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Who needs to learn how to read?
After all, we all learned how to read fairly early in life, usually in elementary school, right?
But do you know how to really read?
More importantly, are you really reading?
Reading can make you a better writer, as long as you’re paying attention and leaving time to actually write. But what we’re talking about here is what you say, rather than how you say it.
If you haven’t noticed, competition in the world of online content
is fierce. Anyone playing to win is searching high and low for
information that others don’t have, which for many means subscribing to
a ridiculous number of RSS feeds.
While seeking out novel information from a wide variety of sources
is admirable, it doesn’t necessarily give you an advantage. The ancient
Greeks had a label for those who were widely read but not well read—they called them sophomores.
As in sophomoric… not a second-year college student (I suppose there’s not really much of a distinction).
Scanners and Pleasure Seekers
We know that people don’t read well online. They ruthlessly scan for
interesting chunks of information rather than digesting the whole, and
they want to be entertained in the process. This is the reality that
online publishers deal with, so we disguise our nuggets of wisdom with
friendly formatting and clever analogies.
But that doesn’t mean you should read that way.
If you’ve been publishing online for even a small amount of time,
you’ve seen someone leave a comment that clearly demonstrates they
didn’t read or understand the content. Even more painful is when
someone writes a responsive post that clearly misses the entire point
of the original article.
While it happens to us all from time to time, you do not want to
consistently be one of these people. Credibility is hard enough to
establish without routinely demonstrating that you fail to grasp a
topic that you’ve chosen to write about, whether in an article or a
comment.
Plus, if you’re doing nothing but scanning hundreds of RSS feeds and
reading purely to be entertained, you’re at a disadvantage. Someone in
your niche or industry is likely reading books and reading deeper to
become the higher authority.
Or they will after they read this article.
Information vs. Understanding
People often think of learning as an information-gathering and
retention process. But being able to recall and regurgitate information
is low-level learning compared with insightful understanding.
Bloggers are big on regurgitation. These cut-and-paste creatives add
value to the world through a mash-up of sources, right? Maybe, but
without the ability to understand and communicate what it all means for
the reader, you’re simply passing on your reading obligations to
others, and that’s not giving people what they look for in a
publication.
On the other hand, if you understand everything you read upon a
casual once over, are you truly learning anything new? The material
that gives you an edge in the insight department is the stuff that’s
harder to understand. In other words, the writer is your superior when
it comes to that particular subject matter, and it’s your job to close
the expertise gap by reading well.
You do that by moving beyond learning by instruction, and increasing your true understanding by discovery. For example, you read a challenging book full of great information, and you understand enough of it to know that you don’t understand all of it.
At that point, you can dive into the book again and read more
carefully. You can go to supplemental resources. You can read other
books. All that matters is you do the work rather than asking someone,
and I guarantee you’re really learning in the process.
For example, next time you read a challenging blog post and you’re
not clear on a point, your first inclination might be to ask a question
in the comments. Instead, read the post again. If it’s still not clear,
go do some research on your own to see if you can figure it out. Then
when you finally do ask a question, you’re on an entirely different
level of understanding and can likely engage in a meaningful dialogue
with the author.
Instruction is important and beneficial. But true understanding comes from your own exploration and discovery along the path.
The Four Levels of Reading
Back in 1940, a guy named Mortimer J. Adler jolted the “widely read” into realizing they might not be well read with a book called How to Read a Book. Updated in 1973 and still going strong today, How to Read a Book identifies four levels of reading:
- Elementary
- Inspectional
- Analytical
- Syntopical
Each of these reading levels is cumulative. You can’t progress to a higher level without mastering the levels that come before.
1. Elementary Reading – Aptly named, elementary
reading consists of remedial literacy, and it’s usually achieved during
the elementary schooling years. Sadly, many high schools and colleges
must offer remedial reading courses to ensure that elementary reading
levels are maintained, but very little instruction in advanced reading
is offered.
2. Inspectional Reading – Scanning and superficial
reading are not evil, as long as approached as an active process that
serves an appropriate purpose. Inspectional reading means giving a
piece of writing a quick yet meaningful advance review in order to
evaluate the merits of a deeper reading experience.
