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E-LEARNING in LATIN AMERICA English SPANISH
I. Research: What is the role of the new technologies in the Peruvian schools? II. Prometeus'Conference “Improving Learning through technology: Opportunities for all”(Paris, France. -29th & 30th September 2002 I. Research:What is the role of the new technologies in the peruvian public schools?? Author Federico Villarreal University-Peru * Collaborators: Professors, Alberto Tello Martin and Antonieta Azaldegui Moscol ÍNDICE Objectives and Antecedents of Edured The work is centered in the study of the role that is carrying out the new technologies of computer science, like the Internet, in the education of the Public Schools of Peru, specially on the countryside and for it was made a descriptive analysis of the projects that have been executing in the country through Internet to observe the profits of the objectives to keep communicated and to execute diverse educative projects that stimulate the social and cultural development, of the Public Schools. The works of Internet that have been developing in the Public Education of Peru since 1996 have been EDURED, Globe Peru, World Links, Learning Space (in implementation process) and Global Teach (in implementation process). As well as the Huascarán project that is created in October of the 2001 and is considering the union of more than 101 schools of the countryside of the coast, mountain range, forest, marginal zones of Lima, pertaining to a project of remote secondary education for countryside of the country that has been executing since 1998. The idea to connect all the students of Public Schools by the Internet system makes possible that every day the less favored sectors could have access to this type of technology and they are not isolated from the world. However, in the corresponding analysis we have been able to state that although is certain that the Ministery says to have more than four thousand students under this new technology, still exist technical problems that can facilitate not only a connection through the electronic mail or maintaining a vestibule Web but that simultaneously are transmitted knowledge by the qualification and interchange of experiences through the Internet. The problems continue being the lack of an administrative order of the power station and the intermediate sectors of the Ministry of Education, greater technical and permanent qualification of the use and maintenance of equipment, deficiency of technical support of band of wide of the equipment that ensure communications. Problems that must be solving so that the project that now is denominated Huascaran really settles down and does not leave left the expectations of the students of the countryside and distant of the Peru of being able to be in communication not only in the Nation but also with the world and begin its own development in spite of the problems of communication roads that suffers our contry by its geographical characteristics. KEY WORDS: Internet , Vestibule Web , remote education, projects of Internet .
IntroductionNumerous researches exist on the cultural, social and economic disadvantagesthat could be had mainly through the networks in the developing countries,since the globalization is so fast and that the cultural shock is non-avoidable fact, as well as that in the developing countries only a reduced social group can benefit. Nevertheless, there are groups in Latin America that are improving their quality of life thanks to the Internet (1) In Peru as in other countries of Latin America is being to use this new massmedia like important part of mass media, but simultaneously also as part of the support of the education in diverse institutions for urban and rural level in such form that all the young people, adults and children share knowledge and information. From this premise we started at a first moment to investigate the networks like mass media that helps the development of the towns. However, we had a very great view to research on the advantages or disadvantages of this new mass media so at the end we decided to investigate in the specific project EDURED that undertook the Ministry of Education in 1996 since it is a project that also is immersed in the development of our country and that now with infoescuela are comprising the HUASCARAN Project, work that has being implemented by the current Peruvian Government. Then, EDURED project contemplated the incorporation of New Technologies for the education inside the Education Centers, with the purpose of elevating the quality of the educative service and for it was settled computer science communication networks in Educative Centers of Secondary Education, the teachers has been qualified in the use of technological media and active methodologies, and it is keeping a constant communication among the Educative Centers impelling therefore the development of distance colaborative projects at a distance, essential basis of the Project. What we tried with this investigation was to make an analysis of the impact of this project to see if it is obtaining the objectives that considered from their creation which they are to stay communicated in order to execute diverse educative projects among them and every time to include more interconnected schools. Until this moment are 271 schools in the network (2). (1) Cfr. THESIN, J. p. 20 (2) Cfr. In Internet the vestibule www.minedu.gob.pe/web/prooyectos/edured/colegios_web.htm In order to widespread the problem that was investigated we display the following information that has been collected from of the vestibules of the projects, that can be seen in the following electronic directions in the URLs of Internet : www.minedu.gob.pe/web/proyectos/edured/colegios_web.htm www.minedu.gob.pe/edured/interior_proyectos.htm www.minedu.gob.pe/proyectos/dir.php?obj=proyectos.htm www.minedu.gob.pe/proyectos/infoescuela/pagina_nueva_10.html www.minedu.gob.pe/web/el_ministerio/el_ministerio/proyectos/worldlink/index.html and that we develop in the following paragraphs: Objectives and Background of EDURED The primary target is to develop in a distant way colaborative project in Educative Centers from all the levels, doing the use of technological tools and dynamic methodologies. Constitute the specific objectives of the project, the following ones: Training of the teachers in the use and application of New Computer science Technologies for education. Implementation of networks in selected Educative Centers., as well as the installation of Internet and