BIOGRAPHY
Marin Marais was the central figure in the French school of bass-viol composers and performers that flourished during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He spent his entire life in Paris, and the greater part of it in royal service. First appointed as Ordinaire de la Musique de la Chambre du Roi in 1685, he retained that post throughout the reign of Louis XIV and from 1715 to 1725 served under the Regency and Louis XV. His contemporaries recognized him as an outstanding performer and a composer of stature whose works for viols and the operatic stage were known beyond the boundaries of France.
These barest of facts represent almost the entire body of readily available information concerning a musician who was a major figure in French music during his lifetime. Little else about Marais' life, and even less about his music, has appeared in print. The most extensive account of his life and works was provided by Titon du Tillet in hisLe Parnasse françois (Paris, 1732). Dedicated to the greater glory of the practically divine Louis XIV, the work depicted an imaginary Parnassus of poetry and music over which Louis ruled with noble forbearance. The leading poets and musicians of the late 17th and early 18th centuries were given places around the throne in accordance with their importance. Marin Marais, in company with Jean-Baptiste Lully, Clèment Marot, Isaac de Benserade, Phillipe Quinault, and Michel Delalande, among others, was included in the royal entourage. Le Parnasse françois is an invaluable source of information concerning poets and musicians of this period. In the case of Marais, it appears to have served as the most important single repository of contemporary information.
Titon relates that Marais was born in Paris on May 31, 1656, and died there on August 15, 1728. as a boy, he was a member of the choir of Sainte-Chapelle and in his teens studied the basse de viole with Hotman and Sainte-Colombe, both important figures in the early development of French string music. Marais entered the royal orchestra as a soloist in 1685 and about the same time became a member of the orchestra of the Acadèmie Royale de Musique. In the latter position he played under the direction of Lully, who later became his teacher in composition. Marais spent the remainder of his life performing and composing, and also fathering nineteen children, several of whom became important figures in French musical life.
The list of works that Titon provides comprises of five volumes of Pièces de Violes (1686-1725); a book of Pièces en Trio (1692), which appears to be the first of their kind published in France; four operas: Alcide (1693), Ariadne et Bacchus (1696), Alcione (1703), and Semélé (1709); a Te Deum which Titon states was performed at the occasion of the convalescence of Monsieur le Dauphin, apparently in 1701; and a group of works, consisting ofLa Gamme, Sonnate à la Maresienne, and La Sonnerie de Sainte Geneviéve du Mont de Paris, that were perfromed sur le Violon, la Viole & le Calvecin and appeared together in folio in 1723. The last three works have not apparently survived. The Te Deum, described as in manuscript by Titon, appears to have suffered the same fate.
 The instrument for which Marais wrote the major portion of his works is commonly referred to as the viola da gamba. Strictly speaking, however, it was the small bass of the viol family, which in the 17th and early 18th centuries included as many as nine different sizes of instruments, all called by the generic name viola da gamba. Marais' instrument--viola da gamba, bass viol, basse de viole, or, simply, "gamba"--was somewhat smaller than the modern cello and had frets and seven strings, tuned to A1, D, G, c, e, a d1. According to contemporary, Marais was recognized as the greatest performer on the bass viol of his era. Hubert le Blanc reported that Marais played the viol "like an angel," and Johann Gottfried Walther called him "an incomparable French violdigambist." Contemporary judgments of his prowess as a composer are no less enthusiastic. Joachim Christoph Nemeitz declared that Marais' works "were known by the whole of Europe." Titon stated: "One recognizes the fecundity and elegance of the genius of this musician by the quantity of works he has composed. One finds everywhere in them good taste and a surprising variety."

Although Marais' operas, trio sonatas, and other compositions were widely performed during his lifetime, the most significant part of his musical output is represented by the five books of Pièces de Violes that he produced over a period of forty years, between 1686 and 1725. These collections include more than 550 compositions for one, two, and three bass viols and figured bass. All volumes were originally published by the composer. The Pièces de Violes represent an accomplishment of great scope and originality. Historically, they constitute the full flowering of an established French musical tradition, the culmination of an art that had its origins in the 16th century. In sheer numbers the books surpass the production of any other composer for the bass viol. In musical variety and range of instrumental expression, they stand alone in the contributions to the literature for that instrument. *Excerpted from "Marin Marais's Pieces de Violes." by Clyde H. Thompson,The Musical Quarterly, vol. 46, No. 4, 1960.
