The Cold War began shortly in the wake of World War II. The major superpowers of the time, the United States and the U.S.S.R., did not confront each other directly, but through proxies. One such engagement between proxies resulted in the Korean War. Cape Verdeans had a presence in the Korean War, as they had in other previous American conflicts. Ronald Barboza stated that “Cape Verdeans fought in some of the bloodiest battles in the Korean War (1950-1953).”[1] Evidence of this can be found primarily in local obituaries, Cape Verdean community newspapers, oral family histories, and various military records.

John M. Allemao born on 25 November 1918 in New Bedford, MA. “The son of the late Manuel A. and Zulmira (Duarte) Allemao, he had lived the past 79 years in Acushnet…He was educated in the New Bedford school system, graduating from high school in 1939 after leaving for two years to help support his family. He was drafted in 1943 to serve in World War II and was involved in five different campaigns, becoming a first sergeant. At the end of the war, he was released to the Army Reserves and served in the Korean Conflict, retiring as a chief warrant officer 4 in 1978.” [2] His time in service in Korea was from 12 October 1950 to 10 August 1951.[3]

Allemao “was a member of the Portuguese American Veterans, the American Association of Retired Persons, American Legion, Retired Officers Association, the Military Order of World Wars, Cape Verdean Association and the National Association of Uniform Services. He was past commander of the East Freetown Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 6643 and past commander of the Greater New Bedford Veterans Association…Burial will be in Veterans National Cemetery, Bourne.”[4] According to the 1920 Cenus, Allemao’s father, Manuel Allemao, was born in Cape Verde.[5]

Antone "Tony" Almeida was born on 24 November 1917. “Born in Pawtucket, R.I., he was the son of the late Marcos and Julia (Cruz) Almeida …He was a retired Merchant Marine seaman who served on various cargo ships during World War II and the Korean Conflict[[6]]…He was also the past president/treasurer and life-time member of the Merchant Mariners Social Club Inc.”[7] The 1930 Census identifies Antone Almeida’s parents, Marea [sic] and Julia Almeida, as Negroes born in Portugal.[8] However, evidence strongly favors a Cape Verdean heritage.

Port records show that Julia Almeida took several trips to the United States to meet her husband. Julia Alalia Almeida, a native of Cape Verde, arrived in 6 August 1905 to meet Marcos J. Almeida.[9] Julia Eulalia Almeida returned to the United States in 19 September 1908 to meet Marcos Almeida.[10] A final return trip took place in 4 October 1914 between the couple.[11] This time it seems have been a permanent move. At the time of the 1930 Census, Cape Verde was still a part of Portugal, and immigrants from Cape Verde could accurately state that they were emigrants of Portugal. Additionally, Almeida’s sister, Emelia J. Almeida, was a member of the Cape Verdeans Women's Club.[12] Thus, it becomes clear that Antone Almeida’s parents were emigrants from Cape Verde.

The Andrade family contributed two sons to the Korean War, Armando P. and Reginald P. Andrade. The older of the siblings was Armando “Herman” P. Andrade. Andrade was born on 21 Mar 1929 in Falmouth, MA and attended Falmouth schools there. On the 19 February 1951, just before his 22nd birthday, Andrade was inducted into the Army as a Private First Class. “He fought in the Korean War until his honorable discharge in 1954. He moved back to Falmouth, where he married and raised his family…He enjoyed Cape Verdean music…[and] was a member of the Cape Verdean Club in Falmouth.”[13] After his death, he was buried at the Massachusetts National Cemetery.[14]

The younger Andrade brother, Reginald P. Andrade, was born in Falmouth on 8 April 1936. He was graduated from Lawrence High School and joined the Army as a Specialist Third Class. He “served in the Army during the Korean War…He was a past president and, for the past six years, was on the board of directors of the Cape Verdean Club.”[15] After his death, he was buried at the Massachusetts National Cemetery.[16] There is nothing in the documents that specifically state that the brothers were Cape Verdean. However, their surnames, the association memberships, and their phenotypes would seem to indicate that they were Cape Verdean.