electronic mail. Development of colaborative projects of remote education, sharing contained, processes and methodologies of working and learning, pedagogical information and opinions. EDURED project started in 1996. Since then they have been working specific subjects in the Peruvian schools. The schools develop colaborative projects using the new technologies (computers, networks, Internet, electronic mail, etc.), to execute them, as in the phase of investigation and data collection as well in the phase of communication through the electronic mail and the web pages. In the first two years, the schools worked diverse subjects, because the project was in an initial phase. In the year of 1998 it was developed the subject of Environmental Conscience and Quality of Life, that is to say, all the projects turned around the care of the environment: recycling, taken care of of the animals, pollution, etc. The Ministry of Education initiated this Program of Improvement the Quality of the Education for the period of 1995-2010. The use of the technology constitutes sustantial part of the components that conform the strategy of modernization and improvement of the quality of the learnings at secondary level. What is Edured? It is a project designed and managed by the Ministry of Education that includes the installation of networks in the public educative centers with three Fundamental intentions: 1. - To construct a virtual infrastructure of information for educative and cultural aims to national level, that will allow to turn to the schools of each district and cultural province centers of and creating communication channels among them. 2. - To create a permanent atmosphere of scholastic work that stimulates the conducive development of abilities, skills and attitudes to the excellence in the personal and social developmeetn of the students. 3. - To apply a plan of continuous improvement of the educational competitions, incorporated to computer science and the internet like work atmosphere, so that the professor is able to help the student to develop their scientific rationality and creativity skills. What have been the benefits for the teachers and the students of the project? The use of the internet has opened a new universe to teachers and the students in the diverse places of the planet. To use it in daily form as a visual classroom provides a new perspective and expands the vision of the world. During the period of June of 1996 to March of 1997 was developed the pilot project EDURED. This project included five educative centers of Lima and Callao, involved 25 teachers and 100 students. The fundamental intention of this project was to obtain that teacher and the participant students become qualified in the use of technological innovation elements and connect by electronic links with the purpose of communicating and integration itself with teachers and students from other educative centers, fomenting the interactive learning, promoting the work in group and communication, developing the capacity of looks for and selection of the information and to let them apt to use the computational tools available for them. What are the Obtained results? The pilot project demonstrated that the use of the internet to transmit information already processed is one the most productive and significant form that benefits the work from the teacher and the student in the classroom. The pilot project used the equipment of computers that had the selected educative centers, counting in addition for the development to it with the valuable support of different private companies and educative institutions. The interactive learning was fomented, the work in-group was promoted and it was developed the capacity of searching information and gathering it. In 1999 the central subject was Youthful Industrialists: the Educative Centers formed small productive companies using the New Technologies like tool of investigation and information dissemination. For the year of the 2000 the central idea of the project was PRODUCTIVITY IN the CLASSROOM, which was that each school designed and developed the project in agreement with its strategic project, is to say keeping coherence with its Annual Work Plan (PAT) and its Project of Institutional Development (PDI), depending on the strengths that wants to reinforce or the weaknesses that set out to solve. The projects can be to inter areas or to inter subjects, or simply on a single area or subject. The idea was that the group and its necessities were related directly to them. This year their goals were to maintain the 271 schools selected interconnected, and to enable approximately to 3000 teachers from the EDURED Project. Other Projects that has been developing in the schools in a parallel way with EDURED Parallel to EDURED also has been developing other projects that we detailed: World Links Is doubtless that the technological advance, in special computer science and the distance communication are changing the way as the people is communicating each other and the commercial transactions are making. The amount and quality of the information available is very important and the computer science is transforming too the form of learning and teaching. To be today a critic, analytic and with wide point of view of the knowledge person means to have access to a more and more and changing information, therefore, the development of abilities and skills allow us to look for the information, to gather, to analyze and to assimilate doing that it could be of extreme importance for the daily tasks. For this reason many governments and international organisms are worried to find formulates that gives to the towns an agreed formation with the challenges of the technological advance. The convergence of educative computer science and the telecommunications are the technological frame that displays the new scenes for the education, when incorporating increasingly the world of the educative electronic networks. One hopes that these networks help the development of people able to remove the maximum benefit at this period of the information in the world. Objective of World-wide Connections (World Link) The program World-wide Connections for the Development looks for the contribution of improving the quality and fairness of the education by means of the collaboration in the technical analysis for the construction and development of educational electronic networks and the support to the formation, qualification and improvement of educators, in order to facilitate the creation of a global atmosphere