Biography by Clyde H. Thompson
L'œuvre
Instrumentale

Les pièces pour viole
Il écrivit près de 600 pièces pour viole, réparties en cinq livres, chacun de ces derniers comprenant, entre autres, une quarantaine de suites, avec parfois des pièces de caractères comme le Tombeau pour Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe, le Tombeau pour Monsieur de Lully , le Tableau de l'opération de la taille , etc ...
- Pièces à une et à deux violes (1686)
-
- Suite a deux violes en Ré mineur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Allemande ; 3. Courante ; 4. Sarabande ; 5. Gigue ; 6. Gavotte ; 7. Menuet — Sujet Diversitez ; 8. Thème et 20 variations
- Suite en ré majeur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Fantaisie ; 3. Allemande ; 4. Courante ; 5. Sarabande ; 6. Gigue ; 7. La Paysanne ; 8. Gavotte ; 9. Menuets ; 10. Rondeau
- Suite en la majeur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Boutade ; 3. Allemande et Double ; 4. Courante ; 5. Sarabande ; 6. Sarabande ; 7. Gigue ; 8. Menuet ; 9. Rondeau
- Suite à deux violes en sol majeur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Allemande ; 3. Courante ; 4. Sarabande ; 5. Gigue ; 6. Gavotte en rondeau ; 7. Menuet ; 8. Gavotte ; 9. Fantaisie ; 10. Chaconne
- Suite en ré mineur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Prélude ; 3. Allemande ; 4. Courante et double ; 5. Sarabande ; 6. Gigue, gigue & double ; 7. Prélude ; 8. Fantaisie ; 9. Rondeau ; 10. Gavotte en rondeau, gavotte
- Suite en sol mineur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Allemande ; 3. Courante ; 4. Sarabande ; 5. Gigue ; 6. Gavotte ; 7. Menuet ; 8. Prélude ; 9. Rondeau
- Suite en ré mineur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Allemande, double ; 3. courante double ; 4. Sarabande ; 5. Gigue, double ; 6. Fantaisie ; 7. Menuets ; 8. Rondeau ; 9. Fantaisie en si mineur
- Suite en fa dièse mineur : 1. Prélude ; 2. Allemande ; 3. Courante ; 4. Sarabande ; 5. Gigue ; 6. Menuet ; 7. Rondeau
- Suite en ré majeur : 1. prélude ; 2.Allemande, double ; 3. Courante, double ; 4. Sarabande ; 5. Gigue ; 6. Chaconne ; 7. Tombeau de Mr. Meliton à 2 violes
- Basses continues des pièces à une et deux violes avec une augmentation de plusieurs pièces particulières en partition (1689)
- Pièces de violes, Deuxième livre (1701)
- Pièces de viole, Troisième livre (1711)
- Pièces à une et à trois violes, Quatrième livre (1717)
- Pièces de viole, Cinquième livre (1725)
Les pièces en trio

Le musicien est l'un des premiers, en France, à avoir écrit des pièces en trio.
- Pièces en trio pour les flûtes, violons et dessus de viole avec la basse continue (1692)
- La Gamme et autres morceaux de symphonie pour le violon, la viole et le clavecin (1723)
- Alcide (1693) (en collaboration avec Louis de Lully)
- Ariane et Bacchus (1696)
- Alcyone (1706)
- Sémélé (1709)

My Collection



- Marais 2 VDGB Theorbe,Cembalo Suite Sol major, 1st book, 1686 Savall , Coin,Koopman Smith
-
Marais 2 VDGB,Theorbe,Cembalo Chaconne Sol major, 1st book, 1686 Savall , Coin,Koopman Smith
-
Marais VDGB,Theorbe,Cembalo Suite e-moll, 2nd book, 1701 Quintana,Cremonesi,Costoyas
-
Marais VDGB,Theorbe,Cembalo Suite d-dur 3rd book, 1711 Quintana,Cremonesi,Costoyas
-
Marais VDGB,Theorbe.Cembalo Suite Le Labyrinthe, 4th book, 1717 Quintana,Cremonesi,Costoyas
-
Marais VDGB,Theorbe.Cembalo, Siute a-moll 5th book, 1725 Quintana,Cremonesi,Costoyas
-
Marais Tous les matins du monde Suite Improvisation sur les Folies d'Espange 2nd book Jordi Savall.Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Tous les matins du monde Suite Tombeau pour Mr de St Colombe 2nd book Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Tous les matins du monde Suite Muzettes I-II 3rd book Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Tous les matins du monde Suite a Reveuse 4th book Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Tous les matins du monde Suite L'Arabesque 4th book Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Tous les matins du monde Suite Le Badinage 4th book Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Tous les matins du monde Sonnerie de St Genevieve du Mont-de-Paris Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Dix ans apres Suite Couplets des Folies d'Espagne Lislevand-theorbo, Savall-VDGB, Behringer-cembalo
-
Marais Dix ans apres Prelude Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Dix ans apres Suite Chaivari Jordi Savall Les Conc des Nationes
-
Marais Dix ans apres Suite Les Voix Humaines Jordi Savall-VDGB
