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從老師角度﹐如何為進化論辯護 學生如果是信基督教的﹐往往感到進化論冒犯了他們的信仰。我們知道很多基督教學校﹑教會自小都灌輸給孩童說﹐人類是上帝創造﹐進化論不是真的。有基督徒父母甚至在孩子看電視科學教育節目講到進化﹐也會說那只是「理論」﹐不是事實。
部份比較激進的教會﹐甚至提供材料去給學生在老師面前質疑進化論。
首先﹐老師必須小心注意以下事情﹕
正面的方法是﹐以事論事﹐心平氣和接納學生有信仰的自由﹐但也需要堅定的指出﹕
老師應該把握機會在課室解釋什麼是科學﹐什麼不是。
以上大部份都應該「貼中」學生可能提出的質疑。
回答學生的質疑﹐最恰當是在課堂上一點一點拿出來詳細的討論﹐而且強調科學的定義是什麼﹐信仰又是什麼﹐不要混淆兩者﹐慢慢的把神創﹑智慧設計等理論不科學的一面和進化論比較出來。
反駮質疑之後﹐就當拿出正面的證據﹕
其他可能老師遇到的質疑有﹕
儘量不要用說話挑戰學生的信仰或者質疑告訴他那些謬誤的人的品格﹐只說﹐進化論是一個博大精深的理論﹐普通人不明白﹑誤解是不足為怪的﹐然後可以建議學生來這裡（賣廣告﹗）。 智慧設計最大的弱點是什麼﹖大家可以問﹕
教師更加應該把握機會﹐去和學生討論什麼是科學﹑什麼是科學方法 (scientific methods)﹐然後直接和神創/智慧設計對比﹐讓學生更加對科學和科學方法印象深刻。
此外﹐也可以對學生解釋﹐保持自己的信仰﹐不需要否定進化﹐因為美國有不少基督徒是接納進化論和否定神創/智慧設計的﹐著名的有﹕
接納進化論和否定神創/智慧設計的機構﹕
接納進化論和否定神創/智慧設計的教會宗派﹕
最後﹐老師可以解釋﹐神創/智慧設計是一種文化現象﹐它們是在美國基督教文化下的產物﹐就如中國風水那樣。神創/智慧設計是基督教文化抗衡理性主義和科學發展一種運動。
從學生角度如何為進化論辯護
從學生的角度﹐我們認為學生應該以自己的處境考慮。
遇到老師教授神創論﹑智慧設計和質疑或攻擊進化論﹐學生對比老師是處於弱勢﹐貿然的挑戰老師﹐除非學生有其他人保護﹐否則實在不值得冒險。
但有幾個情況﹐學生身份的你是可以引導你同學思考的﹕
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Defending evolution from a teacher's perspective
The sad reality is significant number of students received very negative information about evolution. Some of their feelings are quite deep rooted and often being told by their parents during their upbringing. In extreme forms there are pastors who took students to a tour of the Museum of Natural History and said the displays of dinosaurs and other ancient animals are just "statues" and not about science.
Some churches even supply propaganda materials to young people to challenge evolution and challenge biology teachers.
As teachers, they should be cautious not to:
A rational and factual approach should be used, and the teacher should acknowledge the student has his/her freedom for personal belief, while firmly pointing out that:
Teachers should take the oppurtunity to explain to students what is science, and what is not.
Many of those queries or "challenges" to evolution are already addressed in our Frequently Asked Questions, and our collection of Articles, which is constantly updated and added upon:
The above will be able to address questions from most students.
Don't dump onto the students everything, deal with it one by one, reinforcing the difference between science and faith, showing to students why Creationism / Intelligent Design are not science.
Show the students positive evidences, here are some very profound ones:
There maybe other odd questions, such as:
We will try our best to keep this site maintained and ahead of the IDC's propaganda.
Resist any temptation to openly criticise people who told those misinformation to your students. Just say, evolution is not an easy topic, and it is easily misunderstood. Point your student to this site!
Furthermore, in the classroom discussion, the teachers can point out problems of Intelligent Design:
Take the oppurtunity to talk about scientific methods, and contrast evolution with Creationism/Intelligent Design.
In the end, you should let your students know that there are Christians who accepted evolution in whole, and rejected Creationism/Intelligent Design i.e. evolution do not necessariliy contradicts their faith.
Christian scientists (some of them):
Christian institutes that rejects Creationism/Intelligent Design and embraces evolution:
Religious organizations that accepted evolution and rejected Creationism/Intelligent Design:
It will be worthy to note that, Creationism/Intelligent Design arose from the unique American cultural background, and they should be discussed in cultural context rather as science.
For more information and knowledge, try this How Stuff Work resource.
Defending evolution from a student's perspective
Students doing this must be sure they have the safety to do it, especially they are not on equal footing with the teachers and principals.
It is not wise to challenge the teacher without evaluating the situation.
There are a number of scenario the student can deal with:
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在學校如何為進化論辯護 Defending Evolution in schools |