Furies In The Genome

Home

Kaylene.

FURIES IN THE GENOME

ON THE SIMULTANEITY OF

VARIATION AND SELECTION

By Robert B. Hamilton and

Robert M. Hamilton, Ph.D.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction 1

Human Evolution

Entropy

1. Towards a New Theory of Evolution 43

Reproductive crisis as the central evolutionary question

Stationary phase mutations

Transposable elements

Somaclonal variation

Mathematics of variation

General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S.) - Hans Selye

2. Variation in the First Person 85

Biography of R. B. Hamilton

The inheritance of IQ

Premature sexual activity and early libertine lifestyle

The Maternal Relation

Evolution in an Autobiography

3. Oedipus and Electra 133

The Furies

The Olympians were hypermasculine variants

Freud's theories reach into evolutionary theory.

Immature male sexuality

Immature female sexuality

East vs West in psychology

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual

Mutations in Man

Congenital mutations

Autism

The Metabolic Syndrome

4. Sex & Death 175

The Evolution of sex and death

The role of mortality

The role of sex

Small differences can be decisive in selection

Supranatural Selection

5. Famous Human Variants 215

Prophets, shaman, artists, scientists as successful human variants

Consciousness and innovation

Eve and Helen of Troy

Sex duality and mutual aid

6. Marriage 253

The biology of marriage

Speculation about the future

7. Education 311

Postnatal nurture

Learning is required because instinctive adaptations are too slow

The developmental stature of education

8. Epilogue 315

Future experiments,

Secular theory of values.

Index 337

PREFACE

Where the material in this book came from is a very long story. It spans at least two generations and took more than half a century to finally compose. Briefly though, Robert B. Hamilton was my father. He passed away in 1973, leaving behind hundreds of pages of handwritten notes describing his vision that genetic variation and natural selection both had to be consequences of Darwinian/Malthusian competition. And so this work proposes a fundamental theorem of evolution, which is that genetic variation and Darwinian selection are simultaneous and have the same cause: the struggle for existence, competition. Chapter 1 has the main elements of this general theory.

• Variation and rapid evolution arise in the setting of continuing competition.

It all began with my father’s own troubled family where generational strife reached a high pitch in his youth during the 1920's-1930's. His family experienced in a difficult way the transition from farming to the industrial age. The end of the family farm way of life was a major trend in the US at that time. What he experienced is mild compared to what is common in many places now. In those places where the family is now most broken there is the best evidence of his theory. The most extreme examples are of young people who fail to come to proper maturity, or overcome egoistic self-preoccupation and infantile ids very late. What happened to Robert B. Hamilton in the personal evolution of his own sexuality and personality as a consequence of generational strife, is covered in Chapter 2, Variation in the First Person.

• The inner stress, the chemico-physiological expression of the antagonism between reproduction as a reflection of metabolism and reproduction in crisis as the agency of death, is of the nature of a cause for altering the genetic constitution.

• The crisis that causes, underlies evolutionary change must be a crisis in the field of reproduction.

• In any case it is the hardships of one generation which produce the contradictions in the next whose resolution is the flowering of ideal developments.

• The process of gestation is the instrumentality by which the events external to the parent can exert themselves upon the development of the young. In the end the formative role of the parent generation is the very causality of evolution itself.

With subjective idiosyncrasies Sigmund Freud’s theories about Electra and King Oedipus made their way right up to the front door of the theory of evolution. Chapter 3, called Oedipus and Electra, is a discussion about a deep connection between Freudian psychoanalysis and competition between the generations as the driving force of evolution. I well remember those idyllic days I thought would never end when I would laugh as my father used to joke with other adults about Freud’s anal fixations, hidden phallic symbols, penis envy theory and the rest. Listening in silence for countless hours from early grade school through high school to him converse with adults and me about everything under the sun was my most important primary education about many things. Before he began writing about evolution in 1953 at age-39, I do not know how many years he may have been thinking over the proposition that Darwinian competition might cause genetic variation as well as natural selection. I forgot to ask. We did talk around this subject once, when he offered the interesting insight that what gave him the confidence or impetus to write about evolution was something he once thought of and composed concerning, of all things, economics. Although what this was he would not say and no notes of this nature ever passed before my eyes.

Bold-faced type and the bullet point symbol • set apart for the reader all verbatim quotes from my father's posthumous notes. Original copies of his notes are deposited in the U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, DC, with copyright dates 1989 and 1994.

While corroborating my father’s theory, induced mutations in bacteria and multiregional human evolution, which are the main subjects of Chapter 1, actually had nothing at all to do with the origin of these theories. This work had in fact an autobiographical origin. Self-analysis from an evolutionary perspective, proceeding by decades rigorous experimental verification only recently achieved, is what happened. It may be possible to categorize his diary-like writing as a personal confrontation with what evolutionists would call hypermorphosis, a form of heterochrony characterized by extended or delayed maturity. I believe his theories are a glimpse of the future of both biotechnology and sexual morality, rolled into an impossibly unlikely personal narrative.

I have combined my father's ideas with published experimental results which have outstanding implications for the future of the theory of evolution. By the way, my doctorate (1987) is in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering from Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.

No amount of data is ever going to change the impertinent, distressing fact that this book had an autobiographical origin. It is fundamentally a tract about man, mostly about one man. Not much could be less likely. Every chapter has excerpts from Robert B. Hamilton’s journals. His biography is the subject of Chapter 2. This style of writing is what the reader will encounter throughout. In these densely compacted paragraphs there is a new theory of evolution and a body of facts seldom seen as having anything to do with the theory of evolution. This is human sexuality and its atavistic variation. His theories arose from his own sexually-specific self-analysis, from how he was as a young teenager to what he eventually became as a man. The two were very different indeed. The path of his life intersected with gays and lesbians, sexually promiscuous men and women, and with people conservative that way. One could say that a science of sexuality morality was another of his outstanding efforts.

A new appreciation for and understanding of what endocrinologists call stress is necessary. Stress of the highest rank is that of competition from overpopulation within a species and between generations. This very special form of stress dispenses organic and psychological variation. Problems with IQ and immature personality are “only“ an extension into the stages of childhood of problems with organogenesis and tissue differentiation, which can and often do appear very early in gestation as the metabolic syndrome (sometimes called fetal programming) in times of generational stress. Low IQ is part of the disorder spectrum of the metabolic syndrome. Its ultimate logic is the denial of the full genetic inheritance in favor of a trial period of varied arrangements of the genetic constitution. It takes a tremendous effort to sufficiently restore successful adaptative power when the classical genetic character is diluted due to delays. This forms the hardiness of a people, or its apathy. This must be the origin of free will, determination, human effort. Also defeat, the withdrawal of effort, depression, the faces of supranatural selection.

There is scientific evidence that prenatal stress at critical stages of the sexual differentiation of the brain during the third trimester of pregnancy, and as experienced during secondary sexual differentiation during puberty, can cause the genetic sexuality of the zygote to be in conflict with the sexuality of gender identity and sexual orientation. What my father refers to as the emphasis of primitive aspects of the genetic constitution as the general method of evolution appears in the scientific literature to me to resemble more the cancellation or sabotage of established features. In new environments in times of great competitive crisis, some very few such mutations must bear the potential character of successful experiments, with slight advantages at times, even if the restriction of fertility is the only momentary advantage.

What a young person experiences as anxiety translates the consequences of childhood oedipal problems into the breakdown of perfected intellectual talents (including multiple intelligences) deployed for normal adaptation. The metabolic syndrome consists of all manner of genetically linked disturbances of the nervous system, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular system. Diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, arthritis, low birth weight, precocious idiopathic puberty, and other serious disorders are associated with maternal stress during pregnancy and the resulting “metabolic syndrome” and “fetal programming.”

It would not be surprising to find out that many common human diseases have corrosive generational strife and an objective lack of adaptation in social conditions as hidden social dynamics. What endocrinologists have been saying for a long time about disease is that the endocrine system is a major player in the evolutionary realms of variation and selection. The endocrine system places the individual within the species in the most powerful examples of its functional logic.

What he observed, all the things he wrote about under the heading of human variation, were composed with no knowledge of molecular biology, and very rough information about clinical endocrinology. In the 1950’s molecular biology, gene cloning, and the detailed study of DNA mutations in humans did not exist; anyway he had no access to scientific journals or other sources of essential scientific information. The internet was more than a generation away. Under the heading maternal stress during pregnancy and childhood, modern science has shown in animal experiments that in times of competition the endocrine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) cancels or scrambles progress towards sexual maturity and can cause intersexual variants. Varied endocrinology deployed in times of such stress can give rise to the notion that evolution reaches into the evolutionary past for possible future adaptations, which must be what my father was seeing and writing about. One of the tasks was to match known endocrine responses to stress in humans and animals to known genetics. One possible result of the hypothalamic withdrawal of permission for sexual maturation (due to competition between the generations) could be the persistence into adulthood of mammalian sexuality. This must be the default position if the construction process of human secondary sexual characteristics is rendered incompletely by the HPA axis that withdraws essential gonadal steroids.

The brain circuits of male animals can be feminized across the placenta by maternal adrenal sex hormones during stressed pregnancies; female animals can likewise be masculinized in the adult behaviors by maternal adrenal activity at the right moment due to maternal stress at critical times. These experiments are described in Chapter 3. They have been known for a long time. They are politically incorrect to mention, such experiments can never be done to humans, and, as they reject selfish genes and imply group selection, they weigh too much for the Modern Synthesis.

I have collated what numerous scientists have discovered and surmised about a new direction for evolutionary theory and have allied their work with my father’s autobiographical narrative to produce the most unlikely and audacious of tracts. From it the ability of man to engineer evolution becomes even more probable than the most optimistic of genetic engineers could guess because the way of Mother Nature can now be imitated. The heretofore invisible foundation of human sexual morality is also uncovered. In times of competition between the generations sexuality is modified to control fertility, or is classical if the competition is only weak or moderately intense. Sexuality after all, like mortality, exists to control population levels. The bible says not to judge. Evolution excludes from the international family of man no person, regardless of sexual orientation or anything else. The welcome arms of the human genetic constitution embraces all people on this Earth. Would an individual with 6 digits on their hand instead of 5 be considered less human? Latently each person has a capacity for an infinite set of reconfigurations of gene expressions, none of which would make them less a part of our species. Our evolutionary history is vast and deep, our genomes contain buried treasures rarely glimpsed.

The genome of man tosses up many types of rare mutants, some based on ancient facets of our evolutionary history. There is a whole catalogue of these, including albinism, dwarfism, gigantism, piebaldism, extra or missing digits, sexual hermaphroditism, stunted stillborn embryos, and a vast number of nervous, endocrine, developmental, and metabolic disorders, etc. Chapter 3 has a discussion of human mutations in relation to the theory that genetic variation takes place because of crises of reproduction.

The transition from a mammalian and primate-like mating constitution based on sexual selection to the mating constitution of man, being so radical and so recent, stands at the head of a considerable list of morally indifferent atavistic reversions. Examination of this is what gave rise to this book, and what this book is substantially about. Every person passes through this ancient transitional stage. According to the conditions of the nurture it happens often enough that this ancient relic is not superseded, or is overcome with great difficulty.

• The evolution of mankind as a species then, and of each individual in its life, has involved a struggle to overcome this element of the primitive mammal. The periodic rut had to be overcome as a condition for the development of the secondary sex features - at any rate in the process of the development of these features, and each individual must again repeat the process of overcoming this primitive element of rut.

There is present in the above paragraph a form of a death and resurrection motif. I have often wondered if whether it is actually this possible personal transformation that is the real hidden dimension, the actual real meaning, of what theologians have for so long placed in the realm of faith alone. Chapter 5 has more about this as a possible lineament for a new interpretation of scripture and mythology as facets of the theory of evolution.

However innocent the individual is to any compromise of its own heredity, no matter that genetic constitution cannot foresee the consequences what it is doing when ontogeny is arrested or altered, this special form of heterochrony, so common in modern times, is not morally indifferent or innocent in its consequences. As evolutionary principles are at work here, this book is also about the moral implications of this variation of the sexual constitution of human beings, all traced back to what one man experienced in the very late and difficult overcoming of remnants of his historically and nearly universally censored youthful indescretionary lifestyle. In a way that foreshadowed the personal side of this story Freud wrote that the Pleasure Principle gives way, when it can, to the Reality Principle. When it cannot, when the classical heredity cannot be achieved and the variation cannot be successful, egoism, hedonism in its spectrum of types is what remains. Freud did not see any connection between psychoanalysis and evolution. What he referred to as a perverse polymorphous sexuality is actually a mechanism for forming variation and controlling fertility. When overcome this is the conversion of his Pleasure Principle into the Reality Principle. When not, when the maturation is permanently complicated by the intensity and duration of competition, the conflict between the classical heredity is in a great war with the imposed variation. The human psyche is tormented, sexuality can frequently become uncontrollable. Society calls this hedonism. It can be gay or straight, violent or not, compulsively onomastic, or a pornographic obsession, or promiscuity, etc. Freud attributed perverse polymorphous sexuality to childhood sexual fixations.

The theory of evolution has come a very long way from a stubborn indoctrination with the immutability of species, to Lamark's ideas about a direct connection between heredity and the environment, to random mutations, all the way to expressions of 20th century political objectives which made species much too plastic. A case can even be made that random mutations amount to a different way to describe or believe in the immutability of species, and many have made that observation. The implications have been around for a long time that non-secular ideas can creep into evolutionary theory if mutations are random. Now, at the beginning of a new millennium, with secret political and unmentionable religious agendas finally stripped away, the data itself about the variation of species is finally left to stand on its own merit. From this shall rise a new account of the mechanism of the mutability of species. Even if encrusted prejudices and archaic opinions tend to still dominate the discussions, the data in journals and books speaks for itself and is as radically new as the new theory to which it will certainly give rise, as it is in the process of doing right now. The theory of evolution never needed to reconcile incompatible titans the like of relativity and quantum mechanics. Religion and evolution, the topic of Chapter 5, turn out to be the same thing.