-
Marais Dix ans apres Suite Passepieds I-II Hantai- trasverse flute, Pouseele-Oboe,Lislevand-guitar, Borris-bassoon, Estevan-percussion
-
MARAIS VDGB(basse), theorbo, cembalo Couplets de Folies – 1701 Savall,Liselevand, Behringer
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Folies d'Espagne ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Le Voix Humaines 2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Prelude II.83 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Petit Fantaisie II.84 2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith,
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Allemande II.85 , 2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Courante II.87 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Sarabande II.88 , 2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Sarabande II.89 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Gigue II.90 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Gigue II.91 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Menuet II.92 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Gauotte II.93 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Menuet II.94 ,2nd book Savall,Gallet Smith
-
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo,Tombeau po' Mons' de Lully II.95 ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Hopkinson Smith
-
Marais VDGB,Theorbe,Cembalo Recitant, Suite Sol minor, 5th book, 1725 Savall,Jean Michel Damain,Koopman Smith
-
Marais VDGB,Theorb.Cemb.Recitant Suite Sol minor, 5th book, 1725 Savall,Jean Michel Damain Koopman Smith
-
Marais VDGB, Theorbe-2,Guitar-2,Cembalo Suita La minor Pandolfo,Balestracci, Costoyas Meyerson
-
Marais VDGB 2, Theorbe-2,Guitar-2,Cembalo Suita Sol majeur Pandolfo,Balestracci, Boysen Costoyas Meyerson
-
Marais VDGB-2, Theorbe-2,Guitar-2,Cembalo Suita Re minor PandolfoBoysen Meyerson,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais VDGB-2, Theorbe-2,Guitar-2,Cembalo Couples de Folies (Folies d'Espagne) 2nd book Pandolfo,Balestracci, Boysen Costoyas Meyerson
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Folies d'Espagne Jonathan Dunford,S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Prelude for viola & theorbo Jonathan Dunford,S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Suite in la minor Jonathan Dunford, S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais Cembalo Chaconne for cembalo solo Jonathan Dunford, S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Siute in re minor Jonathan Dunford,S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Siute in sol major Jonathan Dunford, S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Siute in mi minor Jonathan Dunford, S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar.Cembalo Siute in re Jonathan Dunford, S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Siute in la major Jonathan Dunford, S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Siute in re minor Jonathan Dunford,S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Siute In do Jonathan Dunford, S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
-
Marais VDGBA-2, violin,cembal.La Gamme en forme de petit opera - 2 pieces Seifert,Medlam,Hunt,Toll Charles Medlam London Baroque
-
Marais VDGBA-2, violin,cembal.Sonata a la Maresienne Seifert,Medlam,Hunt,Toll Charles Medlam London Baroque
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Cloches ou Carillon 2nd book PandolfoBoysen Meyerson,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
- Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite La Polonaise 2nd book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais 725. Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Sarabande a L'Espgnol 2nd book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson, Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion,Chaconne en Rondeau 2nd book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite La Musette 3rd book PandolfoBoysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder,
- Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion,Suite La guitare 3rd book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Plainte 3rd book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion,Suite Le Labyrinthe 4th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion,Suite Rondeau. Le Bijou 4th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Le Tourbillon 4th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite La Georgienne dite la Maupertuy 5th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Le Jeu du Volant 5th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, resno,,Fauche,Estevan,