The Cardoza family also contributed two brothers to the Korean conflict, Manuel A. and William J. Cardoza. However, unlike the aforementioned Andrade brothers, the Cardoza brothers went into separate branches of service. Manuel A. Cardoza, the older sibling, was born on 19 Jun 1928 in Wareham, MA. “He was an Army veteran of the Korean War, having served three years and attaining the rank of private first class. [[17]] He was a member of the Taunton Cape Verdean Association.”[18]

William J. Cardoza, the younger sibling, was born on 4 Apr 1931 in East Wareham, MA. “Cardoza spent his youth in Wareham and was a graduate of Wareham High School, moving to Dartmouth in 1963. A Navy veteran of the Korean War, he received the National Defense Service Medal[[19]]…Mr. Cardoza was a communicant of St. Mary's Church in Dartmouth and a member of the Cape Verdean Retirees Club.”[20] The 1930 Census states that the siblings’ parents, Manuel and Mary Cardoza, were both born in Cape Verde.[21]

Walter William Correia, Sr., “a lifelong resident of Carver…was born on Sept. 20, 1932…He was educated in Plymouth and was a 1952 graduate of Plymouth High School who also graduated from Northeastern University in Boston…In 1972, he became the first black selectman in Carver, and also served on the Finance Committee and the School Committee…He was an Air Force veteran of the Korean War and was a life member of the St. John's Club, the American Legion and the Cape Verde Veterans.”[22] Correia attained the rank of staff sergeant while in the Air Force.[23]

Joseph P. "Murphy" Cruz was born on 10 November 1923 in New Bedford, MA. “The son of the late Peter N. and Julianna (Eleanor) Cruz, he had lived in New Bedford for many years…Mr. Cruz served in the Army Medical Corps during World War II, the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War, retiring after 24 years of service. After his retirement, he was employed as an orderly at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Providence. He was a life member of the Cape Verdean-American Veterans and a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars…Burial with military honors will follow in Veteran's National Cemetery, Bourne.”[24] The 1930 Census shows that Cruz’s parents, Peter and Julia Cruz, were both born in Cape Verde.[25]

John DaRosa was born on 7 December 1929 “in Brava, Cape Verde… [He] had lived in New Bedford for most of his life…He was an Army veteran of the Korean War.”[26] DaRosa was became a sergeant while in the Army.[27]

Joseph A. DeGrace, Sr was born 20 Apr 1917 in New Bedford, MA. “He was raised in New Bedford and Bridgewater. He served in the Navy for more than 20 years in World War II and the Korean War, and was stationed on the U.S.S. Midway, Wasp, Philippine Sea, Yellowstone, Glennon, Larsen, Albamale and Kennedy.[[28]] He was honorably discharged as a chief steward first class…Mr. DeGrace was…a member of the Fleet Reserve Association.”[29] The 1920 Census shows that DeGrace’s father originated in Cape Verde. [30] The 1930 Census shows that DeGrace’s mother also originated in Cape Verde.[31]

Antonio M. "The Fish" Dias, Jr. was born on 24 Nov 1930, was “the son of the late Antonio M. and Rose (Lima) Dias… Mr. Dias was born in Acushnet and lived in New Bedford most of his life…He served in the Navy during the Korean War…Mr. Dias was a member of the Cape Verdean-American Veterans Association, United Social Club and the Fort Phoenix Post 2872 of the Veterans of Foreign Wars.”[32] Just prior to his twentieth birthday, Dias began his naval service; it commenced on 13 November 1950 and ended on 13 September 1954. He was later interred in the Massachusetts National Cemetery.[33] Dias’ parents originated in the Cape Verde Islands, as indicated by his sister’s obituary. Lucille F. (Dias) King was “born in New Bedford, she was the daughter of the late Antonio M. "Twina" Dias and Rose F. Lima, who emigrated from St. Vincente, Cape Verde.”[34] Thus, Antonio M. Dias, Jr. was first-generation born in the United States of a Cape Verdean mother.

