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ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)
- the first packet-switching network -
Intro
- The
first packet-switching network
- The
predecessor of the Internet
What is packet-switching?
- The
dominant basis for both data and voice communication worldwide now
- New
concept of data transfer after the circuit switching (old typical telephone
circuit)
- A system could use one communication link to communicate with more than one
machine by disassembling data into datagraphs, then gather these as packets
- Designed
by Lincoln Laboratory scientist Larry Roberts
Background of ARPANET
-
Aug
1962
- J.C.R.
Licklider of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) formulated the idea of a computer
network
- The
network is to allow general communication between users of various computers
- Oct
1963
- Licklider
was appointed head of the Behavioral Sciences and Command and Control programs
at ARPA ( known as DARPA now )
- Convinced
Ivan Sutherland and Bob Taylor about the concept but left ARPA before any
actual work is done
- ARPA
and Taylor continued their interest in the network
Creation of ARPANET
- Mid-1968
- A
complete plan for ARPANET had been prepared
- Dec
1968
- BBN
won the contract to build the IMPs (Interface Message Processors) or what are
now called routers
- The
contract was awarded to BBN on 7 April 1969
- The
IMPs at each site performed store-and-forward packet switching functions, and
were connected to each other using modems connected to leased lines
- The
first packet-switching software was developed in nine months
Initial ARPA Deployment
- The
initial ARPANET consisted of four IMPs. They were installed at:
- Sept
1969
- UCLA,
where Leonard Kleinrock had established a Network Measurement
Center (with an SDS Sigma
7 being the first computer being attached to it)
- Network Measurement
Center will keep statistics, stress the
network, and evaluate network performance
- Oct
1969
- The
Stanford Research Institute's Augmentation Research Center, where Douglas
Engelbart had created the ground-breaking NLS (oN-Line System), a very important
early hypertext
system (with the SDS 940
that ran NLS, named 'Genie', being the first host attached)
- The
first message is sent across the network and received
- Nov
1969
- UC Santa
Barbara (with the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Centre's IBM 360/75,
running OS/MVT
being the machine attached)
Growth of the Network
- March
1970
- ARPANET
reached US East Coast by the joining of an IMP at BBN to the network, becoming
the first node of ARPANET in the US East Coast
- Sept
1971
- 18
IMPs (at which point 23 hosts, at universities and government research centers,
were connected to the ARPANET)
- The
first Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) was deployed, enabling individual
computer terminals to dial directly into the ARPANET, thereby greatly
increasing the ease of network connections and leading to significant growth
- 1973
- The
University College of London in England
and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway become the first
international connections to the ARPANET
- Sept
1973
- 40
IMPs
- Added
a satellite link from California to Hawaii to the network
- 1981
- Reached
213 hosts
- Approximately
a host was added every 20 days
The Demise of ARPANET
- July
1975
- The
network was turned over to the Defense Communications Agency (part of the
Department of Defense)
- 1983
- The
U.S.
military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network, the
MILNET
- Prior
to the splitting there were 113 nodes, leaving 68 nodes after the split
- 1985
- There
were ARPANET gateways to external networks across North America, Europe, and in
Australia,
and the Internet was global in scope
- Marty
Lyons has
created a map of the existing network gateways from 18 June 1985
- 1990
- ARPANET
retired
- Most
university computers were moved to networks connected to the NSFNET
References
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