The relentless work of molecular biologists, the leaders of this new view of evolution where selection and variation are seen as a single entity, will soon expand the field of interpreted evolutionary experience far beyond the world of microorganisms. Multiregional human evolution similarly strikes a formidable blow to the Mendel/Morgan school of thought. The domain of evolutionary experience will soon be acknowledged to be also in the right here and now. As the student sitting now in a classroom who prefers sex to learning, in the theory of homosexuality, in the form of a general theoretical account of times of incompatibility of the sexes, as the ultimate determiner of what we call sexual morality, in the unique adaptation of man through new ideas conceived (in the manner of a virgin birth, a universal theme in mythology) - all these will become provinces of this new theory of evolution. Morality and immorality, right and wrong, good and evil, altruism and the selfish principle, adaptation and its antithesis, are deterministic functions. For their stated position that everybody should be allowed to do anything as a constitutional right, the Libertarians fail to see the group or species as the basic atom of evolution. A moral society cannot be willed, but social policy could potentially engineer the like of Oedipus and Electra out of the culture of nations. As revealed by the characteristics of its citizens, every society has always been a theater of experimental evolution.

A twist of fate or change of destiny worthy of any irony in Greek drama or ancient parable places evolutionary theory in perfect harmony with most of what is in theology. The creation stories such as Genesis, which have been seen as conflicting with the theory of evolution for so long, are but chapters of a greater work about evolving humanity. The theory of evolution does not oppose religion. They are the same thing. As recorded in the biographies of their founders, religion and evolution have a unity of parallel elegance whose consequences are just beginning to be realized. That other tree in the Garden of Eden, the tree of the knowledge of immortality, suggests a level of brilliance in the author(s) of Genesis seldom seen before or since. Back then did they already recognize what we have long since forgotten, that sexual reproduction overthrew immortality? Is there an echo from the bottom of the well? Sex and mortality is the main subjects of Chapter 4. Famous human variants, such as the prophets and saints who founded religions, are discussed in Chapter 5.

Religious doctrines have always had an essential advantage in linking morality with a benevolent creator. The linking of evolutionary thought with moral principles has only just begun. Only the bible and other religious texts have ever undertaken moral questions with any real vigor. However anachronistic in our times all this seems now it was in fact a very great insight. It is as though in some minds now evolution threatens religious texts, including the offering of a possible objective basis of morality. The remarkable thing is this new theory evolution is not simply a mechanism for engineering evolution. It is linked to the deepest moral questions in the manner of a religion. It turns out that the mutability of species, while ruining the literal but not the transcendental basis of all religions on the one hand, on the other hand erects a new scaffolding to rebuild the same moral principles of all religions. The God fearing folks don't have to be worried about the theory of evolution. A secular outlook needs to unite evolution and morality as a single discussion.

For the reader I expect that the first author’s compositions will be especially challenging. He forces you into intense concentration, insisting upon the attention in the afterlife he needed while on this planet as a young person. In the end this is the metamessage of his sometimes brutal conceptual density. As for me, I hope I got it mostly right, although to be perfectly frank this is a more than I expect happened. No one should ever wish for his type of brilliance. For me it was at times more a Pandora's Box than anything else to deal with his notes: So much trouble, only hope to work with. So there may be other explanations than what I interpret as what he would have written about. People may not agree on much; still there is this one concept of variational and selective duality that stands by itself and by itself changes the entire world. We can work around the rest of it. Know this single fact and Chapter 6 and you’ve digested plenty.

Being that it took for me many years to decipher everything you see highlighted in bold, I like to think that no one will be able to skim this book. The conceptual density is great enough for more than one book for sure, if I ever had the expertise necessary in psychiatry, sociology, molecular biology, evolutionary theory, etc. perhaps I would have done it that way. As it is this book contains perhaps one half of all of my father’s writing. The rest I either deemed to be in error or essentially a duplication. If he had been guilty of any plagiarism I would have run into it by now.

Chapter 6, what I have called Marriage, has statements more insightful than anything I have ever seen in matters of sex, romance and marriage. Many are beyond my ability to annotate, so I have left that pleasure/labor to the reader. Also there is in Chapter 6 the evolutionary basis, not just the psychological basis of relationships that do not work, but behavior that is guaranteed to be unsuccessful in the romantic or reproductive world. This was the material that I was able to grasp first. I still find it the most fun to read. They are almost like a chapter of scientific poems, all of which I agree with, none of which were especially easy to see the meaning of for me. Actually, daunting is a better term for how I experienced reading them.

One of my strongest memories is of a day just a few days before he passed away, which occurred December 28, 1973. I held his hand in his hospital bed and he communicated to me by pretending to speak. “Say the theories are yours!” He was connected via a tube inserted into his throat to a respirator and could not talk. I just laughed and shook my head no. He must have wanted to be reassured about this, with the end obviously near.

Notebook 1, 1953

This is his from earliest surviving writing, composed starting in March, 1953. The first 5-10 pages from this notebook contain not much very noteworthy. Then all of a sudden statements like the following suddenly appear as if out of nowhere, and for the next 20-years it does not stop. This is his earliest valid statement about evolution.

Reproduction is a derivative form of metabolism - metabolism in the setting of critical variations of milieu. It is metabolism in the only form which permits organic adaptation. In this sense it is the species which is the organism, and its organs (members) constantly accommodate to the changing setting of the species by this special metabolic activity which, through a succession of generations, permits the total adaptation of the organism to take place rapidly enough.

The succession of generations is the primary mechanism, but the variation of generations is the next requirement. The succession of generations implies conservatism in the hereditary material: the achievements of the adaptation must be preserved. The variety of reproductive methods constitutes the means for realizing the possibilities of change implied by the succession of generations. The specialized methods of reproduction - gametic and sexual - are the instrument for overcoming the conservatism of the species, the means for permitting a rapid accommodation to a changing setting. Gametic reproduction permits a sharing of the critical experience of two hereditary lines, while complete sexual reproduction, which necessarily implies male sexual selection, permits not only a sharing of two hereditary lines, but a union of the female gamete with a highly select male gamete, so that the process of accommodation is very much more rapid and flexible, though the female genetic elements in the selected male gamete preserves the essential conservatism of the general heredity.

Selection and the succession of generations are then a unitary process. Each requires the other, and together, in alliance with a means of variation, they are the mechanism of organic evolution.

EXCERPTS FROM THE BOOK

• Once given the existence of a substance which reproduces itself and has the feature of metabolism, and which therefore finds itself in competition with every other manifestation of the same features, then the entire process of evolution necessarily follows. It is not necessary to speak about any purpose to life or instinct of reproduction. Either the qualities of successful metabolism and reproduction will prevail or there will be extinction. And the very elements which determine the continuation are these two.

• The achievement of successful features is the path to sexual expression, at all levels, in all species. This is the relation between sex and evolution.

• The modern role of sex, and the general impression one takes from its urgent character in all levels of evolutionary development, suggests that even metabolism is subordinate to it.

• That all of the development takes place during the time of the nurture is on its face alone ground for suspecting that a very powerful and pervasive relation exists between parent and young in the formation of the development.

• We are ready to believe that the unusual experience of the parents is communicated to the offspring so as to cause variation, in some not necessarily external aspect.

• The agency for the production of appropriate variation is as much a feature of protoplasm as is its metabolism or its reproduction or its genetic conservatism.

• It is worth taking a second look at what appears to be a fact at least at the present time: it appears that it is not the direct economic question which produces an active development of consciousness, but questions more closely related to reproduction, or the frustration of reproduction.

• I believe on general grounds that it is not merely hardship, economic struggle which gives rise to the familiar flourishing of consciousness.

• It is seemingly, in human evolution, the overcoming of obstacles to fertility that produces the adaptive changes. Not metabolic, but reproductive obstacles.

• It is not consciousness as such, but change of consciousness, which is the method of human evolution.

• The free expression of an instinct leaves no mark upon the "consciousness." It is the thwarting of an instinct, the placing of obstacles in the way of its expression, which causes the appearance of consciousness, which may be described as the agency for the circumventing of the obstacles. The more complex and difficult the obstacles, the more elaborate and effective the instrument developed for their overcoming.

• The successful assimilation of the contemporary division of labor (of a role in it) precludes innovation.

Our contention is that the failure to accommodate to some role in the contemporary division of labor is the product of the reproductive distortions noted above.

• The premature orientation towards reproduction is the specific agency of the interruption of development which is the basis of variation.

• The separate individuals of a species do not all occupy the same setting. There is a range of conditions occupied by the species; and in some places organisms are comfortable, in another surfeited, in still another suffering from the beginnings of competition, and finally some, dwelling on a precarious periphery, for whom competition is radically severe. The last is producing variation in abundance, which however does not become selected and characteristic unless this condition proves to be typical. In the first setting the standard character is achieved without being strongly marked, a placid, comfortable but not vigorous population results. The surfeited could not survive in the setting of the first group, and exhibit a tendency not even to develop the character of the species and abandon the achievements won through lengthy struggle by the species. The third group have the full character, and also outstanding hardihood resulting from struggle, as befits the characteristic body of the species, which has fully earned its right to place its mark upon the new generation. The last group, barely surviving, responds with a shrunken social fertility, but an explosion of new qualities, which are ancient resources of the species, appearing in a new context. It is full of variation in which everything old is being re-explored within the matrix of the later established character. Its individuals are not very healthy, viewed from the standpoint of sexuality, comfort, sense of accommodation, sense of success, certainty of direction, sense of appropriateness to conditions, but it is characterized by a wide range of vitality, from a manifestly self-lethal proclivity, to a furiously intense, frenetic vitality or at least energy, which in the end represents the instrumentality of the transformation of the species, if the alien conditions encountered here prove to be finally the prevailing conditions whose persistence constitutes the new life setting for the whole species.

• In a time of crisis the antagonism between reproduction as the agency of life, and as the agency of starvation is the mainspring of evolutionary change.

• And this must be so (reproductive crisis as the central evolutionary question) on general grounds, for metabolic crises in the end are a reflection of the too rapid expansion of the protoplasm.

The metabolic crisis, the crisis of competition, is in fact a reproductive crisis expressing too much fertility for the adaptations.

• The conception most often offered as the sole alternative to the genetic account of the origin of variation is that there is a molding of the species by nature so to speak in its image, a molding which causes the species to change adaptively and to transmit this change to the next generation, which continues the adaptive tendency, until a new form appears as the result of a lengthy accumulation of such directed changes. This idea involves the conception of the inheritance of acquired characteristics or Lamarckism, which has often been refuted.

• But in fact the process is rather more complicated than this. The species cannot "adapt" strictly speaking: the fund of its possible transformations is precisely the series of forms which it assumes in the course of its development in its recapitulation of the history of the development of its predecessors; and no degree of mal-adaptation can do more than draw upon these inherited resources by an emphasis or rearrangement of certain of them.

• The only lack of adaptation which becomes an experience of species instead of just an experience of individuals is the condition which produces an excess of numbers over the food supply.

Fatality due to accidents and parasites is part of the adaptation of the species.

• It cannot be doubted that there is a fundamental connection, the very one that we seek to connect sex with evolution, between intraspecific competition and the conversion of sexual expression from developmental determination into some other form.

• What is the close relationship between frustrated development, between the thwarting of the development of the young, and their heightened genital activity?

• The liaison function is the role of the modified female.

• The behavior of each female is connected thus with the behavior of every other: the accessibility of some females dooms others to sterility; and if for this reason alone the opening of the womb is an act which reverberates throughout the species.

• There is a remarkable inversion in both sexes with the achievement of maturity: in the female the development of the generalized negative sexual tendency as the actual condition for maternity in the family setting. And for the male: there must develop the definite recognition of the nurture function before the real reproductive relation can be established with a female.

• The nature of the distortion is to convert the daughter into a male and a consort, and the son into a consort.

And these are possible because the genetic constitution contains these potentialities as the instruments for the social reproductive organization.

They have the effect of reducing intraspecific competition by causing sterility, partial or complete.

• Considering the immediately foregoing ideas on fixations, it is worth considering whether, in the male, the form of sterility does not the character of of an incapacity to enter into this selection of the female, but to respond, as in the earlier condition, generally to all or nearly all females.

• On originality, creativeness. In the end a realization of what has to be an intrinsic potential of life itself, to make the radical accommodation to the radically alien setting. It does not appear when it is not needed. It appears under conditions of great adversity, not of the individual, but of the species. It has minor echoes for individuals. Its product is rich and profoundly novel only when it does respond to the adversity of great parts of the species. Evidently the requirements of one individual, in the small locality, and the response to this, only by a considerable accident could constitute a fundamental new direction for the species, which requires a common accommodation, an expression common to a great many of its individuals. And the individual success can only be an expression of success in the prevailing setting. Originality is a species phenomena, the result of a widespread need and impulse shared by very many.

• On the question of the nature of consciousness: we distinguish two elements or principles. Every organism makes a characteristic selection of the ambient materiality according to its physiology, its metabolic arrangements. This selection, this continuously present field of sensation or awareness, this characteristic selection of stimuli to which the organism is constantly responding, is often erroneously described as 'consciousness" in human beings. But all organisms down to the most primitive are related to reality in just this way, and if this is to be called "consciousness," then another term must be invented to describe what is different about the human relation to reality — for there is something different, in degree if not substance.

What is different is the capacity to alter the selection from reality of another being, to acquire a new field of stimuli, a new selection, and to cause others to acquire it also.

• The origin of consciousness (the development of the so-called “voluntary” muscle) is evidently connected with the development of the capacity to refrain from the stimulus-response mechanism characteristic of all protoplasm.

What is essential is not the faculty of response, for that is well established, nor yet the conditioned response, for that too is a universal function: but the abstention from response is the “voluntary” aspect.

• The temporal separation of response from stimulus is the biological innovation which distinguishes the realm of the conscious from that of the non-conscious.

The so-called voluntary expressions amount to a postponement of response, and consciousness is the accumulated effort to overcome what has been interposed between the stimulus and response.

In particular it is obstacle of the barrier to incest which is the foundation of all thought and imparts the remarkable qualities to the human mating relation which distinguish it from all others.