Tony Gomes was born in West Wareham, MA.[35] “The son of the late Albert and Josephine (Mendes) Gomes, he lived in New Bedford most of his life….He was a paratrooper in the Army during the Korean War. He was a member of the Disabled Veterans Dr. C.E. Burt Chapter 7 in New Bedford…He was the brother of the late Lawrence Gomes.”[36] Gomes joined the Army prior to his twenty-second birthday, as a Private, on 14 August 1950 and ended his service on 15 November 1951.[37] When he died in 4 October 2004, he was buried in the Massachusetts National Cemetery. The 1930 Census shows that Gomes parents, Albert and Josephine Gomes, were both born in Cape Verde.[38] This is further confirmed by the 1920 Census.[39] Gomes followed in the tradition of his older brother, Lawrence Gomes, who fought in World War II.[40]

Frank L. Gomes, Sr., was born on 23 January 1929 in West Wareham, MA. He was the “son of the late Samuel and Julia (Lopes) Gomes, he lived in Randolph and Dorchester…He served in the Army during the Korean Conflict.”[41] While in the Army, Gomes attained the rank of corporal.[42] Gomes’ mother, Julia L. (Lopes) Gomes, “was the widow of Samuel Gomes and daughter of the late Peter and Mary (Luez) Lopes…Born in Fogo, Cape Verde Islands, Mrs. Gomes came to this country in 1913.”[43] Additionally, both parents of Gomes are documented as being born in Cape Verde in the 1930 Census.[44] Thus, Frank L. Gomes, Sr. was a first-generation Cape Verdean born in the United States.

Maurice "Pee Wee" Gonsalves was born on 24 December 1933. “Born in New Bedford, the son of the late James and Mary (Reis) Gonsalves, he lived in New Bedford and Carver for most of his life…He had worked on numerous construction projects in the Southeastern Massachusetts area, including UMass Dartmouth and the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant, Plymouth. He was a member of the American Legion H.F. Govoni Post 387 in Kingston and the Cartwell Motor Club in Carver. He served in the Army during the Korean War…Burial with military honors will follow in Rural Cemetery.”[45] Maurice entered the Army as a Private First Class.[46] James Gonsalves, the father of Maurice Gonsalves, was born in Carver to Antonio and Louise Gonsalves.[47] The 1930 Census shows that the parents of this same James Gonsalves, Andrew and Louise Gonsalves, were both born in Cape Verde.[48]

Nelson Gonsalves was born on 08 July 1932. “Born in East Freetown, Mass., the son of the late Manuel and Virginia (Santos) Gonsalves, he lived there and in New Bedford before he moved to California…He served in the Army during the Korean War…Burial will be at 3 p.m. Tuesday at Massachusetts National Cemetery, Bourne, Mass.”[49] Gonsalves joined the Army as Private First Class.[50] Virginia Santos, Gonsalves’ mother, is described as a Negro born in Portugal.[51] This gives weight to the likelihood of Gonsalves being of Cape Verdean heritage.

The Leighton family, like the Andrade and Cardoza families, contributed two children to the Korean War, Claire M. and Kenneth N. Leighton. Claire M. Leighton, born on 11 Mar 1931, was “born and raised in New Bedford, daughter of Rose (Almeida) Leighton Britto of New Bedford, and the late Felipe Leighton…She served in the Air Force during the Korean War.”[52] While in the service she attained the rank of Airman Second Class.[53] Leighton’s younger sibling, Kenneth N. Leighton, was born on 26 February 1943 in New Bedford, MA. “He served in the Air Force during the Korean War.”[54] Leighton was an Airman Basic when he was in the service; this rank was a couple of levels below that of his sister.[55]