of collaborative learning through Internet among students and teachers of secondary education of the developing countries with its industrialized counterparts countries. Reach of World Link I In the period 1997 - 1998 has begun a pilot stage in 10 countries. In the Region of Latin America these are: Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru. In each one of these countries it is hoped to begin with an initial sample of 10 schools to which technical consultant's office will be lent to establish the connection to Internet, qualification to teachers of the diverse curricular areas on the use of Internet like pedagogical tool, access to international cooperative projects using Internet. By the end of the 2001 appears the Huascarán Project, In declarations to the mass media the Minister of Education Lynch said that the most expensive on the Huascarán Plan is the technological platform and that the government is contributing in more than 40 million New Suns for the execution of the project from them 5 million of dollars were donated by Telephone of Peru. This educative program is calculated in 200 million of dollars. In which it concerns to the Huascarán project, this it is a dispersed Organ of the Ministry of Education, inside the vice ministry of Pedagogical Management and with the active participation of the Ministry of Transports and Communications, in all the related to the development of the telecommunications and the computer science services. The Project, as is indicated in the D.S. 067-2002-ed has by objectives, to interconnect through internet all the organizations of the Government to optimize the educative services that serves to the community, as well as to increase the supply of education of quality in the countryside, of the jungle and the borders, like a part of an intercultural and bilingual policy. Also, to promote the qualification and the improvement of teachers in the use of the technologies of information and the communication, to take care of services of remote education, of educative networks, educative vestibules and other that they have as it has supported to the use of new technologies of information and communication. Also, to cause and to guarantee the access of the teachers to the computer systems, to guarantee the technological and operative update of the implemented information systems and communication, to integrate or to offer to support to projects of other sectors and multi sectors projects that have educative aims. On the other hand, the World Links or “Enlaces Mundiales” is a program of the Institute of Economic Development of the World Bank that it looks for creating communities of interactive and cooperative learning, through the application of the telecommunications to the school. The development of the program as much is based on the establishment of alliances and collaboration in operative as financer terms between diverse public actors, private, national and international. All these projects and those that are going to implement like: Learning Space and Global Teach are under the coordination of the Unit of Networks of Educative Informatics (URIE) that initiates its activities in 1996 in four pilot educative centers making wiring and pedagogical qualification, by means of equipment assigned by the Ministry of the Presidency to different schools public from the capital. This Unit counts with diverse projects where it is included the use of computer science resources and technological in the classroom, in which teachers and students are involved and participate actively in collaborative projects among different educative centers and its intention is to contribute to the improvement of the Peruvian educative quality by means of the investigation, evaluation, proposal and execution of projects of educative computer science directed to the educative centers secondary public of the country with the use of computer science and simultaneously to integrate to all the schools secondary public of Peru, of the urban zones, urban-marginal and rural, thus benefiting to educational and students with respect to the advances of the educative technology, uniting cultures and integrating them to the low world of competitive way and the standards that the present society requires it. 1, According to the Ministry of Education in their Web page of Edured the stated that the profits of the 2000 were successful then their projects reached the objectives raised with respect to the impact of the education of educative computer science in the educative centers. Thus the different projects within the schools were the following:
From those more than four thousand students has reach the benefits at the end of the year of 2001 and they have been integrated in the Huascarán project. However, not yet was determined with clarity how is going to work this project since according to surveys EDURED does not have a permanent connection of qualification by remote education but only communication through the web page for specific projects that wished to promote. 2. The creation of the Huascarán Project in this year, join and power projects that already are been developing for the Ministry of Education since 1996, like the project EDURED which made possible the equipment with a laboratory to 345 educative Centers from the secondary of the urban area. The “Infoescuela project”, that it involves to 500 educative centers of primary of the urban area, Distance Education Project that offers secondary education in the rural area through 101 centers pilot to all the nation in rural areas that when will pass to integrate the Huascarán Project will count with Internet, and the Pedagogical Vestibule, to which they enter all the teachers from of all the country and be contacted with museums, libraries, dictionaries, encyclopedias, biographies and hundreds of connections. However, all these projects still are in the formation process, some as Distance Education only have the computer but not the software and the modem. Infoescuela and the other projects only have pages Web and we are not sure how the Ministry of Education is going to face the multilingual problem and the technical problems in the countryside. The first contacts that have become through Internet only have been for certain projects as far as the exchange of information, but not yet it is a permanent use of the computers as far as the development of non-presence classes or conferences through Internet. In the case of the Huascarán project they have only had a group communication between two localities.