I can recall from the early 1970s how my father appraised his own ideas about evolution. “They are some good clues,” he used to say.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

When I wrote to President Bill Clinton in 1999 it was the first time I had ever written to any head of state. It was a 2-page letter I took a few days to write plus excerpts from this book. I did not suspect that just a few weeks later he would set in motion the dynamics that would finally enable me to complete this task in a way I that I always hoped. My father and I therefore sincerely thank President Bill Clinton for all of his considerable help (and patience). It is proper and a great honor to be able to dedicate this book to President William Jefferson Clinton.

I am proud to be able thank and acknowledge Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush and Barack Obama, for their wisdom, incite and enduring support which has led now to the completion of this long project. The book matured, added new chapters and challenges, and took its final form during and because of the administration of President George W. Bush. President Barack Obama wanted the book to cover several more essential, challenging topics, including the area of medical genetics. Hopefully, I did some justice to them. Throughout the long process of reading and writing I had constant advice and support from Presidents Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush. The scope of the book came to exceed anything I would have undertaken on my own, although no one ever tried to give me even a single word to write down or ever suggested a single reference or author for me to read.

I thank the exceptional talent and leadership of the Central Intelligence Agency, which became for my purposes headquarters of the theory of evolution. It was a pleasant discovery for me to find the Directorate of Intelligence full of brilliant, enlightened scientists. They were decisive in suggesting the form and edited scientific content of the book, insisting I pay better attention to literature on molecular genetics and medical conditions such as autism than I otherwise might have. The Directorate of Operations guided the whole project as I was taught something about the ways and means and creative process of their craft, an education about matters and policies far beyond anything I ever remotely associated with the management of clandestine operations. Special thanks regarding these matters to Secretary of State Colin Powell and CIA Directors George J. Tenet, Porter Goss, Gen. Michael V. Hayden, Leon Panetta, and Gen. David Petreaus. Former Senator from New Jersey Robert G. Torricelli, Esq. was aware of my manuscripts early on and played a key role in communicating to me the positive intentions of the CIA.

It is an outstanding privilege to be able to thank and extend sincere gratitude to Queen Elizabeth II of the Commonwealth of Nations. Queen Elizabeth has been following the book and sending her thoughts to me about it for what I think could be nearly a decade. It is an equally outstanding privilege to be able to thank and extend sincere gratitude to the United Kingdom’s Prime Ministers Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, James Callaghan, Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, and David Cameron; the Royal Family Prince Philip, Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Edward, Prince Andrew, Prince Harry, Prince William, Kate Middleton, The Duke of Edinburgh, Sarah Ferguson; Chairmen of the Joint Intelligence Committee Sir Peter Ricketts, Sir John Scarlett, Sir Richard Mottram, and Alex Allan; Director Generals of the British Security Service (MI-5) Sir Anthony Duff, Sir Patrick Walker, Dame Stella Rimington, Sir Stephen Lander, Eliza Manningham-Butler, and Jonathan Evans; Chiefs of the Secret Intelligence Services (MI-6) Sir Dick Franks, Sir Colin Figures, Sir Christopher Curwen, Sir Colin McColl, Sir David Spedding, Sir Richard Dearlove, and Sir John Sawyers; and the United Kingdom’s Intelligence Community including MI-5 and MI-6, for their support and enthusiastic reaction to the news that I had finally completed this project.

Thank you and salutations to the following world leaders for their support:

Presidents of the People’s Republic of China Yang Shangkun, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao; Presidents Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin, Valery Putin and Dimetri Medvedev and Prime Ministers Yegor Gaydar, Sergei Kiriyenko, Viktor Chernomyrdin, Yevgeny Primakov, Sergei Stepashin, Mikhail Kasyanov, Viktor Khristenko, Sergei A. Lebedev, Mikhail Fradkov and Viktor A. Zubkov of the Russian Federation; President Nursultan Nazarbayer and Prime Ministers Daniel Akhmetov and Karim Masimov of Kazakhstan; Presidents Nelson Mandela, Jacob Zuma, Thabo M. Mbeki, and Kgalema P. Motlanthe of The Republic of South Africa; Presidents of Columbia Alvaro Uribe and Juan Manual Santos; Presidents of Greece Konstantinos Stephanopoulos and Karolos Papoulias and Prime Minister of Greece George Papandreou; Emperor of Japan Akihito and Prime Ministers of Japan Yoshiro Mori, Junichiro Koizumi, Shinzo Abe, Yasuo Fukuda, Taro Aso, Yukio Hatoyama and Naoto Kan; Presidents of France Jacques Chirac and Nickolas Sarkozy; Presidents of the Republic of Korea Kim Dae-jung, Roh Moo-hyun, and Lee Myung-bak; Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada and Governor General of Canada David Lloyd Johnston; Presidents of Germany Horst Kohler and Christian Wulff and Chancellors of Germany Gerhard Schroder and Angela Merkel; Presidents Luiz Inacio Lula de Silva and Dilma Rousseff of Brazil; President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak; Presidents of Mexico Vicente Fox and Felipe Calderon; King Abdullah of Saudia Arabia; Presidents of Ghana John Kufuor and John Atta Mills; Presidents Alfred Moisiu and Bamir Topi of Albania; President of the Spanish Government Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero; Prime Ministers of Australia John Howard, Kevin Rudd, and Julia Gillard; Presidents of India Kocheril Raman Narayanan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, and Pratibha Patil; President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzi; Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki of Iraq; Secretarys General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and Ban Ki-moon; Presidents of Italy Mario Monti, Silvio Berlusconi, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, and Georgio Napolitano; Presidents of Argentina Eduardo Duhalde, Nestor Kirchner, and Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner; President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili; Presidents Moshe Katsau and Shimon Peres and Prime Ministers Ariel Sharon and Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel, and the national intelligence agency of Israel, the Mossad; Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi and President George Abela of The Republic of Malta; King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden; King Juan Carlos I of Spain; President Danilo Turk of Slovenia; President Ivan Gasparovic of Slovakia; President Traian Basescu of Romania; President Anibal Cavaco Silva of Portugal; Prime Minister Gordon Bajnai of Hungary; President Mary McAleese and Prime Minister Brian Cowan of Ireland; President Valdis Zatlers and Prime Minister of Latvia Valdis Dombrovskis; Prime Minister of Lithuania Andrius Kubilius; Prime Minister of Luxembourg Jean-Claude Juncker; Queen Beatrix and Prime Ministers Jan Peter Balkenende and Mark Rutte of The Netherlands; President Bronislaw Komorowski and Prime Minister Donald Tusk of Poland; Prime Minister Jose Socrates of Portugal; Prime Minister Emil Boc of Rumania; Prime Minister Roberto Fico of Slovakia; President Danilo Turk and Prime Minister Borut Pahor of Slovenia; Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt of Sweden; President Jose Manuel Barroso of the Europen Council; Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg; President of Armenia Serzh Sargsian; President of Macedonia Gjorge Ivanov; Governors of Puerto Rico Sila M. Calderon, Anibel Acevedo Vila, and Luis Fortunato; Presidents of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych; President of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflicka; President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman; President of Mongolia Tsakhia Elbegdorj; President of Uzbekistan Islom Karimov; Prince Albert II of Monaco; Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein; The Federal Council of Switzerland; President Emomalii Rahman of Tajikstan; President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan; President Rosa Otunbayeva of Kyrgyzstan; President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela; President Georgi Parvanov of Bulgaria; President Abdullah Gul of Turkey; Muammar al-Qadhafi of Libya; Co-Prince Joan Enric Vives Sicilia of Andorra; President of Angola Jose Eduardo dos Santos; Governor General of Antuiga and Barbuda Louise Lake-Trac; Governer General Quentin Bryce of Australia; President of Austria Heinz Fischer; President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev; Governor General Arthur Foulkes of the Bahamas; King of Bahrain Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah; President of Bangladesh Zilur Rahman; Governor General of Barbados Clifford Husbands; President Alexander Lukashenko and Prime Minister Sergey Sidorsky of Belarus; King of Belgium Abert II; Governor General of Belize Colville Young; President of Benin Yayi Boni; King of Bhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyal; President of Bolivia Evo Morales; Presidents of Bosnia and Herzegovina; President of Botswana Ian Khama; Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah; President of Bulgaria Georgi Parvanov; President of Burkina Faso Blaise Compaore; Chairman of Myanmar Than Shwe; President of Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza; King of Cambodia Norodom Sihamoni; President of Cameroon Paul Biya; President of Cape Verde Pedro Pires; President of The Central African Republic Francois Bozize; President of Chad Idriss Deby; President of Chile Sebastian Pinera; President of Comoros Ahmed Abdallah; President of Congo -Kinshasa Joseph Kabila; President of Costa Rica Laura Chinchilla; President of Croatia Ivo Josipovic; President of Cuba Fidel Castro; President of Cyprus Dimitris Christofias; President of the Czech Republic Vaclav Klaus; Queen of Denmark Margethe II; President of Djibouti Ismail Omar Guelleh; President of Dominica Leonel Fernandez; President of East Timor Jose Ramos-Horta; President of Ecuador Rafael Correa; President of Equatorial Guinea eodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo; President of Eritrea Isaias Afewerki; President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves; President of Ethiopia Girma Wolde-Giorgis; President of Fiji Epeli Nailatikau; President of Finland Tarja Halonen; President of Gabon Ali Bongo Ondimba; President of Gambia Yahya Jammeh; Governor General of Grenada Carlyle Glean; President of Guatamala Alvaro Colom; President of Guinea Moussa Dadis Camara; President of Guinea-Bissau Malam Bacai Sanha; President of of Guyana Bharrat Jagdeo; President of Haiti Rene Preval; President of Honduras Piorfirio Lobo Sosa; President of Hungary Pal Schmitt; High Representatives of Bosnia Herzegonovia Christian Schwarz-Schilling, Miroslav Lajcak, and Valentin Inzko; President of Indonesia Susilo Bambag; Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei and President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad; President of Cote d’Ivoire Laurent Gbagbo; Governor General of Jamaica Patrick Allen; President of of Kenya Mwai Kibaki; President of Kiribati Anote Tong; Emir of Kuwait Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jabar Al-Sabah and Prime Minister of Kuwait Nasser Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah; President of Laos Choummaly Sayasone; President of Lebonon Michel Suleiman; King of Lesotho Letsie III; President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf; Prince of Liechtenstein Hans-Adam II; President of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaite; President of Macedonia Gjorge Ivanov; President of Madagascar Andry Rajoelina; President of Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika; Yang di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin and Prime Minister Najib Razak of Malaysia; President of Maldives Mohamad Nasheed; President of Mali Amadou Toumani Toure; President of Marshall Islands Jurelang Zedkaia; President of Mauritania Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz; President of Mauritius Anerood Jugnauth; President of the Federated States of Micronesia Manny Mori; Acting President of Moldova Mihai Ghimpu; President of Montenegro Filip Vujanovic; King of Morocco Muhammad VI; President of Mozambique Armando Guebuza; President of Namibia Hifikepunye Pohamba; President of Nauru Marcus Stephan Marcus; President of Nepal Ram Baran Yadav; Governor General of New Zealand Anand Satyanand; President of Ncaragua Daniel Ortega; Chaiman of the Supreme Council of Niger Salou Djibo; President of Nigeria Goodluck Johnathan; Chaiman of the National Defence Commision of North Korea Kim Jong-Il; King of Norway Harald V; Sultan of Oman Qaboos bin Said al Said; President of of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari; President of Palau Johnson Toribiong; President of Panama Ricardo Martinelli; Governor General of Papua New Guinea Paulias Matane; President of Paraguay Fernando Lugo; President of Peru Alan Garcia; President of Philippines Benigno Aquino III; Emir of Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani; President of Romania Trajan Basescu; President of Rawand Paul kagame; Governor General of Saint Kitts and Nevis Cuthbert Swebastian; Governor General of Saint Lucia Pearlette Louisy; Governor Genera Fredrick Ballantyne of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa Tufuga Efi; Captain Regent of San Marino Giovanni Francesco Ugolini; President of Sao Tome and Principe Fradique de Menezes; President of Senegal Abdoulaye Wade; President of Serbia Boris Tadic; President of Seychelles James Michel; President of Sierre Leone Ernest Bai Koroma; Governor General of Solomon Islands Frank Kabui; President of Somalia Sharif Ahmed; President of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa; President of Sudan Omar al-Bashir; President of Suriname Desi Bouterse; King of Swaziland Mswati III; President of Syria Bashar al-Assad; President of Tanzania Jakaya Kikwete; King of Thailand Bhumibol Adulyadej; President of Togo Faure Gnassingbe; King of Tonga George Tupou V; President of Trinidad and Tobago George Maxwell Richards; President of Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali; Governor General of Tuvalu Iakoba Italeli; President of Uganda Yoweri Museveni; President of United Arab Emirates Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan; President of Uruguay Jose Mujica; President of Vanuatu Iolu Abil; President of Vietnam Nguyen Minh Triet; President of Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh; President of Zambia Rupiah Banda; President of Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe; and President of the Governorate Giovanni Lajolo of Vatican City. Special recognition and gratitude to Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI.

