References Pages
For both your online and paper assignments
- Correct Ttle. It should be centered
at the top of the page, normal size and font.
- in APA the correct title of the page is "References."
- Alphabetical order. Bibliographies are in alphabetical order by the first word/name in each entry. Do not use numbers
or bullets.
- Hanging indent. To create hanging indents
in Microsoft Word, press Ctrl+T. To un-hang, press Shift+Ctrl+T.
This is what a hanging indent looks like. The sample is
in APA style:
NOTE: Hanging indents are not easy to create in HTML (websites), so for reference lists composed in HTML you may put an empty line between single-spaced references instead. Principles
- Italics. Use italics to emphasize the
title of the major work such as a website, book, journal,
magazine, newspaper
- Punctuation. Notice where there are
periods and commas.
- Format for date, journal issue, page numbers,
etc. Notice how it is done in the samples.
- For each item cited in the document, there is
a corresponding item in your reference list.
A person should be able to find it by searching for the
name/title alphabetically.
- For each item in the reference list, there is
a citation in your text. Readers should be able
to locate in-text citations for each item in the bibliography.
- List only what you cite. Books and
pages you consulted, but which you do not mention at all
in your paper, or from which you did not quote, summarize,
or paraphrase ideas, should NOT appear on a reference
list.
Order of information
Each type
of item will require different information. However, Here is generally
the order in which it appears:
- author (if any named; if not, use the item's title
or make up a title)
- year of publication
- the item's specific title
- where to find the item in a book, website or journal.
Include page ranges
- publication information (or, if online, website sponsor/host
organization, retrieval statement and date, specific
URL or name of database)
Citing Web Pages
For both your online and paper assignments
In-text citations
- Describe it in words.
For example,
- In a content analysis of the CBC News Calgary website in the month of November, 2009, I found that messages often included the word "crime." The site disclaimer says "..." (CBC News Calgary Website, 2009)
- Only include an address in your sentence if it is the official name of the site, and omit the www.
For example,
- He had posted a message on the Amazon.ca website, a book review of a cookbook.
Reference lists
Principles
- Reference lists should be readable. They
communicate the source's credibility, relevance, and
how recent it is.
- A reader should not have to click on an URL
to understand what the item is. URLs by themselves
do not communicate very well: they consist of acronyms
and abbreviations that are often incomprehensible.
- A reader should have enough information to
search for an item if it is renamed or moved
to a different location. Whenever possible, include
the name of the website's organizational host, a subsection
of the website (if any), etc.
- Date of retrieval is necessary to
identify the item you used before it was changed or
removed.
- Explanatory information: use your
own words in [square brackets] if you invent a title,
or to identify the type of item
Order of information
- Author’s name [or authoring organization]*
- Date of publication (if there is no date, use “n.d.”)
- Title of document (in italics)
- Title of a section of a website to which it belongs**
- "Retrieved [date] from [database, or sponsoring/parent
site]"
- A URL that will take readers directly to the source
*as in Hacker,
#24, 30, 31.
**Add this when it belongs
to a "section" of the site.
How to FIND your item's bibliographic information online
Online Handbooks
- Hacker, D. -- Research and Documentation Online -- published by Bedford St.Martin's
- Citing Images -- Good instructions from the SFU library website.
Citation in online assignments
See this subpage for information on how you can cite and create reference lists for material you are using in your Website or Blog assignments.
It covers information such as
- Use of captions under images
- Citing your own images and ethically borrowed images
- Links to online sources
- Linking to your own reference list(s)
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