Rose (Almeida) Leighton-Britto, the siblings mother, who was born on 28 November 1912 “in Marion, the daughter of the late Phillippa [sic] and Clara (Lopes) Almeida…[She] lived in New Bedford most of her life.”[56] The 1920 Census shows that Philip and Clara Almeida, the parents of aforementioned “Rosie” Almeida, were both born in Cape Verde.[57] This fact is reemphasized by the 1930 Census, which clearly indicates that Clara Almeida was born in Cape Verde.[58] Thus, Claire M. and Kenneth N. Leighton can trace their roots to the Cape Verde Islands through their maternal grandparents, who were both born in Cape Verde.

Antone S. Livramento was born on 16 May 1924 in New Bedford, MA. “Mr. Livramento served in the Navy for 20 years until his retirement in 1964. He was a veteran of World War II, the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War[[59]]…Mr. Livramento was one of the founders of the Cape Verdean-American Veterans Association. He was a member of the Fleet Reserve Association and a former member of the Cape Verdean Ultramarine Band Club. Survivors include…a brother, Joseph Livramento of Padelford, R.I.; two sisters, Florence Almeida and Theresa Almeida, both of New Bedford.”[60]

The obituary of Joseph Livramento (Antone S. Livramento’s brother) is helpful in identifying the heritage of the two brothers. Joseph Livramento was a member of the Cape Verdean Ultramarine Band Club and the Cape Verdean League Association Inc., of New York City. The obituary also identified their parents as the “late Jose Flor and Maria (Freitas) Livramento.”[61] The 1920 Census identified Joseph F. and Mary Levermente as being born in Cape Verde. Their daughter, Teresa Levermente, is also shown.[62] This would have been before either son was born, since Joseph C. was not born until August of 1920 and Antone S. would not be born for four more years. Thus, Antone S. Livramento was a first-generation Cape Verdean born in the United States.

Peter Lopes was born on 30 August 1924. “Born in New Bedford, [MA,] the son of the late Joaquin and Helena (Mendes) Lopes, he lived in East Freetown most of his life…He served in the Navy during World War II and the Korean War.”[63] Lopes began his military service on 4 May 1951, when he was twenty-six, and was discharged on 2 May 1952. Lopes was interred in the Massachusetts National Cemetery on 9 Apr 2004.[64] According to the 1930 Census, Lopes’ parents, Jack and Lena Lopes, were born in Cape Verde.[65]

Peter E. Lopes was born on 09 July 1928 in West Wareham, MA. He was the “son of the late Joseph B. and Mary F. (Faria) Lopes… A graduate of Wareham High School, Mr. Lopes entered the Air Force in 1951 and served in Korea and Saudi Arabia. Upon his discharge from the military, Mr. Lopes was employed as an aircraft mechanic at Quonset Point in Rhode Island until the government closed that military base…Survivors, in addition to his widow, include…two brothers, retired Col. Francis Lopes of Glastonbury, Conn., and James Lopes of Freetown.”[66] Lopes’ mother, Mary F. (Ferrier) Lopes, was born in Brava, Cape Verde, as indicated by her obituary.[67]

Albert J. Monteiro on 28 October 1930 in Wareham, MA. “Born in Wareham, he was a 1949 graduate of Wareham High School. He spent 30 years in the Navy, serving aboard the USS Conway for 30 months. He made a world cruise in 1951, served six months in Korea and received the UN Ribbon, Korean China Service, with two stars, Occupation (Japan) and Good Conduct ribbons… He belonged to Five Flags Amateur Radio Association, Mars, Navy, Marine Corps, Military Radio System.”[68] The 1930 Census shows that Monteiro’s father, John Monteiro, was originally from Cape Verde.[69]