Present and former members of presidential executive cabinets and national security teams of the USA have steadily communicated to me their enthusiastic support over of number of years. These remarkable leaders have each watched this book slowly progress. Many have offered advice and editorial recommendations at different times. Sincere gratitude to all. They are:

Vice Presidents Walter Mondale, Dan Quayle, Al Gore, Dick Cheney, and Joe Biden;

Secretaries of State Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Cyrus Vance, Alexander M. Haig, Jr, George P. Schultz, James A. Baker III, Lawrence S. Eagleburger, Warren M. Christopher, Madeleine K. Albright, Dr. Condoleezza Rice and Hillary Rodham Clinton;

Directors of National Intelligence (DNI) John Negroponte, Adm. John Mike McConnell, Adm. Dennis Blair; Gen. James R. Clapper, and Acting Director David C. Gompert;

Secretaries of Defense Robert S. McNamara, Melvin R. Laird, Dr. Harold Brown, Caspar Weinberger, James R. Schlesinger, Frank C. Carlucci III, William Howard Taft IV, Dr. Les Aspin, Jr., William J. Perry, William S. Cohen, Donald Rumsfeld and Dr. Robert M. Gates;

Directors of Central Intelligence (DCI) Richard Helms, William H. Webster, R. James Woolsey, Jr., Stansfield M. Turner, John M. Deutch, and former Acting Director John McLaughlin;

Directors of the National Security Agency (NSA) Adm. Noel Gayler, Gen. Lew Allen, Jr., Adm. Bobby Ray Inman, Gen. Lincoln D. Faurer, Gen. William E. Odom, Adm. William O. Studeman, Gen. Kenneth A. Minihan, and Gen. Keith B. Alexander;

Treasury Secretaries W. Michael Blumenthal, George W. Miller, Donald T. Regan, Nicholas F. Brady, Nicholas F. Brady, Lloyd M. Bentsen, Jr., Paul Volcker, Alan Greenspan, Paul O'Neill, Robert E. Rubin, John Snow, Dr. Lawrence Summers, Henry M. Paulson, Jr, and Timothy Geithner;

Presidential Advisors Karl Rove, Jim Messina, Mona Sutphen, David Axelrod, Peter Rouse, and Valerie B. Jarrett;

National Security Advisors Dr. Walt W. Rostow, Richard V. Allen, William P. Clark, Jr., Robert McFarlane, Adm. John M. Poindexter, Gen. Brent Scowcroft, Dr. Zbigniew Brzeziniski, W. Anthony Lake, and Thomas E. Donilon;

White House Chiefs of Staff W. Marvin Watson, Jack Watson, John H. Sununu, Samuel K. Skinner, Thomas F. McLarty III, Howard Baker, Erskine Bowles, Hamilton Jordan, Andrew H. Card, Jr., John Podesta, Joshua Bolten, Rahm Emanuel, Acting Chief Peter M. Rouse, and William Daley.

Homeland Security Secretaries Tom Ridge, Michael Chertoff and Janet Napolitano;

Coast Guard Commandant Robert J. Papp, Jr.;

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) directors William D. Ruckelshaus, James B. Adams, Thomas J. Pickard, Floyd I. Clarke, John E. Otto, William S. Sessions, Louis J. Freeh, and Robert S. Mueller III;

United States Attorneys General Nicholas Katzenbach, Ramsey Clark, Benjamin Civiletti, Edwin Meese, Dick Thornburgh, William Barr, Janet Reno, John Ashcroft, Alberto Gonzales, Michael Mukasey, and Eric H. Holder, Jr.;

Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) directors Perry M. Ratliff, Paul Lowell, Adm. Richard B. Porterfield, Adm. Robert B. Murrett, Adm. Tony L. Cothron, and Adm. David J. Dorsett;

National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) directors Gen. Bruce Carlson, Scott F. Large, Dr. Donald M. Keer, Peter B. Teets, Keith R. Hall, Jeffrey K. Harris, Martin C Faga, Edward (Pete) C. Aldridge, Jr., Dr. Robert J. Hermann, Dr. Hans Mark, Thomas C. Reed, James W. Plummer, Dr. John L. McLucas, Dr. Alexander H. Flax, and Dr. Brockway McMillian;

Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) directors Gen. David V. Bennett, Gen. Samuel V. Wilson, Gen. James A. Williams, Gen. Leonard H. Perroots, Gen. Howard E. Soyster, Dennis M. Nagy, Gen. Patrick M. Hughes, Adm. Thomas R. Wilson, Adm. Lowell E. Jacoby, Gen. Michael D. Maples, and Gen. Ronald L. Burgess, Jr. ;

United States Secret Service Directors John R. Simpson, John Magaw, Elijay B. Bowron, Lewis C. Merletti, Brian L. Stafford, W. Ralph Basham, and Mark J. Sullivan;

Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Adm. Michael Mullen, Gen. Peter Pace, Gen. John Shalikashvili, Gen. Hugh Shelton, Gen. Anthony C. Zinni, Gen. Richard Myers, Adm. Edmund Giambastiani, Gen. James E. Cartwright, Gen. George W. Casey, Jr., Gen. James F. Amos, Adm. Gary Roughhead, Gen. Norton A. Schwartz, Gen. Pete Schoomaker, and Gen. James T. Conway;

United States Central Command Commanders-in-Chief Gen. H. Norman Schwartkopf, Jr., Adm. William Fallon, Gen. Tommy Franks, Gen. John Abizaid, Gen. John R. Allen, Gen. Martin Dempsey, Gen. James N. Mattis, Gen. J.H. Binford Peay III, Gen. Robert Kingston, Gen. Joseph P. Hoar, and Gen. George B. Crist;

Commandants of the Marine Corps Gen. Foster C. LaHue, Col. John B. Donovan, Jr., Col. Darell U. Davidson, Col. Walter R. Ledbetter, Jr., Col. James H.R. Curd, Col. Joseph H. Alexander, Col. Edward. M. Mockler, Col. Terry J. Ebbert, Col. Harvey C. Barnum, Jr., Col. Russell E. Appleton, Col. Robert E. Schmidle, Jr., Gen. Paul X. Kelley, Gen. Alfred M. Gray, Jr., Gen. Carl E. Mundy, Jr., Gen. Charles C. Krulak, and Gen. Michael W. Hagee;

Military Secretaries to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Col. Robert G. Howard, Jr., Col. Ross L. Mulford, Col. Robert C. Hagerty, Col. Richard A. Combs, Col. George J. Flynn, Col. James C. Walker, Gen. Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr., Col. George F. Milburn, and Col. George W. Smith, Jr.;

United States Secretaries of the Air Force Eugene M. Zuckert, Robert C. Seamons, Jr., John L. McLucas, James W. Plummer, Thomas C. Reed, John C Stetson, Verne Orr, Russel A. Rourke, Edward C. Aldridge, Jr., James F. McGovern, Donald B. Rice, Michael B. Doneley, Merrill A. McPeak, Sheila E. Widnall, William Perry, F. Whitten Peters, William Peters, Lawrence J. Delaney, James D. Roache, Peter B. Teets, Michael Montelongo, Michael L. Dominguez, Pete Geren, Michael Wynne, and Michael B. Donely;

Chiefs of Staff of the United States Army Gen. William C. Westmoreland, Gen. Bruce Palmer, Jr., Gen. Frederick C. Weyand, Gen. Bernard W. Rogers, Gen. Edward C. Meyer, Gen. John A. Wickham, Jr., Gen. Carl E. Vuono, Gen. Gordon R. Sullivan, Gen. Dennis J. Reimer, and Gen. George W. Casey;

United States Secretaries of the Army Stanley R. Resor, Robert F. Froehlke, Howard Hollis “Bo” Callaway, Norman Augustine, Martin R. Hoffmann, Clifford L. Alexander, Jr., Percy A. Pierce, John O. Marsh Jr., Michael P.W. Stone, John W. Shannon, Gen. Gordon R. Sullivan, Togo D. West, Jr., Robert M. Walker, Loius Caldera, Gregory R. Dahlberg, Joseph W. Westphal, Thomas E. White, Lee Brownlee, Francis J. Harvey, and John M. McHugh;

Surgeons General of the United States Adm. William H. Stewart, Adm. Jesse L. Steinfeld, Adm. Paul Ehrlich, Jr., Adm. Julius B. Richmond, Edward Brandt, Jr., Adm. C. Everett Koop, Adm. James O. Mason, Adm. Antonia C. Novella, Adm. Robert A. Whitney, Adm. Joycelyn Elders, Adm. Audrey F. Manley, Adm. David Satcher, Adm. Richard Carmona, Adm. Kenneth P. Moritsuga, Adm. Steven K. Galson, Adm. Donald L. Weaver, and Adm. Regina Benjamin;

White House Counsels Ted Sorensen, Harry C. McPherson, John Dean, William Casselman II, Phillip W. Buchen, Robert Lipshutz, Leonard Garment, Fred F. Fielding, Peter J. Wallison, Arthur B. Culvahouse, Jr., C. Boyden Gray, Bernard W. Nussbaum, Lloyd Cutler, Abner J. Mikva, Jack Quinn, Charles F.C. Ruff, Beth Nolan, Alberto Gonzales, Harriet Miers, Fred Felding, Greg Craig, and Robert Bauer;

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) Administrators Peter B. Bensinger, Francis M. Mullen, John C. Lawn, Robert C. Bonner, Stephen H. Greene, Thomas A. Constantine, Donnie R. Marshall, Asa Hutchinson, Karen Tandy, and Michele Leonhart;

United States Secretaries of the Interior Stuart Udall, Stanley K. Hathaway, Thomas S. Kleppe, Walter Hickel, Cecil Andrus, James G. Watt, William P. Clark, Donald Holdel, Manuel Lujan, Bruce Babbit, Gale Norton, Dirk Kempthorne, and Ken Salazar;

Health and Human Services Secretaries John W. Gardner, F. David Mathews, Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Richard Schweiker, Margaret Heckler, Otis R. Bowen, Louis W. Sullivan, Donna Shalala, Tommy Thompson, Mike Leavitt, and Kathleen Sebelius;

United States Secretaries of the Department of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman, Clifford M. Hardin, Earl Butz, John A. Knebel, Robert S. Bergland, Jr., John R. Block, Richard E. Lyng, Clayton K. Yeuttur, Alphonso “Mike” Espy, Daniel R. Glickman, Ann M. Veneman, Michael O. Johanns, Edward T. Schafer, and Thomas S. Vilsack;

United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs Ed Derwinski, Jesse Brown, Togo D. West, Jr., Hershel W. Gober, Anthony Principi, Robert J. Nicholson, Gen. James Peake, and Gen. Eric Shinseki;

United States Ambassadors to the United Nations James R. Wiggins, William Scranton, Andrew Young, Donald McHenry, Jeanne Kirkpatrick, Vernon A. Walters, Thomas R. Pickering, Edward J. Perkins, Bill Richardson, John Danforth, John R. Bolton, Zalmay Khalilizad, and Susan Rice;

Peace Corp Directors Sargent Shriver, Kevin O’Donnell, Joseph Blatchford, Carolyn R. Payton, Donald Hess, Nick Craw, Mark Gearan, John Dellenback, Richard F. Celeste, Loret M. Ruppe, Paul D. Coverdell, Elaine Chao, Carol Bellamy, Mark L. Schneider, Ron Tschetter, Gaddi Vasquez, Jack Vaughn, and Aaron Williams;

Council of Economic Advisors Chairs Raymond J. Saulnier, Paul W. McCracken, Charles L. Schultz, Murray L Weidenbaum, Martin Feldstein, Berly W. Sprinkel, Michael J. Boskin, Laura D’Andrea Tyson, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Janet Yellen, Martin N. Bailey, R. Glenn Hubbard, N. Gregory Mankiw, Harvey S. Rosen, Edward Lazear, Christina Romer, and Austan Goolsbee;

White House Press Secretaries Bill Moyers, George Christian, Ron Zeigler, Jerald terHorst, Ronald H. Nessen, Jody Powell, James Brady, Larry Speaks, Marlin Fitzwater, Dee Dee Meyers, Mike McCurry, Joe Lockhart, Jake Siewart, Ari Fleischer, Scott McClellan, Tony Snow, Dana Perino, Robert L. Gibbs, and Jay Carney;

Directors of the Office of Management and Budget Charles L. Schultze, Charles Zwick, Roy L. Ash, James T. Lynn, Bert Lance, James T. McIntyre, David Stockman, James C. Miller III, Joseph R. Wright, Jr., Richard Darman, Alice M. Rivlin, Franklin D. Raines, Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Rob Portman, Jim Nussle, Peter Orszag, Jeffrey Zients, and Jacob Lew;

United States Trade Representatives William D. Eberle, Frederick B. Dent, Robert S. Strauss, Reubin Askew, Bill Brock, Clayton K. Yeutter, Carla A. Hillis, Mickey Cantor, Charlene Barshefsky, Rob Portman, Susan Schwab, and Ronald Kirk;

United States Secretaries of Energy Charles Duncan, James Edwards, Donald Hodel, John Herrington, James Watkins, Hazel O’Leary, Frederico Pena, Bill Richardson, Spencer Abraham, Samuel Bodman, and Stephen Chu;

Environmental Protection Agency Administrators Russel E. Train, Douglas M. Costle, Ann M. Gorsuch, William D. Ruckelshaus, Lee M. Thomas, William K. Reilly, Carol M. Browner, Michael O. Leavitt, Stephen L. Johnson, and Lisa P. Jackson;

United States Secretaries of Education Shirley Hufstedler, Terrel Bell, William J. Bennett, Lauro Cavazos, Lamar Alexander, Richard Riley, Roderick Paige, Margaret Spellings, and Arne Duncan;

United States Secretaries of Transportation Alan S. Boyd, Claude Brinegar, William T. Coleman, Jr., Brock Adams, Neil Goldschmidt, Drew Lewis, Elizabeth Dole, James H. Burnley IV, Samuel Skinner, Federico Pena, Rodney Slater, Norman Mineta, Mary Peters, and Ray LaHood;

United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development James T. Lynn, Carla A. Hills, Moon Landrieu, Samuel Pierce, J. Michael Dorsey, William C. Apgar, Mel Martinez, Alphonso Jackson, Roy A. Bernardi, Steve Preston, Brian D. Montgomery, and Shaun L.S. Donovan;

United States Secretaries of Commerce John T. Conner, Alexander B. Trowbridge III, Peter G. Peterson, Frederick B. Dent, Juanita Kreps, Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Clarence J. Brown, Jr., William Verity, Jr., Robert Mosbacher, Barbara Franklin, Mickey Cantor, William M. Daley, Robert L. Mallett, Norman Mineta, Donald Evans, Carlos Gutierrez, Otto Wolff, and Gary F. Locke.; and

United States Secretaries of Labor W. Willard Wirtz, James D. Hodgson, John T. Dunlop, W.J. Usery, Jr., Ray Marshall, Raymond J. Donovan, William E. Brock, Ann D. McLaughlin, Lynn M. Martin, Robert Reich, Alexis Herman, Elaine Chao, and Hilda Solis.

