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Late last night, 11/21/2008, the 156 diode array @ just under 72F was measured at 34.3uV DC. That's not much lower than yesterday. I forgot to refill the oil bath yesterday. Hopefully I'll remember today.

At 6:50pm PT, a room temperature of 71F, the 156 diode array was producing 36.3uV DC. I took a flashlight and carefully looked at the oil bath level. It appears that a lot of the oil was knocked out when I kicked the outer shield the other day. At least one entire layer of the diodes are not in oil. Tomorrow I'll refill it and see what happens. That may or may not be the cause of the sudden dive in DC voltage. One possibility is that the diode array load resistance is too high, 45M ohms.

At 5:02PM PT today the 156 diode array measured at 44.4uV DC @ 74F. This was a slight drop in DC voltage as compared to yesterdays drop.

Last night the 156 diode array voltage at ~ 7:30PM was 45.8uV. The outer layer shield temperature was a bit under 76F. That's a significant drop in voltage from yesterday. So it appears it's either -->

Option 1. In the process of stabilizing. I've seen this effect numerous times, where the diode array voltage will slowly oscillate. Also, the oscillation slowly dampens out over time until a relatively stabilized DC voltage is obtained.

Option 2. The diode array was disturbed by something. I doubt my accidental kick the night before caused the incident. It's possible diodes are sensitive enough to even upper crest thermal energy fluctuations.

Option 3. The diode voltage tends to slowly fluctuate. So quite possible the diode array is merely negative fluctuation. If true, then the diode voltage will eventually begin to increase.


Since the diode voltage changed, I'll leave it alone before decreasing the load resistance from 45M to 1M ohm. The decrease in load resistance will increase the current since the matched load resistance is near 850K ohms. The increased current will increase the shot and flicker noise.

The diode array DC voltage decreased a slight amount to 50.1uV. The temp dropped a bit to about 75F. As a side note, I accidentally knocked the entire diode array setup (second outer shield) the night before. I'll have to check to see if too much of the oil from the oil bath was knocked out. It's highly unlikely this knock caused any change to the diode array output. So perhaps ~ 50uV DC is the level it will settle at for its present load, which is 45Mohm. If the excess noise is due to flicker or shot noise, then of course the DC current makes a significant difference. A few weeks ago I tried to estimate the shot noise due to the DC current (optimum DC current), and it was ~ 1/2 the rms noise as Johnson noise. There is an effect, similar to an avalanche effect, that such DC dependent noise such as flicker and shot noise causes. The effect is as such -->

* From start: no current. There is Johnson noise, which does not require DC current.
* Load is connected, and now there's DC current from rectification.
* Since there's DC current, there are other forms of noise such as shot and flicker noise.
* The DC current increase from rectification due to increased noise such as shot and flicker.
* The increased current now increases the shot and flicker noise.

The above is a self feeding effect. It is similar to how magnetic permeability works. Since the excess noise is less than the Johnson noise, it's not an infinite effect. IOW, it will reach equilibrium, a maximum DC voltage.

It's possible that the diode array DC voltage will increase if I lower the load resistance. I'll give the diode array another day or two to see if it's going to change, or it's reached a stable DC voltage. If it does not change by much, then I might change the load resistance to 1Mohm, which will require soldering to the diode array.

The daily DC voltages from my 156 in-series SMS7630 diode array are: 16uV, 18uV, 20uV, 27.4uV, 34.3uV, 46.3uV, 51uV.  Note, the diode array was producing over 200uV (0.2mV) DC until I tried an experiment by rapidly heating up the diode array. Each day the diode arrays DC voltage decreased until it began to slowly increase, perhaps due to 1/f noise or similar. Flicker noise is mainly caused by charge trapping, which could be effected by rapid temp change.

Sometime in October, possibly September, I built the fourth diode array, consisting of 52 SMS7630 diodes in-series. So far it appears to be ~ 1/3 the DC voltage as the 156 SMS7630 diodes in-series. So far all four of the diode arrays have produced a DC voltage.

A new type of ZBM was built using an electrometer op-amp that has femto bias current. One femto is 1E-15. The on/off input mechanical switch was replaced with a switch that reverses the diode array across the electrometer input. A major breakthrough occurred with a new type of diode array referred to as a "Diode Cube" or "Diode Wall." The first Diode Wall consisting of 156 in-series SMS7630 diodes, which are considered zero bias diodes. What was unique about the Diode Wall was the number of diodes per unit area. So far I have built four diode arrays, where the last two were Diode Walls. My first two diodes arrays were built on PCB's and were relatively large compared to the Diode Walls. Each diode in the Diode Wall was soldered directly on top of the next diode. No PCB's were used, so the Diode Wall is nothing but a solid wall of diodes. The small Diode Wall picks up considerably less exterior RF signals such as from radio stations due to it's small size. In fact the 156 in-series Diode Wall is so compact that it is now possible to conduct the research within the city of Los Angles, CA, USA rather than rural areas. The Diode Walls are so compact that there is no difference in DC voltage output even with the complete removal of both shield lids while in the city of Los Angeles. This was a major breakthrough in that it not only allowed the reseaerch to be conducted in the lab without having to travel far out to the rural desert areas, but it is required in order to demonstrate the diode array when such a day arrives; i.e., I'm unaware of any reputible scientist that would spend weeks in the Califronia desert to analyze a contraversial device. The new Diode Walls and soon to come Diode Cubes will allow me to plop the entire setup on the scientists desk for verification and analysis.  Another helpful addition was to place the diode array inside a mineral oil bath during measurements. A mineral oil bath is a common practice by Electrical Engineers to help eliminate thermoelectric effects.

Various other ZBM's designs were built. Measurements were conducted at various rural desert areas throughout southern California, USA. Also a Microsoft Windows trapdoor simulation application was written to verify that NATE (Natural Ambient Thermal Energy) could be rectified. The simulation consisted of two chambers, each filled with gas particles, separated by a trapdoor. The trapdoor was also made of particles, bonded particles. The trapdoor could bend. The simulation included blackbody radiation. Regardless of how long the simulation was allowed to run, the results showed that a trapdoor rectified NATE (natural ambient thermal energy). On average the left chamber contained more pressure than the right chamber.