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Prelude En Harpegement 5th book Pandolfo Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, resno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Marche Persanne dite La Savigny 5th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Le Tableau de L'Operation de la Taille 5th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion,Suite Tombeau pour Marais le Cadet 5th book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson ,Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,Fauche,Estevan
-
MARAIS Marin 2 VDGB,Theorbe,Cembalo Suite Re minor, 1st book, 1686, Savall , Coin ,Koopman Smith
-
Marais –Anonymus VDGB Improvisation Paolo Pandolfo
- Marin Marais VDGB,violin, Sonnerie de St. Genevieve Du Mont de Paris Nicholaus Harnoncourt, Alice Harnoncourt
-
Marin Marais VDGB, flute, cembalo Suite no. 1 -D major Nicholaus Harnoncourt,Stastny, Tachezi
-
Marin Marais VDGB,violin, flute, cembalo Suite no. 4 - re major Nicholaus Harnoncourt, Tachezi
-
Marin Marais VDGB, theorbo Suite en re Hille Perl Lee Santana
-
Marin Marais VDGB, theorbo Suite en sol Hille Perl Lee Santana
-
Marin Marais VDGB, theorbo Suite en re Hille Perl Lee Santana
-
Marin Marais VDGB, theorbo Sujet Diversitez Hille Perl Lee Santana
-
Marin Marais Bass VDGB, Lute/Archlute La Minaudiere 4th book Vittorio Ghielmi Luca Pianca
-
Marin Marais Bass VDGB, Lute/Archlute Le Tact 5th book Vittorio Ghielmi Luca Pianca
-
Marin Marais Bass VDGB, Lute/Archlute La Saillie du Café,3rd book Vittorio Ghielmi Luca Pianca
-
Marin Marais Bass VDGB, Lute/Archlute Plainte,3rd book Vittorio Ghielmi Luca Pianca
-
Marin Marais Bass VDGB, Lute/Archlute Cloches ou carillon 2nd book Vittorio Ghielmi Luca Pianca
-
Marin Marais VDGB Sonnerie de St. Genevieve du Mont de Paris Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais VDGB Le Badinage Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais VDGB Le Labyrinthe Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais VDGB Suite in G major Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais VDGB La Reveuse Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais VDGB L'Arabesque Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais VDGB Prelude in G Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais VDGB Tombeau por Monsieur de St. Colombe Spectre de la Rose
-
Marin Marais Pieces de Caractere DGBA,Theorbo,Harps.,Duftschmid,Boysen,Hammerle Suite dans un gout etranger - 4th book, part 2. 11 pieces
LA FOLIA
Marais VDGBA, orchestr. Couplets de folies (Les folies d'Espagne), for viola da gamba & continuo in D minor (Pièces de viole, Book II, No. 20) Rolf Lislevand, Pedro Estevan, Jordi Savall, Arianna Savall, Adela Gonzalez-Campa, Michael Behringer, Bruno Cocset
Marais Dix ans apres Suite Couplets des Folies d'Espagne Lislevand-theorbo, Savall-VDGB, Behringer-cembalo
Marais VDGB(basse), theorbo, cembalo Couplets de Folies- 1701 Savall,Liselevand, Behringer
Marais Vdgb,Theorbe,Cembalo Folies d'Espagne ,2nd book Jordi Savall,Anne Gallet Smith
Marais VDGB-2, Theorbe-2,Guitar-2,Cembalo Couples de Folies (Folies d'Espagne) 2nd book Pandolfo,Balestracci, Boysen Costoyas Meyerson
Marais VDGB -2 Theorbe,Guitar,Cembalo Folies d'Espagne Jonathan Dunford,S. Abramovicz,Perrot,Stewart
Marais Le Labyrinthe & Autres Histores Pieces de caractere VDGB-2, Theorbe,Guitar-2,Cemb.Recitant percussion Suite Sarabande a L'Espgnol 2nd book Pandolfo,Boysen Meyerson, Carl. de Mulder, Fresno,
Selected Recordings 
Source: http://www.goldbergweb.com/en/
SAINTE-COLOMBE , A. D. / MARAIS: Works for 2 Equal Viols
|
|
MARAIS: Pieces For 3 Violes
|
Horn Recital: Ruske, Eric - MENDEZ, R. / ROSSINI / CUI, C. / CZERNY / CHOPIN / HANDEL / MONTI / FRANCAIX / SAINT-SAENS / MARAIS / ARBAN
| Composer(s): |
Arban, Jean-Baptiste • Chopin, Fryderyk • Cui, Cesar • Czerny, Carl • Francaix, Jean • Handel, George Frideric • Marais, Marin • McCoy, Marvin • Mendez, Rafael • Monti, Vittorio • Rossini, Gioachino • Ruske, Eric • Saint-Saens, Camille • Wekre, Froydis Ree |
| Artist(s): |
Ruske, Eric, horn • Muzijevic, Pedja, piano |
| Period(s): |
20th Century • Baroque (1600-1750) • Romantic |
| Category: |
Chamber Music |
| Catalogue: |
TROY456 |
| Label: |
Albany | |
LEBEGUE / MARAIS / COUPERIN / RAMEAU: Works arranged for Two Viols
|
Audio CD (16 Jan 2003)
SPARS Code: DDD
Number of Discs: 1
Format: Import
Label: Universa
|
|