The U.S. Senate does not always do what might be expected from the news and history books. Thank you and acknowledgments to Senators Jay Rockefeller, Robert C. Byrd, Ted Kennedy, John Glenn, John McCain, Hale Boggs, Trent Lott, Joe Leiberman, Dick Durbin, Harry Reid, John Kerry, Carl Levin, Russell Feingold, Richard C. Shelby, Arlen Specter, Barney Frank, Jon Kyl, Tom Coburn, John Edwards, Mitch McConnell, Lindsey Graham, Mark Udall, Vic Snyder, Judd Gregg, Jeff Sessions, Olympia J. Snowe, Max Baccus, Jeff Bingaman, Richard Lugar, Patty Murry, John Ensign, Dick Gephardt, Barbara Boxer, Donald L. Nickels, Maria Cantwell, Ben Nelson, Blanche Lincoln, Sam Nunn, Newt Gingrich, Lamar Alexander, Jon Tester, John Thune, Benjamin L. Cardin, Gary Hart, Daniel Inouye, Dr. George S. McGovern, Bob Graham, Dr. George J. Mitchell, Jr., Jesse Jackson, Sr., and Jesse Helms.

Thank you and acknowledgments to Representatives Nancy Pelosi, John D. Dingell, Dr. Ron Paul, Todd Tiahrt, Vic Synder, Henry J. Hyde, Gregg Harper, Niki Tsongas, Lee Hamilton, Patrick Kennedy, Pat Tiberi, Fred Upton, Lee Hamilton, Al Green, Gene Green, John Tierney, Eric Cantor, Steny Hoyer, John Boehner, Jack Kemp, Eleanor Holmes Norton, and Gabrielle Giffords.

Thank you and acknowledgements to present and former Supreme Court Justices Anthony Kennedy, Samuel Alito, Stephen G. Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, John Paul Stevens, Sandra Day O’Conner, David Souter, and Chief Justice John G. Roberts.

From my home state of New Jersey thank you and acknowledgments to Senators Bill Bradley, Frank Lautenberg, and Robert Menendez; Governors Chris Christie, Tom Kean, Jon S. Corzine, Brendan Byrne, James Florio, Christine Todd Whitman, Jim McGreevey, Richard Codey, Donald DiFrancesco, John O. Bennett, and John Farmer, Jr; Lt. Gov. Kim Guadagno; Representatives Donald M. Payne, Jr., Rush Holt, Rodney Frelinghuysen, Scott Garrett, Frank LoBiondo, John Adler, Robert E. Andrews, Leonard Lance, Albio Sires, Chris Smith, Steve Rothman, Frank Pallone Jr., and Bill Pascrell, Jr.; Members of the NJ Assembly Mila M. Jassey, William D. Payne, John F. McKeon, Ralph R. Caputo, Cleopatra Tucker, Alberto Coutinho, and Grace Spencer; New Jersey Senators Richard Cody, Ronald C. Rice, and Teresa Ruiz; Essex County Executive Joseph N. DiVincenzo, Jr.; Essex County Freeholders Blonnie R. Watson, Ralph R. Caputo, Rufus I. Johnson, Patricia Sebold, Samuel Gonzalez, D. Bilal Beasley, Carol Y. Clark, and Linda L. Cavanaugh; Essex County Chief of Detectives Anthony Ambrose; Newark City Council members Oscar S. James, II, Augusto Amador, Ras J. Baraka, Luis A. Quintana, Anibal Ramos Jr., Mildred Crump, and Darrin S. Shartif; Newark Police Directors Garry F. McCarthy and Samuel DeMaio and Chief of Police Sheilah Coley; The Newark Police Department; Newark Mayors Sharpe James, Ken Gibson, and Cory Booker; and St John’s Church in Newark.

From the Empire State thank you and acknowledgments to Police Commisiionsers Raymond V. Kelly and William J. Bratton; Mayors Rudy Guliani, Ed Koch, David Dinkins, and Mike Bloomberg; Senators Chuck Schumer, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Alfonse D’Amato, and; Kirsten Gillibrand; Governors Mario Coumo, Andrew Coumo, Elliot Spitzer, David Paterson, and George Pataki; and Representatives Gary Ackerman, Timothy Bishop, Yvette D. Clarke, Brian Higgins, Maurice Hinchey, John J. Hall, Joseph Crowley, Eliot Engel, Steve Israel, Pete King, Michael A. Arcuri, Christopher J. Lee, Nita Lowey, Daniel B. Maffei, Carolyn McCarthy, Michael E. McMahon, Gregory W. Weeks, Scott Murphy, Edolphus Towns, Paul D. Tonko, Nydia Velazquez, Anthony D. Weiner, Jose E. Serrano, Louise Slaughter, Jerold Nadler, Bill Owens, Shirley Chisholm, and Charles B. Rangel.

I would like to thank and acknowledge World Bank Presidents Robert Zoellick, Paul Wolfowitz, James Wolfensohn, Lewis T. Preston, Barber Conable, and Alden W. Clausen; and Presidents of the Council on Foreign Relations Winston Lord, John T. Swing, Peter Tarnoff, Alton Frye, Leslie H. Gelb, and Richard N. Haass.