3. From another side, the Huascarán Project at the end of the first years will benefit to 2 million students of 5000 educative centers public and at 70 thousands of teachers. It can arrive at the educative centers by diverse connections: by satellite to countryside fundamentally, at zero cost; by wireless connection (radio connection), also to zero cost and through local operators, in urban centers and finally with a tariff price that is in study. However, according to the surveys made to the tutors of remote education and the rural schools, they have a basic qualification of computer science and many have had to follow by their account courses, but they also need technical qualification computer science to solve the problems that could solve in specialized faults either the more since in the towns where they are they do not have technical centers of repairing the computer science equipment and must go to the “USE” or to the “CTAREs” for the fixing. 4. Through the surveys made to the students it has been seen that there is a 100% of acceptance among the students, professors and the community on the development of this new technology as part of the education as much for the urban area, in the marginal places of the cities and the rural areas. However, by interviews with specialists of at a distance remote education of others countries we could say that this in phase of experimentation for the scholastic education, because they still need the presence of the professor in the classroom to be maturing in the control of the time of their study, for that reason is necessary in the case of Peru where we have many differences of culture, bilingual language, economy, infrastructure and technology more deep investigations to continue researching the development of this that allows the students not only to acquire knowledge that by the difficulty of their zones cannot obtain but that also share experiences in order to improve their quality of life. 5. We can also conclude that the suitable use of Internet on the time will make possible the communication between the countryside and urban of Peru, nevertheless is necessary that the Ministry of Education of the Peru will plan the suitably use of this technology so that it really offers a benefit to the level of knowledge of the students and it not only will remain in a mere interchange of messages without a defined academic intention The challenges that appear today in the Peruvian education in all the levels are multiple such as the one to obtain an education of quality and fairness, that are the basic pillars of a maintained development and which they cause that their population could be more competitive in the national and international levels, the problems of the rural, bilingual education among others. In general terms, and this context, we cannot say that an education of quality in Peru by means of the use of new technologies, without to have still found solutions to the serious social, cultural, political and economic problems that we confronted and is put in a debate the subject that if the Internet can represent a solution on the innovations of the pedagogical practices without putting in risk that these problems worsen because although great amount of money is reversed. All the schools public will not have access to this system, all the students will not be able either to accede to it and how long the equipment without a permanent maintenance will be able to be keep taken the schools. Thus, like asking itself if a previous study has been really made of the impact of this new technology in Peru and if the experiences have been reviewed that come having in other developed countries from experiences of Latin-American which they come previously executing these projects. To this also we can add that the qualification in the use of these means is essential, is not enough only with training in a month the teacher, new technologies require a constant and permanent training, since they are changing day by day. In order to have it with the CD use, the use of computation programs if it can help definitively the teaching. Also as means of connection between a city and another one, but by short time since the problem of the language appears, the customs, the schedules. The subjects that are going to develop considering that are so expensive for its maintenance. For the use of mail or transport