There are two types:
- Skimming: This is the equivalent of scanning a
blog post to see if you want to read it carefully. You’re checking the
title, the subheads, and you’re selectively dipping in and out of
content to gauge interest. The same can be done with a book—go beyond
the dust jacket and peruse the table of contents and each chapter, but
give yourself a set amount of time to do it.
- Superficial: Superficial reading is just that… you
simply read. You don’t ponder, and you don’t stop to look things up. If
you don’t get something, you don’t worry about it. You’re basically
priming yourself to read again at a higher level if the subject matter
is worthy.
Stopping at inspectional reading is only appropriate if you find no
use for the material. Unfortunately, this is all the reading some
people do in preparation for their own writing.
3. Analytical Reading – At this level of reading,
you’ve moved beyond superficial reading and mere information
absorption. You’re now engaging your critical mind to dig down into the
meaning and motivation beyond the text. To get a true understanding of
a book, you would:
- Identify and classify the subject matter as a whole
- Divide it into main parts and outline those parts
- Define the problem(s) the author is trying to solve
- Understand the author’s terms and key words
- Grasp the author’s important propositions
- Know the author’s arguments
- Determine whether the author solves the intended problems
- Show where the author is uninformed, misinformed, illogical or incomplete
You’ll note that the inspectional reading you did perfectly sets the
stage for an analytical reading. But so far, we’re talking about
reading one book. The highest level of reading allows you to synthesize
knowledge from a comparative reading of several books about the same
subject.
4. Syntopical Reading – It’s been said that anyone
can read five books on a topic and be an expert. That may be true, but
how you read those five books will make all the difference. If you read
those five books analytically, you will become an expert on what five
authors have said. If you read five books syntopically, you will
develop your own unique perspective and expertise in the field.
In other words, syntopical reading is not about the existing
experts. It’s about you and the problems you’re trying to solve, in
this case for your own readers. In this sense, the books you read are
simply tools that allow you to form an understanding that’s never quite
existed before. You’ve melded the information in those books with your
own life experience and other knowledge to make novel connections and
new insights. You, my friend, are now an expert in your own right.
Here are the five steps to syntopical reading:
- Inspection: Inspectional reading is critical to
syntopical reading. You must quickly indentify which five (or 15) books
you need to read from a sea of unworthy titles. Then you must also
quickly identify the relevant parts and passages that satisfy your
unique focus.
- Assimilation: In analytical reading, you identify
the author’s chosen language by spotting the author’s terms of art and
key words. This time, you assimilate the language of each author into
the terms of art and key words that you choose, whether by agreeing
with the language of one author or devising your own terminology.
- Questions: This time, the focus is on what
questions you want answered (problems solved), as opposed to the
problems each author wants to solve. This may require that you draw
inferences if any particular author does not directly address one of
your questions. If any one author fails to address any of your
questions, you messed up at the inspection stage.
- Issues: When you ask a good question, you’ve
identified an issue. When experts have differing or contradictory
responses to the same question, you’re able to flesh out all sides of
an issue, based on the existing literature. When you understand
multiple perspectives within an individual issue, you can intelligently
discuss the issue, and come to your own conclusion (which may differ
from everyone else, thereby expanding the issue and hopefully adding
unique value).
- Conversation: Determining the “truth” via
syntopical reading is not really the point, since disagreements about
truth abound with just about any topic. The value is found within the
discussion among competing view points concerning the same root
information, and you’re now conversant enough to hold your own in a
discussion of experts. This is what the “online conversation” was
supposed to look like according to early bloggers, and sometimes, it
does. But mostly, the online conversation looks like the unqualified,
unsubstantiated opinions of the ill-informed, and you’re not looking to
be part of that scene.
Be a Demanding Reader for the Win
Reading, at its fundamental essence, is not about absorbing
information. It’s about asking questions, looking for answers,
understanding the various answers, and deciding for yourself. Think of
reading this way, and you quickly realize how this allows you to
deliver unique value to your readers as a publisher.
If you think all of this sounds like a lot of work, well… you’re
right. And most people won’t do it, just like most people will never
blog or publish online in the first place.
That’s why your readers need you. They need you to do the work for
them, because they don’t want to become an expert. So, it’s your job to
understand the complex and grasp the essentials, then make it simple,
easy to read, and entertaining.
You’re on it, right? | 