Sincere thanks and acknowledgments to Mike Tyson, Pele, Dr. Edward Witten, Dr. Stephen Hawkins, Dr. Francis Crick, Dr. James D. Watson, Dr. Jane Goodall, Dr. James Shapiro, Dr. Kary B. Mullis, Dr. John Cairns, Dr. J. Craig Venter, Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, Dr. Rene Thom, Dr. Cornell West, Dr. Milford Wolpoff, Dr. Rachel Caspari, Dr. Niles Eldridge, Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Dr. Paul A. Samuelson, Dr. Eric A. Davidson, Dr. Svante Paabo, Dr. Johannes Krause, Dr. Anatoly Derevianko, Dr. Roger Penrose, Dr. Elizabeth Pennisi, Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson, Dr. Paul Krugman, Dr. Robert H. Dennard, Dr. Tim Flannery, Dr. Simon Conway Morris, Dr. Armen Takhtajian, Dr. Peter Higgs, Dr. Yuri Osipov, Dr. Olga Kryshtanovskaya, Dr. Andre Geim, Dr. Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Dr. Alexei A. Abrikosov, Dr. Zhores I. Alferov, Dr. Michael Eric Dyson, Dr. Ian Tattersall, Dr. Jeffery H. Schwartz, Dr. Eric Delson, Dr. Ross D.E. MacPhee, Dr. Richard E. Leakey, Ellen V. Futter, J.D., Dr. James W. Valentine, Dr. John Hawkes, Dr. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Dr. Richard G. Klein, Dr. Eva Jablonka, Dr. Paul R. Ehrlich, Dr. John Napier, Dr. Philip Tobias, Dr. Frederick E. Grime, Dr. John G. Fleagle, Dr. Bryan Sykes, Dr. Richard Dawkins, Dr. Harold Bloom, Dr. Alvin F. Poussaint, Dr. Dee Denver, Dr. Alan G. Thorne, Dr. Andrew Wiles, Dr. Terence Tao, Dr. Grigori Perelman, Dr. Richard Taylor, Dr. Peter Brown, Dr. R.P. Soejono, Dr. Thomas Sutikna, Dr. Mike Morwood, Dr. Arthur Kornberg, Dr. Murray Gell-Mann, Dr. Alan Guth, Dr. Rene Hetherington, Dr. Robert G.B. Reid, Dr. Randy Jirtle, Dr. Robert Waterland, Dr. Lynn Margulis, Dr. Gabor Mate, Dr. Dorian Sagan, Dr. Marcia Herman-Giddens, Dr. Günter Dörner, Dr. Kenneth Kim, Dr. Peter K. Smith, Dr. Sandra Gilbert, Dr. Susan Gubar, Dr. Lewis Thomas, Dr. Gilbert Herdt, Dr. Klaus Schmidt, Dr. Leon Lederberg, Dr. Louis Perrois, Dr. Eviator Nevo, Dr. Mitchell Holland, Dr. Sarit Suissa, Dr. Eric Trinkaus, Dr. Patricia Draper, Dr. Henry Harpending, Neil Armstrong, Rakesh Sharma, Bill Nye, Umberto Eco, Arthur Miller, Maya Angelou, Saul Bellow, J.K. Rowling, John Updike, Octavio Paz, Nikki Giovanni, Dan Brown, Doris Lessing, Salman Rushdie, Elie Wiesel, Camille Paglis, Elaine Morgan, Amiri Baraka, Kurt Vonnegut, Claude Lanzmann, Mario Vargas Llosa, Art Spiegleman, Dick Gregory, Stephen King, Shelby Foote, Alice Walker, Gloria Naylor, Michael Crichton, Garry Trudeau, Terry McMillan, Juan Gabriel Vasquez, Tom Clancy, Jervey Tervalon, Germaine Greer, Robert Pinsky, Joan Didion, Calvin Trillin, Saul Bellow, Gloria Steinem, Toni Morrison, John Grisholm, Vaclav Havel, Gore Vidal, Betty Friedan, Ivanka Trump, Isabel Allende, Nalini Singh, Gerald Posner, Margaret Atwood, Philip Roth, Ian McEwan, Camille Paglia, Ron Kovic, Gay Talese, Don DeLillo, Kurt Mazur, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Twyla Tharp, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, Luciano Pavarotti, Placido Domingo, Jose Carreras, Kathleen Battle, Maria Callas, Kiri Te Kanawa, Sarah Brightman, Joan Sutherland, Berry Gordy, Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta, Itzak Perlman,Yo Yo Ma, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Herbert von Karajan, Jay Unger, Joe Jackson, Sir Simon Rattle, Sir Georg Soltl, Stephen Sondheim, Claudio Abbado, Kent Nagano, Sir Neville Mariner, Gustav Mahler, Andre Previn, Boris Berezovsky, Nicholai Lugansky, Gary Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand, Vladimir Kramnik, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fisher, Boris Spassky, Julian Schnabel, Lucien Freud, Jeff Koons, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Gerhard Richter, Bruce Nauman, Cecily Brown, Damien Hirst, Takashi Murakami, Richard Serra, Kaffe Fassette, Larry Gagosian, Hugh Hefner, Roger Ebert, Gloria Vanderbilt, Larry Flynt, Jack Valenti, Pat Buchanan, Maureen Dowd, Ted Koppel, Tom Brokaw, Anderson Cooper, Peter Jennings, George Stephanopoulos, Stedman Graham, Oprah Winfrey, Gayle King, Connie Chung, Maury Povich, Sue Simmons, Richard Toscan, Walter Wriston, Morley Safer, Gil Noble, Dan Rather, Katie Couric, Chuck Scarborough, Bob Woodward, Diane Sawyer, Ed Bradley, Charles Kuralt, William Greider, Wolf Blitzer, Robin Roberts, Charlie Rose, Cindy Adams, Charles Gibson, Rachel Martin, Rush Limbaugh, Terry Gross, Roger Mudd, Charlayne Hunter-Gault, Carl Kasell, Harry Reasoner, Brian Lehrer, Leslie Stahl, Celeste Headlee, John Hockenberry, Mike Wallace, Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck, Bill Beutel, Diane Rehm, Rona Barrett, Wendy Williams, Judge Joe Brown, Martha Stewart, Judge Judy Sheindlin, Andy Rooney, Dennis Miller, Scott Pelley, Joan Lundon, Tony Brown, Cokie Roberts, Rachel Ray, Tim Russert, Sam Donaldson, George Will, Michael Cohen, Tony Ortega, Kate White, Cynthia Leive, Katherine Spillar, Dr. Steve Adubato, Geraldo Rivera, Victoria Gotti, Whoopi Goldberg, Barbara Walters, Joy Behar, Elizabeth Vargas, Sherri Shepherd, Elizabeth Hasselbech, Matt Hasselbech, Meredith Vieira, Regis Philbin, Joy Philbin, Kelly Ripa, Sally Jesse Raphael, Phil Donahue, Jimmy Fallon, George Vessey, Gabe Pressman, Jimmy Kimmel, David Gergen, Mark Shields, Hugh Hewett, Michael Medved, Joan Hamburg, Hugh Hamilton, George Galloway, Curtis Sliwa, Jerry Springer, Mark Simone, Dr. Mehmet Oz, John Rennie, Mariette DiChristina, Jimmy Breslin, Adaora Udoji, Michael Baisden, John Gambling, Bill Bennett, Greg Gumbel, Bryant Gumbel, Paula Zahn, Jim Nayder, Michael Savage, Terry Gross, Rafael Pi Roman, Charlemagne, Michele Norris, Steve Harvey, Don Imus, Ed Lover, Jon Stewart, Paul Harvey, Angie Martinez, Howard Stern, Robin Quivers, Moni Love, Jay Leno, Johnny Carson, Art Linkletter, Conan O’Brien, Bill O’Reilly, Dick Clark, Ellen DeGeneres, Pia Lindstrom, Rikki Lake, Don Cornelius, Dr. Phil McGraw, David Letterman, Paul Shaffer, Bruce Morrow, Abigail Van Buren, Ed McMahon, Amy DuBois Barnett, Harriette Cole, Vince McMahon, Jenny Jones, Bob Barker, Vin Scully, Al Michaels, Mike Greenberg, Pat Sommeral, Warner Wolf, Dick Vitale, Jody MacDonald, James Brown, Stephen A. Smith, Colin Cowherd, Ahmad Rashad, Michael Kay, Ryen Russillo, Ryan Ruocco, Robin Lundberg, Doug Gottlieb, Bonnie Bernstein, Don La Greca, Yolanda Vega, Larry King, Robert Novak, Stanley Crouch, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., N.M. Rothschild & Sons, Exxon Mobil Corp., Goldman Sachs, CBS, CNN, NBC, ABC, Fox, NPR, PBS, The Village Voice, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Newark Star Ledger, Reuters, Bloomberg L.P., The Associated Press, Vanity Fair, The American Association for the Advancement of Science, The Russian Academy of Sciences, The American Museum of Natural History, The New Yorker, Playboy, The Oprah Magazine, Village Voice Media, Woman’s Day, Newsweek, Time, Esquire, Elle, Allure, Science, Good Housekeeping, Family Circle, Nature, Vogue, GQ, Women’s Wear Daily, W, Essence, Ms, Ebony, Marie Clair, Discovery, Redbook, National Geographic, Woman’s World, Maxim, Seventeen, Sports Illustrated, Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Scientific American, American Scientist, Woman’s Day, Rolling Stone, The Scientist, Jet, Life, Huffington Post, InStyle, Good Housekeeping, UPS, Microsoft, Texaco, Nike, Royal Dutch Shell, Bank of America, IBM, Conde Nast Publications,. Chevron, ConocoPhillips, UBS, Wal-Mart, Sears Roebuck, General Motors, Fiat, Deutsche Bank, General Electric, Berkshire Hathaway, Apple, Ford, Merck, The SEC, Standard & Poors, Barclays, Google, Moody’s, Proctor & Gamble, Yahoo, Forbes, Coca-Cola, BP, Hewlett-Packard, Chrysler, AT&T, Siemens AG, LUKoil, Pepsi, Nestle Food, Panasonic, Verizon, Honda, Gazprom, Petrobras, Toyota Motors, Saudi Aramco, Volkswagen, Celera Genomics, Lawrence Livermore National Labs, Samsung, Daimler AG, BNP Paribus, Nippon, PetroChina, Cargill, Adidas, Nextel, Chrysler, Rutgers University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Princeton University, Montclair State University, Trenton State University, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Yale University, Harvard University, University of Virginia, Xavier University, Stanford University, Syracuse University, New York University, Columbia University, Andover College, St. Johns University, University of Michigan, University of Wollongong, University of Texas, Notre Dame University, University of Washington, Georgetown University, University of Pennsylvania, St John’s University, Fordham University, University of New England, Johns Hopkins University, Louisiana State University, Cambridge University, Turin University, University of Parma, University of Southern California, University of California Los Angeles, University of Alabama, Vanderbilt University, University of Mississippi, University of Georgia, Indonesian Center for Archeology, Stony Brook University, CUNY, Oxford University, University of North Carolina, ETH Zurich, Max Planck Institute, University of Zurich, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Chicago, Johns Hopkins University, University of Kentucky, Ben-Gurion University, University of Haifa, University of Aukland, The Rockefeller University, David Rockefeller, Sr., Baron David de Rothschild, Jamie Dimon, Rex W. Tillerson, Lloyd Blankfein, Sir Evelyn de Rothschild, Jim Lawrence, Steve Wozniac, Steven Jobs, Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, Paul Allen, Steve Ballmer, Mark Cuban, Larry Page, Sergey Brin, Ruport Murdock, Eric Schmidt, John Smith, Steve Forbes, Lee Iacocca, Mikhail D. Prokhorov, Ross Perot, George Soros, Carlos Slim, Christy Walton, Larry Ellison, Mukesh Ambani, Eike Batista, Lakshmi Mittal, Bernard Arnault, Brian Moynihan, Michael Milken, Warren Buffet, Kirk Kerkorian, Felix Rohatyn, Donald Trump, Ted Turner, Mark Zuckerberg, Roman Abramovich, Vladimir S. Lisin, Vagit Alekperov, Suleiman Kerimov, Carl Lewis, Michael Phelps, Larisa Latynina, Jack LaLanne, Romario, Bebeto, Diego Maradona, Renaldo, Samuel Eto’o, Lionel Messi, Ronaldinho, Thierry Henry, Emmanuel Adebayor, David Beckham, Franz Beckenbauer, Didier Drogba, Zinedine Zedane, Wayne Rooney, Dale Earnhardt, Sr., Dale Earnhardt, Jr., Teresa Earnhardt, Mario Andretti, Kurt Busch, Kyle Busch, Jeff Gordon, Carl Edwards, Helio Castronevas, Jimmie Johnson, Rusty Wallace, Kevin Harvick, Angelo Dundee, Don King, Kevin Rooney, Pete Hamill, Bert Sugar, Laila Ali, Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Larry Holmes, George Foreman, Lennox Lewis, Riddick Bowe, Andrew Golota, Tommy Hearns, Jose Torres, Teofilo Stevenson, Roy Jones, Jr., Floyd Patterson, Ken Norton, Evander Hollyfield, Floyd Mayweather, Wladimir Klitschko, Vitali Klitschko, Leon Spinks, Chuck Wepner, Tim Witherspoon, Frank Bruno, Trevor Burbick, Manny Pacquiao, Sugar Ray Leonard, Roger Goodell, Paul Taglioblu, Jerry Jones, Tom Landry, Jimmy Johnson, Bill Belichick, Don Shula, John Madden, Al Davis, Chuck Noll, Bill Walsh, Rex Ryan, Joe Gibbs, Buddy Ryan, Pat Tillman, Jim Brown, O.J. Simpson, Johnny Unitas, Terry Bradshaw, Carl Eller, Alan Page, Jim Marshall, Gary Larsen, Peyton Manning, Archie Manning, Jim Otto, Len Dawson, Cliff Branch, Ken Stabler, Bob Hayes, Keyshawn Johnson, Lynn Swann, Sonny Jurgenson, Warren Moon, Hershel Walker, Mike Ditka, Joe Kapp, Champ Bailey, Terrell Suggs, Ted Hendricks, Mike Curtis, Fred ”The Hammer” Williamson, Lem Barney, Lester Hayes, Darrelle Revis, Tom Brady, Dick Butkus, Gale Sayers, Barry Sanders, Boomer Esiason, Jared Allen, Larry Fitzgerald, Eric Dickerson, Marcus Allen, Merlin Olsen, Lamar Lundy, Roosevelt Grier, Deacon Jones, Dan Dierdorff, Mike Golic, Joe Namath, Bart Starr, Jerry Kramer, Herb Adderly, Jason Witten, DeMarcus Ware, Tony Romo, Willie Davis, Troy Polamalu, Larry Csonka, Forrest Gregg, Matt Snell, Emerson Boozer, Tony Gonzalez, Willis McGahee, Ray Rice, Ed Reed, Marshall Faulk, Tony Siragusa, Terrell Davis, John Riggins, LaDainian Tomlinson, Paul Warfield, Colt McCoy, Rich Gannon, Tony Dorsett, Don Maynard, Curtis Martin, Carson Palmer, John Elway, Randy Moss, Joe Klecko, Mark Gastineau, Mark Sanchez, Howie Long, Steve Young, Joe Montana, Jerome Bettis, Franco Harris, Dan Marino, Julius Pepper, Jerry Rice, Terrell Owens, Ronnie Lott, Drew Brees, Troy Aikman, Jack Tatum, Bruce Smith, Wes Welker, Justin Smith, Michael Vick, Ray Lewis, Brian Urlacher, Charles Woodson, Brett Farve, “Mean” Joe Green, Ndamukong Suh, Mike Singletary, Jack Lambert, Kurt Warner, Dione Sanders, Jack Youngblood, John Wooden, Mike Krzyzewski, Bob Knight, Phil Jackson, Pat Riley, Eddie Jordan, Jerry Sloan, Don Nelson, Cotton Fitzsimmons, David Stern, Hubie Brown, Dr. Jack Ramsey, Rod Thorn, Michael Jordan, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, Kobe Bryant, Paul Pierce, Bob Cousy, Ray Allen, Rajon Rondo, Dirk Nowitski, Bill Russell, Shaquille O’Neal, Kevin McHale, Kevin Garnett, Steve Nash, Kevin Durrant, Derrick Rose, Mark Price, Dave Cowans, Dwight Howard, Grant Hill, Scottie Pippen, John Stockton, Hakeem Olajuwon, Ralph Sampson, David Robinson, LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Tim Duncan, Charles Barkley, Clyde Drexler, Bill Walton, Scottie Pippin, Jason Kidd, Chris Bosh, Juwan Howard, Tony Parker, Julius Erving, Jerry West, Oscar Robertson, Elgin Baylor, Moses Malone, Rick Barry, Bob Love, Chet Walker, Karl Malone, Rasheed Wallis, Tommy Heinsohn, Allen Iverson, Chris Paul, James Worthy, Bob McAdoo, George Gervin, Byron Scott, John Havlicek, Wes Unseld, Jalen Rose, Jeff Horneck, Dennis Johnson, Rudy Tomjanovich, Alonzo Mourning, Reggie Miller, Paul Westphal, Dennis Rodman, George Mikan, Maurice Cheeks, Nate Thurmond, Elvin Hayes, Dominique Wilkins, Isiah Thomas, Sam Jones, Joe Dumars, Bill Laimbeer, Bill Cartwright, Chris Mullin, Lenny Wilkins, James Dolan, Donnie Walsh, Glen Grunwald, Mike D’Antoni, Jeff Van Gundy, Rick Patino, Herb Williams, Patrick Ewing, Amare Stottlemyer, Carmelot Anthony, Tyson Chandler, Chauncy Billups, Walt Frazier, Earl Monroe, Willis Reed, Bernard King, Mark Jackson, Bill Cartwright, Greg Anthony, Dr. Dick Barnett, Ray Williams, Kiki Vandeweghe, Michael Ray Richardson, Dave DeBusschere, Jerry Lucas, John Andariese, Marv Albert, Mike Crespino, Tiger Woods, Jack Nicklaus, Phil Mickelson, Arnold Palmer, Greg Norman, Ernie Els, Gordie Howe, Bobby Hull, Wayne Gretsky, Sidney Crosby, Alex Ovechkin, Mario Lemieux, Jaromir Jagr, Lance Armstrong, Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Monica Seles, Rod Laver, Jimmy Conners, Raphael Nadal, Bjorn Borg, John McEnroe, Roger Federer, Pete Sampras, Novak Djokovic, Ivan Lendl, Yannick Noah, Bud Selig, Bobby Valentine, Bobby Cox, Tony La Russa, Stan Musial, Bob Feller, Frank Robinson, Henry Aaron, Willie Mays, Jim Palmer, Ferguson Jenkins, Sandy Koufax, Juan Marichal, Willie McCovey, Bert Blyleven, Ryan Braun, Ralph Garr, Ernie Banks, Greg Maddox, Lou Brock, Willie Stargel, Mark McGwire, Wade Boggs, Albert Pujols, Rod Carew, Nolan Ryan, Bob Gibson, Roger Clemons, Tony Gwynn, Ralph Kiner, Brooks Robinson, Don Baylor, Joe Morgan, Cal Ripkin, Jose Canseco, Ozzie Smith, David “Big Papi” Ortiz, Ichiro Suzuki, Bobby Bonds, Barry Bonds, Pete Rose, Jimmy Wynn, Tony Perez, Justin Verlander, Johan Santana, Pedro Martinez, Johnny Bench, Fred Lynn, Harmon Killebrew, Frank Howard, Duke Synder, Sammy Sosa, Bob Shepard, John Sterling, Suzyn Waldman, Mike Fiensand, George Steinbrenner, Hal Steinbrenner, Hank Steinbrenner III, Brian Cashman, Gene Monahan, Yogi Berra, Joe Girardi, Joe Torre, Ralph Houk, Gene Michael, Alex Rodriguez, Derek Jeter, Mariano Rivera, Tony Kubek, Bobby Richardson, A.J. Burnett, Dave Robertson, Tom Tresh, Reggie Jackson, Mark Teixeira, Ralph Terry, Bill White, Andy Pettitte, Andruw Jones, Wade Boggs, Phil Rizzuto, Bobby Murcer, Catfish Hunter, Rickey Henderson, Jorge Posada, Robinson Cano, Curtis Granderson, Steve Swisher, Randy Johnson, Dave Winfield, Bernie Williams, Ron Guidry, Paul O’Neill, Lou Piniella, Chuck Knoblauch, Tino Martinez, Joe Pepitone, Goose Gossage, Don Mattingly, Willie Randolph, Hideki Matsui, Jason Giambi, Bill Skowron, Clete Boyer, Whitey Ford, C.C. Sabathia, Tom Seaver, Jerry Koosman, Tug McGraw, Gary Carter, Jerry Grote, Mookie Wilson, Dwight Gooden, John Franco, Rusty Staub, Cleon Jones, Donn Clendenon, Bud Harrelson, Rusty Staub, Keith Hernandez, Darryl Strawberry, Jose Reyes, Lenny Dykstra, Tommie Agee, Saul Katz, Fred Wilpon, Jeff Wilpon, Terry Collins, John W. Henry, Tom Werner, Larry Lucchino, George N. Gillett, Jr., Theo Epstein, Terry Francona, Ted Williams, Manny Ramirez, Dustin Pedroia, Jacoby Ellsbury, Adrain Gonzalez, Tim Wakefield, Carl Crawford, Kevin Youkilis, Josh Beckett, Johathan Papelbon, Tom Hicks, Wellington Mara, John Mara, Steve Tisch, Jerry Reese, Ernie Accorsi, Jim Fossil, Tom Coughlin, Bill Parcells, Lawrence Taylor, Rodney Hampton, Mark