of you case out, pictures or videos if it is possible if the suitable guidelines are made. But, still is to see like could be developed in the classes of the students. The radio if it even continues being in the countryside and less favored the average one but cheap and adapted for the education, also if an educative plan with the use of the television is developed publishes as in Mexico is another solution to help to the development of the Country. The Internet is good as soon as also we follow without neglecting previously mentioned and that the Ministry of Education of Peru does not neglect the social part, the mainly human thing, of all the actors of the sector education. If they are going away to continue making use of these mainly technologies in the countryside that become in planned and rational form and that simultaneously also in permanent form is made monitoring on the matter to be fitting the programs since being a so expensive project soon inactive leaving it is like leaving without life that population again that by this means approaches other cultures after remaining isolated by the highways and the abandonment of many institutions of the Government when it was not created by their political group as we have been facing last experiences for years in other Governments. Bibliography ALLEN, D. (1992), Ethics of Electronic Information, USA: Ed. Byte. BISHOP, C. (1991), Compressed Digital Video for Business, USA : TV. Application ", Ed. Communication News. ILACE, (1999) Tecnología y comunicación educativa, México : Ed. Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa. MIRABIT, M.A. (1998), Las nuevas tecnologías de la Comunicación, España, Barcelona: Editorial Gisa, RHEINGOLD, H, (1996), La comunidad virtual, una sociedad sin fronteras, Barcelona, España Ed. Gedisa,. REICH, R. y FURBEE, L. (1991), Knowledge Acquisition in the Peruvian Andes, USA :AI, Expert. ROBIN, K. y WEBSTER,F. (1998), Cybernetic Capitalism: Information Technology, Everyday life, USA: University of Wisconsin Press,. TELOS, Cuadernos de Comunicación, (1999)Tecnología, Sociedad, España: Ed. Telos THESIN, J, (1997), Medios de Comunicación Democracia y Poder, Argentina, Konrad Adenauer/ CIEDLA.. YOSHIDA, A, (1993), People who live in an on-line virtual world, Kyoto-Japan: Department of Information Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki,. Copy Right© Rosemary Raygada |
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Edured |
World Links |
Globe |
|
Colegios participantes |
269 |
37 |
16 |
|
Docentes atendido |
2690 |
148 |
64 |
|
Alumnos atendidos |
26900 |
1480 |
640 |
De esos más de cuatro mil alumnos atendidos en el término de este año 2001 han sido integrados en el proyecto Huascarán. Sin embargo, aún no se precisa con claridad como va a funcionar dicho proyecto puesto que según las encuestas EDURED no tenia una permanente conexión de capacitación o educación a distancia por este medio, sino solamente comunicación vía la página para proyectos específicos que deseaban promover y para ello elaboraban una página Web.
Los retos que se le presentan hoy a la educación peruana en todos los niveles son múltiples tales como el de lograr una educación de calidad y equidad, que son los pilares básicos de un desarrollo sostenido y que hacen que su población sea más competitiva en los niveles nacionales e internacionales, los problemas de la educación rural, bilingüe entre otros. En términos generales, y en este contexto, podemos decir que una educación de calidad en el Perú mediante el uso de nuevas tecnologías, sin haber aún encontrado soluciones a los graves problemas sociales, culturales, políticos y económicos que afrontamos pone en debate el tema de que si el Internet puede representar una solución a las innovaciones de las prácticas pedagógicas sin poner en riesgo que dichos problemas se agraven porque aunque se invierta gran cantidad de dinero, no todos los colegios públicos tendrán acceso a dicho sistema, no todos los estudiantes tampoco podrán acceder a ella y cuánto tiempo se podrán mantener los equipos sin un permanente cuidado técnico. Así, como el preguntarse si realmente se ha hecho un estudio previo del impacto de esta nueva tecnología en el Perú y si se han revisado las experiencias que se vienen teniendo en otros países desarrollados de experiencias de Latinoamerica que vienen ejecutando estos proyectos con anterioridad.
