflict promises to produce the first real obsolete data in
the Terrorism section. The author opens champagne! HTML version of database
begins in the Spring of 1995, with goal to go online with first five layers
of database hierarchy by Summer of 1995. Never-the-less, the first
internet version of the database goes online. Tom Clancy still enjoying a
huge popularity, so author continues to write and edit fiction, thus
continuing the need for the database despite a known 25% per year obsolescence
rate (offset by a 30% turnover of data in the database?). In early Summer of
1995, author decides to add image map technology utilizing "button
panels" to allow users to navigate the database. This delays completion till
sometime in the fall of 1995.
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1996:
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Various offers of help from the Open Source Intelligence
Community and other interested students of the topic matter flood in. At
present, major rewrites of sections dealing with individual countries and organizations
are in progress. Several new features are added, including links and mirror
copies to high energy weapons technology (unclassified), declassified imagery
from the Corona Program, links to the U.S. Intelligence Community official
web page (Yep, isn’t it fun to live in the U.S.!), terrorist profiles, U.S.
State Department Travel Warnings, and various images on and off site for
impressive or memorable aircraft. These and other external links are
categorized and freshened up with image map technology.
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1997:
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MILNET focuses on the spread of International terrorism
and predicts increases in International Terrorism in U.S. The site
exceeds 12,000 hits per day, some 2000 unique visitors per month.
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2001:
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Armed Forces Intelligence (AFI) Research and
MILNET begin a cooperative exchange and hosting of up-to-the-minute and
extremely insightful analysis of world events on military, intelligence and
terrorism topics.
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9/11/2001:
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MILNET removes military database information for two weeks
following 9/11 attacks on U.S. With approval, data returned on
9/30/2001. MILNET is attacked no less than four times by denial
of service and complete site downloads from routers via European to Middle
East linkages. AFI and MILNET critical of slow pace in developing
military response to 9/11 attacks as well as critical of United Nations total
ineffectiveness.
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9/2002:
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Due to shortage of operating funds, AFI ceases to
distribute the AFI Research reports
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12/2002:
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Due to shortage of operating funds, MILNET site is no
longer on the Internet.
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6/2004:
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MILNET returns to the Internet with a new look.
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7/2004:
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MILNET exceeds 200,000 hits per month. Alan Simpson
agrees to offering his writing to the Political Intelligence section
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8/2004:
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Dr.Mohamed Ibn Guadi agrees to contribute his writing and
compilation of events in the Middle East.
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11/2004:
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Ryan Mauro agrees to be interviewed for MILNET's new
section, Those In The Know. Later he agrees to host his own section on
MILNET, Ryan Mauro's Geo-Political Analysis
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12/2004:
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MILNET exceeds 500,000 hits per month Dr.Louis Rene
Beres allows MILNET to post his occasional writing on Israel and the Middle
East.
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3/2005:
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MILNET exceeds 750,000 hits per month
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4/2005:
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MILNET adds first advertising banners and becomes fully
financially self sufficient yet still a non-profit organization.
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NSFNET:
The
National Science Foundation's enlightened management of the NSFNET facilitated
the Internet's first period of explosive public growth.
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1979
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The National Science
foundation (NSF) funded development of the CSNET to link computer science
departments in universities not connected to the ARPANET, an experience that
familiarized them with the significant benefits of internetworking.
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1983
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The
US military split off the network MILNET from the ARPANET, reducing their
continued interest in the network, and freeing it to become primarily a
non-classified research network.
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1984
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The NSF began construction
of several regional supercomputing centers to provide very high-speed
computing resources for the US research community.
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1985
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With the CSNET growing
rapidly, NSF hired Dennis Jennings to lead the establishment of the National
Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) to link five of the university based
super-computer centers to enable sharing of resources and information.
Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development
of NSFNET: that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited
to connection of the supercomputers; it would act as the backbone for
connection of regional networks at each supercomputing site; and it would use
the ARPANET's TCP/IP protocol.
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1987
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The NSF gave IBM, MCI, and
Merit Network Inc. a contract to upgrade the NSFNET backbone
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1988
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A much faster 1.5 Mbps network had been
established for communication between the original supercomputing centers,
plus seven additional research networks: BARRNet, Merit, MIDnet, NCAR,
NorthWestNet, SESQUINET, SURAnet, and Westnet. The upgraded NSFNET connected
more than 170 TCP/IP enabled networks in all. Merit received a contract to
manage the backbone, and traffic began to double approximately every seven
months.
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1990
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The military sponsored
ARPANET was officially dissolved, and responsibility for the remaining
elements of the research network was passed to the NSFNET. The network
continued to spread among research and academic institutions throughout the
US, including connections to research networks in Canada and Europe, greatly
extending the Internet's size and reach.
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1991
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The NSFNET officially
ushered in the next wave of Internet growth by modifying its Acceptable Use
Policy to allow commercial use by "research arms of for-profit firms
when engaged in open scholarly communication and research". Between
growing connections to research networks and increasing commercial traffic,
the growth of the NSFNET over the next few years was rapid
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1992
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The NSFNET traffic
exceeded 12 billion packets (1 trillion bytes) of traffic a month. By
November the traffic had doubled, and NSFNET was connected to more than 7,500
networks, one third of which were outside the United States. In December,
1992, the NSFNET backbone was completely converted to a T3 or 44.736 Mbps
capacity, capable of transmitting 4 and a half million characters a second.
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1994
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The traffic on NSFNET
broke the 10 trillion bytes a month level. Starting in 1990, over the next
few years the NSF conducted a series of workshops and studies to plan for
transition of the NSFNET to private industry. The vehicle that evolved to
support this new architecture was a set of Network Access Points that acted
as connection points for the commercial backbones so that the network would
remain connected at the top level once the NSFNET was retired
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Over
the following year, all of the regional NSFNET networks migrated their
connections to commercial network providers who were connected to one or more
of the NAPs. On April 30, 1995, the NSFNET was officially dissolved, although,
returning to its roots, the NSF retained a core research network for research
only use called the Very High Speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), which went
on to form the basis for the Internet2 project. At its peak, the NSFNET
connected more than 4,000 institutions and 50,000 networks across the Unites
States, Canada, and Europe.
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