Bavaro, Eric Dorsey, Joe Morris, Sean O’Hara, Phil Simms, Tiki Barber, David Diehl, Jeremy Shockey, John “Jumbo” Elliot, Harry Carson, Carl Banks, Chris Snee, Michael Strahan, Ahmad Bradshaw, Frank Gifford, Brandon Jacobs, Howard Cross, Y.A. Tittle, Sam Huff, Justin Tuck, John Mendenhall, Osi Umenyiora, Andy Robustelli, Jason Pierre-Paul, Victor Cruz, Ron Johnson, Keith Hamilton, Eli Manning, Fran Tarkenton, Homer Jones, Cathy Horyn, Anna Wintour, Karl Lagerfeld, Andre Leon Talley, Sefano Tonchi, Nina Lawrence, Edward Nardoza, Constance White, Cynthia Leive, Bridget Foley, Guy Trebay, Ralph Lauren, Vera Wang, Marc Jacobs, Miuccia Prada, Tom Ford, Jean Paul Gaultier, Calvin Klein, Donna Karen, Twiggy, Cindy Crawford, Linda Evangelista, Veronica Webb, Christy Turlington, Christy Brinkley, Paulina Porizkova, Beverly Peele, Carol Alt, Kathy Ireland, Giselle Bundchen, Chanel Iman, Liya Kebede, Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss, Claudia Schiffer, Tyra Banks, Alessandra Ambrosia, Carolyn Murphy, Elizabeth Hurley, Amber Valletta, Iman, Lauren Hutton, Laetitia Casta, Noemie Lenoir, Heidi Klum, Adriana Lima, Cheryl Tiegs, Paula Patton, Jessica Stam, Joan Smalls, RuPaul, Tyson Beckford, Frederic Fekkai, Paloma Picasso, John A. Gotti III, Frank Lucas, Sanyika Shakur, George J. Jung, Leroy ”Nicky” Barnes, Carlos Ledher, Oliver Stone, Steven Spielberg, Clint Eastwood, Harvey Weinstein, Ron Howard, Woody Allen, Francis Ford Coppola, Sophia Coppola, Aaron Spelling, Stanley Kuburik, Spike Lee, Quentin Tarentino, Norman Lear, Martin Scorsese, George Lucas, Ethan Coen, Joel Coen, Peter Jackson, Charles S. Dutton, Robert Altman, John Singleton, Stephen Bochco, Mel Brooks, Frank Oz, Sidney Lumet, Ken Burns, Michael Moorer, Melvin Van Peebles, David Lynch, Stephen Soderbergh, Roman Polanski, Jean-Pierre Jeunet, James Cameron, David Duchovny, Paul Thomas Anderson, Curtis Hanson, Edward Zwick, Andrew Konchalovsky, Joel Zwick, Tyler Perry, Norman Lear, Tim Burton, Charlton Heston, Shirley MacClaine, Lauren Bacall, James Earl Jones, Sid Caesar, Sidney Poitier, Forest Whitaker, Marlon Brando, Sean Connery, Matt Dillon, Jerry Lewis, Robert Young, Bob Hope, Rodney Dangerfield, Robert De Niro, Carol Burnett, Denzel Washington, Morgan Freeman, Jack Nicholson, Dustin Hoffman, Sandy Duncan, James Arnez, Nick Nolte, Charles Bronson, Jack Palance, Andy Griffith, Ann Margaret, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Doris Day, Eddie Albert, George Wendt, Don Knotts, Anika Noni Rose, John Ratzenberger, Billy Crystal, Sally Field, Ossie Davis, Jim Nabors, David Cassidy, Benny Hill, Gary Busey, Sally Struthers, LeVar Burton, Charles Bronson, Ernest Borgnine, Tom Berenger, David Brenner, Bernie Mac, Thandie Newton, Megan Fox, Bridget Bardot, Jerry Seinfeld, Antonio Bandaras, Woody Harrelson, Natasha Kinski, Peter Falk, Shelley Long, Kelsey Grammer, Gary Busey, Omar Epps, Emma Stone, Raven Symone, Chevy Chase, Jamie Foxx, Ray Ramano, Dennis Franz, Lou Gossett, Jr., Judith Light, Ben Gazzara, Ving Rhames, Elijah Wood, Rosie Perez, Robert Guillaume, Marlo Thomas, John Candy, Dee Wallace, Arsenio Hall, Lawrence Fishburne, Molly Ringwald, Henry Thomas, Kim Kardashian, Peter Coyote, Jennifer O’Neill, Cybill Shepard, Chris Humphries, Kloe Kardashian, Kourtney Kardashian, Bruce Weitz, Demi Moore, Austin Kutchner, Danny Glover, Ned Beatty, George Hamilton, Lily Tomlin, Ted Danson, Neil Patrick Harris, Sarita Choudhury, Rhea Perlman, Gabriel Union, Mehki Pfifer, Danny DeVito, Elizabeth Taylor, Samuel L. Jackson, Don Rickels, David Carradine, Robert Carradine, Ed Begley, Jr., Jenny Lumet, Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Avery Brooks, Paula Poundstone, Nicolas Cage, Susan Sarandon, Eli Wallach, Harvey Korman, Richard “Cheech” Marin, Rita Moreno, Tommy Chong, Lyle Waggoner, Gene Wilder, Dick Van Dyke, Goldie Hawn, Jenny McCarthy, Valerie Bertinelli, Sissy Spacek, Art Carney, James Garner, Ray Liota, David McCallum, Danny Aiello, Marie Osmond, Peter Sellers, Jerry Van Dyke, Donny Osmond, Tera Patrick, Jenna Jameson, Jackie Cooper, Freida Pinto, Dev Patel, Ali McGraw, Lorenzo Lamas, Bronson Pinochet, Julie Andrews, Mark Linn-Baker, Elaine Paige, Alan King, Matt LeBlanc, Tea Leoni, Matt Damon, Matthew Perry, Ashley Judd, Lisa Bonet, Phylicia Rashad, Debbie Allen, Buddy Epsen, Ryan O’Neal, Tim Robbins, Rob Reiner, Robert Wagner, Tina Fey, Alyssa Milano, Christina Applegate, Tatum O’Neal, Talia Shire, James Caan, Burt Young, Steven Seagal, Tony Danza, Mia Farrow, Sarah Jessica Parker, Lisa Kudrow, Talisa Soto, Kiera Knightly, Ed O’Neill, Katey Segal, David Faustino, Penny Marshall, Cindy Williams, DeForest Kelley, Mary-Kate Olsen, Ashley Olsen, Ed Marinaro, Isabel Sanford, Veronica Hamel, Kim Bassinger, Christina Ricci, Vin Diesel, John Malkovich, Jackie Chan, Armand Assante, Kiefer Sutherland, Chris Rock, Samuel L. Jackson, Sanaa Lathan, Taye Diggs, Robert Blake, Lee Van Cleef, John Cazale, Cathy Lee Crosby, Brad Pitt, Angolina Jolie, Josh Brolin, Chiwetel Ejiofor, James Doohan, Nichelle Nichols, Roger Moore, David Schwimmer, Sofia Vergara, Katherine Heigal, Kristen Stewart, Daniel J. Travanti, Olympia Dukakis, Liam Neilson, Debbie Reynolds, John Leguizamo, Timothy Dalton, Tyne Dayly, Loretta Young, Nick Lachey, Pierce Brosnan, Charlie Sheen, Jill Clayburgh, Pam Anderson, Jessica Biel, Katherine Heigl, Kirsten Dunst, Tom Selleck, Kirk Douglas, Michael Douglas, Catherine Zeta Jones, Robert Vaughn, David Niven, Jill St. John, Joe Pesci, Brooke Shields, Jennifer Anniston, Gwyneth Paltrow, Vince Vaughn, Eva Mendes, Isabella Rossellini, Don Cheadle, Billy Bob Thornton, Perez Hilton, Adam Sandler, Kate Blanchette, Eva Longoria, Josh Harnett, Susan Lucci, Paul Winfield, Michael Landon, Renee Russo, Natasha Richardson, Glenn Close, Carl Weathers, Courtney Cox, Jimmy Smits, Selena Gomez, Edward James Olmos, Meagan Good, Chuck Norris, Kate Winslet, Leonardo DiCaprio, Djimon Hounsou, Jennifer Connelly, James Coburn, Jennifer Garner, Paul Newman, Steve Martin, Tom Hanks, Tommy Lee Jones, John Travolta, Kelly Preston, Jake Gyllenhall, Richard Gere, Halle Berry, Ed Asner, Anthony Hopkins, Jessica Alba, Cash Warren, William Shatner, Martin Sheen, Alec Baldwin, George Kennedy, Johnny Depp, Harvey Keitel, Kathleen Turner, Julia Roberts, Ben Kingsley, Leonard Nimoy, Montgomery Scott, Benicio Del Toro, Viggo Morttensen, Ian McKellen, Bernadette Peters, Sean Astin, Cuba Gooding, Jr., Andy Garcia, Rachel Weisz, Sandra Bullock, Edward Burns, Meryl Streep, Jodie Foster, Mr. T, The Rock, Sylvester Stallone, Jennifer Flavin, Sharon Stone, William Hurt, Shia Lebeouf, Helen Hunt, Connie Stevens, Rebecca Romijn, Hulk Hogan, Burt Reynolds, Annette Funicello, Meg Ryan, Terrence Howard, Ruby Dee, John Hurt, Martin Lawrence, Jasmine Guy, Tim Reid, Tamara Curry, Sigourney Weaver, Clarence Williams III, Jon Voight, Robert Culp, Bill Cosby, Camille Hanks, Jo Anne Worley, Sherry Lansing, Selma Hayek, Will Smith, Jada Pinkett Smith, Bill Murry, Jamie Fox, George Takei, Alan Alda, Dennis Hopper, Cedric the Entertainer, Nia Long, Liv Tyler, Vanessa Redgrave, Lynn Redgrave, Peter Fonda, Uma Thurman, Jane Fonda, Liv Ullmann, Garrison Keillor, Kevin Kline, Cicely Tyson, Ben Stiller, Christine Taylor, Kimberly Elise, Keanu Reeves, Hattie McDaniel, Jean-Claude Van Damme, David Caruso, Bridget Fonda, Drew Barrymore, Dee Wallace, Henry Thomas, Erika Eleniak, Brendan Fraser, Aston Kutcher, Robert MacNaughton Michael, Peter Coyote, Blake Lively, James Gandolfini, Nicole Kidmann, Rosario Dawson, Tori Spelling, Paul Newman, Carol Channing, Angela Lansbury, Farah Fawcett, Patricia Arquette, John Cusack, Rebecca Demornay, Lynn Whitfield, Matthew McConaughey, Vivica A. Fox, Zoe Saldana, Barbara Eden, Larry Hagman, Jane Seymour, Alfre Woodard, Helena Bonham Carter, Andy MacDowell, Angela Bassett, George Carlin, Kevin Bacon, Geena Davis, Kerry Washington, Michelle Pfeiffer, Susan Sarandon, Mel Gibson, Julia Roberts, Judith Licht, Jennifer Lopez, Marc Anthony, Michael Michele, John Goodman, Laurie Metcalf, Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Stephanie Zimbalist, Renee Zellweger, Mary Tyler Moore, Jean Stapleton, Judd Hirsh, Robert Redford, Donald Sutherland, Vanessa Williams, Alan Thicke, Simon Cowell, Kara DioGuardi, Alan Arkin, Cameron Diaz, Ice T, Ben Affleck, Val Kilmer, Kurt Russell, Sam Elliot, Sherman Hemsley, Don Johnson, Hal Linden, Steve Landesberg, Tim Conway, Lou Diamond Phillips, Robert Conrad, Raquel Welch, Bruce Willis, Abe Vigoda, Jerry Stiller, Anne Meara, Amy Stiller, Roger Bumpass, Buck Henry, Melanie Griffith, Gene Hackman, Stockard Channing, Don Adams, Stanley Tucci, Barbara Feldon, Pam Grier, John Lithgow, Hal Holbrook, Delta Burke, Estelle Harris, Tracee Ellis Ross, Ruth Cohen, Roseanne Barr, Harrison Ford, Calista Flockhart, Al Pacino, Russell Crowe, Elliot Gould, Robin Williams, Jason Alexander, Marion Cotillard, Diana Rigg, Dyan Cannon, Shannon Tweed, Eddie Murphy, Eve, Christopher Walken, Marcia Cross, Lindsey Lohan, Felicity Huffman, Colin Farrel, Michael Richards, Brian Dennehy, Ethan Hawke, Jeff Goldblum, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Natalie Portman, Betty White, Terry Hatcher, Wesley Snipes, Suzanne Somers, Henry Winkler, Richard Thomas, Drew Carey, Isaac Hayes, Diahann Carroll, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Candice Bergen, Andrew Dice Clay, Morgan Fairchild, Cybil Shepard, Paris Hilton, Kim Cattrall, Kate Bosworth, Tia Carrere, Lucy Liu, Shelly Fabares, Dana Delany, Glenn Ford, Denise Richards, Charlize Theron, Liz Hurley, Rene Zellweger, Lisa Kudrow, Carmen Electra, Angie Dickinson, Richard Roundtree, Julie Christy, Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes, Mario Van Peebles, Annette Bening, Warren Beatty, Connie Francis, Sam Waterston, Catherine Dunierve, Martin Short, Vanessa Hudgens, Zac Effron, Patti Lupone, Jennifer Farley, Paulie “Paulie D” DelVecchio, Michael “The Situation” Sorrentino, Nicole “Snooki” Polizzi, Angelina Pivarnick, Kathy Lee Gifford, Penelope Cruz, Kevin Costner, Kirsty Alley, Emilio Estivez, Ron Perlman, Hugh Grant, Leslie Neilsen, Pat Paulsen, Lily Tomlin, Tom Smothers, Dick Smothers, Leslie Uggams, Tony Bennett, Harry Belafonte, Odetta, Frank Sinatra, Chubby Checker, Fats Domino, Leonard Cohen, Bo Didley, Michael Jackson, James Brown, Randy Jackson, Chuck Berry, Lena Horne, B.B. King, Bruce Springsteen, Ricky Nelson, Paul Anka, Etta James, Pete Seeger, Tommy James and the Shondells, Little Anthony and the Imperials, Frankie Avalon, Tom Jones, Rosemary Clooney, Willie Nelson, Joan Baez, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Prince, John Legend, Ray Charles, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Wonder, James Taylor, Gladys Knight and the Pips, Aretha Franklin, Frankie Valli, Little Richard, Huey Lewis, Earl Scruggs, Alison Krauss, Ricky Scaggs, Kentucky Thunder, Jim Lauderdale, Rick Springfield, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Charlie Watts, Ron Woods, Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon, Graham Nash, Steven Stills, David Crosby, Neil Young, Madonna, Triny Lopez, The Game, Lisa Marie Presley, Fergie, Kool Herc, Cheryl Cole, Bob Geldof, Patti LaBelle, Ike Turner, Ricky Martin, Johnny Mathis, J. Geils, Cindy Birdsong, Chuck D, Kool and the Gang, Sheryl Crow, Courtney Love, Big Daddy Kane, David Hidalgo, Los Lobos, Davey Jones, Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork, Robert Plant, Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, Lauren Hill, Susan Boyle, Cristopher Cross, Barry Gibb, Toni Tennille, Daryl Dragon, AC/DC, Kieth Urban, Sting, Gregory Hines, Pointer Sisters, Three Dog Night, Robin Gibb, Wyclef Jean, ABBA, Engelbert Humperdinck, Allison Krauss, Julian Lennon, Jewel Kilcher, Spyro Gyra, Jackson Brown, Carley Simon, Ted Nugent, Kiss, Usher, Rihanna, Jimmy Buffet, Ashanti, Pink, George Michael, Billy Joel, Boy George, Greatful Dead, Don McLean, Nicky Minaj, Mo’Nique, Guns N’ Roses, Dire Straits, Diana Ross and the Supremes, Barbara Streisand, Melba Moore, Queen, Sir Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, Toni Braxton, Tom Petty, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Wayne Newton, Flava Flav, Randy Travis, Nas, Alicia Keys, Jethro Tull, Gloria Gainor, Kelly Rowland, Garth Brooks, The Police, Mos Def, Snoop Dogg, Duran Duran, Pink Floyd, Beyonce, Jay-Z, 50 Cent, Eminem, Dr. Dre, Quincy Jones, Suge Knight, Jermaine Dupri, Marianne Faithfull, Jermaine Jackson, Natalie Cole, Kenneth “Babyface” Edmonds, Doug E. Fresh, Eazy-E., Dick Noel, Russell Simmons, Elvis Costello, Lulu, Sean “Diddy” Combs, Neil Diamond, Black Sabbath, Kathy Valentine, Gina Schock, Kenny Loggins, Jim Messina, Antonio “L.A.” Reid, Paul Williams, Al Jarreau, Gloria Estefan, Shania Twain, Justin Timberlake, Ciarra, Anita Baker, C.C. Penniston, Nancy Sinatra, Wu-Tang Clan, Ice Cube, Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Bono, The Edge, Adam Clayton, Larry Mullen, Jr., Roberta Flack, Roger Daltry, Pete Townshend, Stevie Ray Vaughn, Hank Williams, Jr., Charlie Daniels, Jennifer Hudson, David Bowie, Carole King, The Ronettes, Afrika Bambaataa, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, The Bangles, Dolly Parton, Erykah Badu, Darius Rucker, Big Pun, Lil’ Kim, Meat Loaf, Earth Wind and Fire, Bob Seger, Sister Sledge, Bobby Vinton, The Cars, Shirley Bassey, Eddie Vedder, Barry Manilow, Mick Fleetwood, Stevie Nicks, Lindsey Buckingham, John McVie, Peter Frampton, Kanye West, Van Morrison, LL Cool J, T-Boz, Chilli, Alice Cooper, Loretta Lynn, John Mellencamp, Young Jeezy, Janet Jackson, T.I., Cher, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, Dion and the Belmonts, The Drifters, The Cadillacs, The Capris, K. D. Lang, Kenny Chesney, Liza Minnelli, Tina Turner, Cindy Lauper, Chris Brown, Slipknot, Donna Summer, Meshell Ngedeocello, Ne-Yo, Bobby Brown, Ozzie Osborne, Ja Rule, Kid Rock, Chaka Khan, Steven Tyler, Ray Mancini, Herbie Hancock, Whitney Houston, Dave Brubeck, Chick Corea, Ellis Marsalis, Wynton Marsalis, Branford Marsalis, Nora Jones, Bobby McFerrin, Gil Scott-Heron, Kurt Elling, Ornette Coleman, Maynard Ferguson, Keith Jarrett, Carlos Santana, Jose Feliciano, Richie Havens, Giovanni Tommaso, Taylor Swift, Grace Slick, Sade, Sonny Rollins, Clark Terry, Tito Puente, Clarence Clemons, Ronnie Spectre, The Talking Heads, Vic Damone, Keb’ Mo’, Chuck Mangione, Lou Rawls, Max Roach, Corinne Bailey Rae, Big Bill Morganfield, Roy Hargrove, Terence Blanchard, Rick Braun, Chris Botti, Grover Washington, Jr., Boz Scaggs, Kenny G, LaToya Jackson, Lady Gaga, Linda Ronstadt, Nancy Wilson, Savion Glover, Lou Reed, Roger Waters, Sha Na Na, The Temptations, The Four Tops, The Platters, The Shirelles, The Del Vikings, Ike Turner, Helen Reddy, Rod Stewart, Johnny Cash, June Carter Cash, Carly Simon, Tammy Grimes, Dionne Warwick, David Lee Roth, Mary Wilson, Foo Fighters, Queen Latifah, Amy Winehouse, Tito Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Kelly Rowlands, Lynn Anderson, Katy Perry, Alannis Morisette, Kris Kristofferson, Elton John, Kenny Rogers, Olivia Newton-John, Patti LaBelle, Jam Master Jay, Darryl McDaniels, Mary J. Blige, Brandy, Celine Dion, Al Green, Gary Puckett, Paula Abdul, Luther Vandross, Tony Orlando, Mariah Carey, Lil Wayne, En Vogue, Joan Jet, Victoria Beckham, Melanie Brown, Emma Bunton, Melanie Chisholm, Geri Haliwell, Tom Waits, Joe Jonas, Nick Jonas, Victoria Jackson, Taylor Lautner, Justin Bieber, Demi Lovato, Hillary Duff, Miley Cyrus, Britney Spears, Joseph Patrick Kennedy II, Norman Podhoretz, Dr. Nathan Glazer, Dr. Daniel Bell, Gary Gensler, Ralph Nadar, Teresa Heinz, Sarah Palin, Daniel Ellsberg, Richard Holbrooke, Ronald “Ronnie” Paul, Jr., Peggy Paul, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mitt Romney, Rick Perry, Maria Shriver, Eunice Shriver, Jesse Ventura, Archbishop Timothy Dolan, Edward Cardinal Egan, Minister Louis Farrakhan, His Holiness the 14th Dalia Lama, Rev. Billy Graham, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Naomi Tutu, Rev. Sun Myung Moon, Rev. Run, Rev. Al Sharpton, Harold Camping, Pat Robertson, Anita Bryant, Charles Colson, Manuel Noriega, Winnie Mandela, Julia Child, Javier Duarte de Ochoa, Fidel Herrera Beltran, Miguel Aleman Velasco, Carolina Gudino Corro, Hans Blix, Javier Duarte, Julie Nixon Eisenhower, David Eisenhower, Michael E. Reagan, Patti Reagan, Ron Reagan, Jeb Bush, Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, Dorothy Bush, Henry Hagar, Jenna Bush, Barbara Bush, Nancy Kissinger, Marilyn Quayle, Mary “Tipper” Gore, Joan Adams, Lynne Cheney, Elizabeth Cheney, Dr. Jill Biden, Betty Ford, Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan, Laura Bush, Michelle Obama, Sasha Obama, Malia Obama, Eduard Shevardnadze, Yelena Yeltsin, Tatyana Yeltsin, Naina Yeltsin, Ludmilla Putin, Svetlana Medvedev, Raisa Gorbachev, Marc Mezvinsky, and Chelsea Clinton.