A esto tambien podemos anadir que la capacitacion en el uso de estos medios es esencial, no basta solo con entrenar en un mes al profesor, las nuevas tecnologias requieren un entrenamiento constante y permanente, ya que van cambiando dia a dia. Para tenerlo con el uso de CD, el empleo de programas de computacion si puede ayudar a la ensenanza definitivamente. Tambien como un medio de enlace entre una ciudad y otra, pero por corto tiempo ya que se presenta el problema del idioma, las costumbres, los horarios. Los temas que se van a desarrollar, teniendo en cuenta que es un medio tan costoso para su mantenimiento. Para el uso de correo o transporte de files, fotografias o videos si es posible si se realizan las pautas adecuadas. Pero, todavia queda por ver como podria desarrollarse en las clases de los educandos. La radio si sigue siendo aun en las zonas rurales y menos favorecidas el medio mas barato y adecuado para la educacion, tambien si se desarrolla un plan educativo con el uso de la television publica como en Mexico es otra solucion a ayudar al desarrollo del pais. El internet es bueno en cuanto tambien sigamos sin descuidar lo anteriormente citado y sobre todo que el Ministerio de Educacion de Peru no descuide la parte social, humana, de todos los actores del sector educacion. Si se van a seguir haciendo uso de estas tecnologias sobre todo en las zonas rurales que se haga en forma planificada y racional y que a la vez tambien en forma permanente se realicen monitoreos al respecto para ir ajustando los programas ya que siendo un proyecto tan costoso el dejarlo luego inactivo es como dejar sin vida nuevamente a esa poblacion que por este medio se acerca a otras culturas luego de permanecer aislado por las carreteras y el abandono burocratico de muchas instituciones del estado.
ALLEN, D. (1992), Ethics of Electronic Information, USA: Ed. Byte.
BISHOP, C. (1991), Compressed Digital Video for Business, USA : TV. Application", Ed. Communication News.
ILACE, (1999) Tecnología y comunicación educativa, México : Ed. Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicación Educativa.
MIRABIT, M.A. (1998), Las nuevas tecnologías de la Comunicación, España, Barcelona: Editorial Gisa,
RHEINGOLD, H, (1996), La comunidad virtual, una sociedad sin fronteras, Barcelona, España Ed. Gedisa,.
REICH, R. y FURBEE, L. (1991), Knowledge Acquisition in the Peruvian Andes, USA :AI, Expert.
ROBIN, K. y WEBSTER,F. (1998), Cybernetic Capitalism: Information Technology, Everyday life, USA: University of Wisconsin Press,.
TELOS, Cuadernos de Comunicación, (1999)Tecnología, Sociedad, España: Ed. Telos
THESIN, J, (1997), Medios de Comunicación Democracia y Poder, Argentina, Konrad Adenauer/ CIEDLA..
YOSHIDA, A, (1993), People who live in an on-line virtual world, Kyoto-Japan: Department of Information Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki,.
CONFERENCIA PROMETEUS “MEJORANDO EL APRENDIZAJE A TRAVES DE LA TECNOLOGIA: OPORTUNIDADES PARA TODOS” Paris, Francia, Setiembre 29-30 del 2002
1. En su experiencia cuales han sido las mas grandes barrera del aprendizaje a distancia que han enfrentado las organizacion con las cuales estamos familiarizados.?
Respuesta: Las caracteristicas heterogeneas entre los estudiantes, las diferencias tecnicas en los equipos que se estan usando y los factores externos que inesperadamente podrian aparecer mientras se esta realizando el curso en un campo virtual. Esto hace que haya diferentes velocidades de los niveles de aprendizaje en el proceso de ensenanza virtual campus, trabajando en grupos esto puede ser un factor influyente en el manejo del curso.and en la forma de alcanzar los logros por cada uno de los participantes.
Asi podemos decir que cada curso debe utilizar diferentes estrategias basadas en las experiencias pasadas.
2. Como cree que deben ser las futures investigaciones y prioridades de desarrollo para el aprendizaje a distancia?
Respuesta: Antes de empezar un curso se debe estudiar al grupo al cual nos dirigimos en forma profunda para prevenir futuros problemas.
Se debe investigar y comparar como es el aprendizaje en una situacion no presencial con una situacion academica normal. Focalizar que clase de gente no puede estudiar a distancia aun cuando ellos tienen todas las facilidades.
3. En su opinion que deben hacer los Gobernantes y otras Instituciones para impulsar el mejoramiento en el acceso a los aprendizajes a distancia?
Respuesta: Ellos deben promover esta clase de ensenanza y aprendizaje con adecuadas leyes que permitan a todas las personas tener acceso a los medios de comunicacion masiva, en este caso al internet para efectos de la educacion. Asi como buscar estraegias que protejan los derechos de autor, responsabilidad social, contenidos, entre otros problemas que siempre surgen cuando un medio de comunicacion masiva aparece y en este caso internet es mas complejo porque no es un medio en si mismo, sino que es la union de todos ellos.
roseraygada@gmail.com