I need to thank and acknowledge some personal friends of mine. My former roommate at Rutgers University, Tim J. Franceschini, now a geologist at Shell Oil Co., was a dinner guest at our home in the early 1970s. Tim had several conversations with my father, including while he was critally ill in the hospital; as a freshman in college he realized the significance of those handwritten pages and helped type some of them. Jose Varghese, Maria Pedersen, Gyu-Heon Cho, James J. Hughes III, John Sargis, Dr. Vigi Sargis, Ernie Franceschini, Leroy Trotz, Eunice Trotz, and Carmelot Dorcelus each contributed to the book in their own unique way.

Sara Brown and I were neighbors for about 8-years in Newark’s South Ward, from when we were kids until the end of high school. She knew my father and the rest of my family, as I knew everyone in her immediate family. As I recall, the first time I ever saw her we both happened to be climbing trees in Weequahic Park. She would eventually play a significant role in this whole story, just as though one of those famous women stepped right out of the pages of the Odyssey.

I also want to thank and acknowledge my dissertation advisor in the Dept. of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, NJ, Professor Henrik Pedersen, as well as the other members of my dissertation committee: Professors Alkis Constantinides, Wolf R. Vieth, Fred R. Bernath, and Chee-Kok Chin. From them I learned many things about writing, research and scholarship.

Of course without my mom, the late Mildred Ann Hamilton, MSW, who presided silently over it all, no part of this book whatsoever would have been possible. Mr. George J. Tenet’s CIA named this whole operation after her. Acknowledgments and thanks for my sisters Miriam Hamilton, Ph.D., Rachel Hamilton, MD, and my niece Claire Hamilton. I would like to extend posthumous recognition to my father’s sister Carolyn Carson, and to her husband George Washington Carson, both of whom were happy to provide insights and information I had no other way to get. Acknowledgements and thanks to cousins Bill Heller, Selma Heller, Joan Heller, Seymour Heller, Scott Heller, Carrie Heller, Karen Heller, Fran Heller, Gwen Heller and to the Bartlestein family.

To Kaylene’s parents Mr. Edwin Gershwin and Mrs. Norma Gershwin, and to her sister Miss Helen Gershwin, thank you for years of support and help. The same goes for other members of their extended family, including Amanda Gershwin, Tina Gershwin, Steffi Gershwin, Renee Gershwin, Ms. Evon W. Gershwin, Marie M. Gershwin, Paula Gershwin, Gordon Gershwin, Joyce Gershwin, M. Grier Gershwin, Waynne Gershwin, Johnnee Gershwin, Keaton Gershwin, Hakima Gershwin, Mollie Gershwin, Riley Gershwin, Earl Gershwin, Thache Gershwin, Randi Gershwin, Troy E. Gershwin, Todd C. Gershwin, Elton P. Gershwin, Ester Gershwin, Sarah Gershwin, Eugenia Gershwin, Lilliee Gershwin, Don Q. Gershwin, Shamar Gershwin, Pascal Gershwin, Adewumi Gershwin, Jayzmn Gershwin, Brent B. Gershwin, Billy G. Gershwin, Juan Gershwin, Celeste Gershwin, Samad Gershwin, Dorean Gershwin, Herb Gershwin, Estelle Gershwin, Shantau Gershwin, Leroy Gershwin, Max Gershwin, Phil Gershwin, Dan Gershwin, Norma S. Gershwin, David S. Gershwin, Winie Gershwin, Belle Gershwin, Eligia Gershwin, Angie Gershwin, Betty Gershwin, Qadir Gershwin, Tom Gershwin, Gary T. Gershwin, Lizette Gershwin, Tino Gershwin, Kay Gershwin, Pascal Gershwin, Ernest Gershwin, Faith Gershwin, Vernell Gershwin, Kevin Gershwin, Jane Gershwin, Dave Gershwin, Tiana B. Gershwin, Neecie Gershwin, Muhammad Gershwin, Richard Gershwin, Hazel Gershwin, Ainia Gershwin, Penny Gershwin, Gwen Gershwin, Jacki W. Gershwin, Samkia Gershwin, Ms. Maya Gershwin, Noemi Gershwin, Victor Gershwin, Ms. Betty Gershwin, Pam. J. Gershwin, Mike K. Gershwin, Gita Gershwin, Lisha Gershwin, Roz Gershwin, Esq, Hanna Gershwin, Carel Gershwin, Dave Gershwin, Reniesha Gershwin, Clare Gershwin, Suraya Gershwin, Arty Gershwin, Gennett Gershwin, Susan E. Gershwin, Ameera Gershwin, Ramirez Gershwin, Jonaldo Gershwin, Lisa Gershwin, Elias Gershwin, Tony T. Gershwin, Kahlil Gershwin, Shawn B. Gershwin, Matt Gershwin, Tess Gershwin, June Gershwin, Telmon J. Gershwin, Fakir Gershwin, Frank Gershwin, Latisha Gershwin, Carl E. Gershwin, Desean Gershwin, Lisha Gershwin, Karin H. Gershwin, Patty Gershwin, Sandra E. Gershwin, Malia Gershwin, Conor M. Gershwin, Michi Gershwin, Mr. Barry Gershwin, Arlind Gershwin, Pabla Gershwin, Namaste Gershwin, Barker Gershwin, India Gershwin, Meliss Gershwin, Glenda V. Gershwin, Zeyde Gershwin, Zia Gershwin, Jay B. Gershwin, Cruces Gershwin, Luis H. Gershwin, Taini Gershwin, Tamera Gershwin, Elli Gershwin, Pavita Gershwin, Edytka Gershwin, Rohrs Gershwin, Tim Drew Gershwin, Pati Gershwin, Maleeha Gershwin, Ursula R. Gershwin, Frank V. Gershwin, Alfonso Gershwin, Scotty Gershwin, India Gershwin, Sophia Gershwin, Kristopher Gershwin, Karan Gershwin, Shari Gershwin, Arlind Gershwin, Jayce Gershwin, Karin Gershwin, Mike K. Gershwin, Graham E. Gershwin, Wanda T. Gershwin, Joe Gershwin, Winnie Gershwin, Joy Gershwin, Marty K. Gershwin, Jim T.K. Gershwin, Maria L. Gershwin, Pam Gershwin, Drew Gershwin, Norma M. Gershwin, Ana H. Gershwin, Marala Gershwin, Judy B. Gershwin, Cruces Gershwin, Kelly R. Gershwin, J. Zarra Gershwin, Jon Gershwin, Lyn Gershwin, Austin Gershwin, Leo P. Gershwin, Selest Gershwin, Dina Gershwin, Liah Gershwin, Vicky M. Gershwin, Cielle Gershwin, Hinzie Gershwin, Kevin P. Gershwin, Dave Gershwin, Suraya Gershwin, Agnis Gershwin, Leon Gershwin, Jon Gershwin, Kier Gershwin, Lyn Gershwin, Kisha Gershwin, Miesha Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, Mia Gershwin, Judy B. Gershwin, Jan Gershwin, Vicky M. Gershwin, Reecie Gershwin, Jazmeen Gershwin, Taina Gershwin, Hanna Gershwin, Kathy Gershwin, Marvin Gershwin, and Tim Gershwin.

The book is also dedicated to my love and fiancé, Miss Kaylene S. Gershwin, MD, JD. She is a talented and dedicated editor and scholar in her own right. Transnational and secular, this world has ever seen a goddess like

v.10

furiesbook.docx

(714k)

Robert Hamilton,

Feb 7, 2012 4:38 PM

v.9

furiesbook.pdf

(2514k)

Robert Hamilton,

Feb 7, 2012 4:38 PM

Furies In The Genome

Navigation

Recent site activity

Home

Comments