John Monteiro was born on 09 July 1927. “Born in Newport, he was the son of the late Maximo and Geralda (Neves) Monteiro. A graduate of Rogers High School, Mr. Monteiro was employed as a utility man by the Newport Water Department for 20 years. He was an Army veteran of the Korean War. He served in the Merchant Marines for 22 years and was a member of the National Maritime Union. Mr. Monteiro was a member and past president of the Cape Verdean Social Club and he belonged to the Merchant Marines Club of New Bedford, Mass.”[70] Both, the 1920 and 1930 Censuses confirm that Monteiro’s parents were from Cape Verde.[71] Monteiro’s brother, Manuel Monteiro, was a WWII veteran.[72]

James A. "Duka" Pina, Jr. was born on 08 May 1932. “Born in New Bedford, the son of the late James A. Pina and Constance (Alves) Pires, he lived in New Bedford and Somerville for most of his life….He was a member of the American Legion, the Disabled American Veterans Dr. C.E. Burt Chapter 7, the Cape Verdean-American Veterans Association…During the Korean War, he served in the Army. He was wounded in action in Korea on Sept. 19, 1950 and was awarded the Purple Heart. He was also the recipient of the Korean Service Medal with five Bronze service stars, the Combat Infantry Badge, the United Nations Service Medal and two Overseas Bars.”[73] Pina had joined the Army as a Private.[74] Pina’s father, James A. Pina, Sr., was noted a being a Portugal-born Negro.[75] This was probably used to designate Cape Verde. James A. Pina followed in the tradition on his older brother, Herman A. Pina, who was a World War II veteran.[76]

Louis T. Pina was born on 10 January 1926. “Born in New Bedford, the son of the late Joseph T. and Mary T. (Pina) Pina, he lived in East Providence, R.I., for many years before returning to live in the New Bedford…He served in the Army during the Korean War and in the American Merchant Marine Service during World War II.”[77] The 1930 Census states that Pina’s father, Joseph Pina, was born in Cape Verde, and Pina’s mother, Mary T. Pina, was born in Massachusetts to Cape Verde-born parents.[78]

James E. Pinto was born on 10 February 1937. “Born in New Bedford, he was the son of the late Edwin and Virginia (Gonsalves) Pinto. He lived in New Bedford most of his life…He was a veteran of the Korean and Vietnam wars, serving four years in the Marine Corps followed by 19 years in Army until he retired in 1977.[[79]] He was the recipient of the National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with three Bronze Stars, Vietnam Campaign Medal with 60 Device, Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm and Unit, two Overseas Service Bars, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal and seven Service Stripes…He was a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars Andrews-Dahill Post 1531, the Cape Verdean-American Veterans Association, the William H. Carney Lodge 200 of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World, and the Bisca Tournament Club….Burial with full military honors will follow in the Massachusetts National Cemetery in Bourne.”[80]

Pinto’s is at least partially Cape Verdean, as noted by his membership in the Cape Verdean Veterans Association and that of the Bisca Tournament Club. The connection can also be made through genetic/genealogical link. Pinto’s father, the aforementioned Edwin Pinto, was born in New Bedford to Caesar A. and Virginia Pinto.[81] The 1930 Census clearly document Caesar and Virginia Pinto’s birthplace as Cape Verde.[82]

Donald C. “Sonny” Rose was born on 02 Feb 1933.[83] “Born in New Bedford, he was a lifelong resident of the city…He was a graduate of New Bedford High School…A well-known local guitarist, playing in area Cape Verdean clubs, he recently received a certificate of recognition from the Cape Verdean Friends Association…During the Korean War, Mr. Rose served in the Army as a military policeman. He was a lifetime member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars Phoenix Post 2892 in Fairhaven and served as post commander, 1975-79.”[84] Though there is no explicit citation of his heritage, evidence suggests that Rose was Cape Verdean.

Joseph "Jo Jo" Rose was born on 11 Feb 1931 in New Bedford, MA. Rose “was the son of the late Manuel and Ida (Pires) Rose. He lived in New Bedford most of his life…He served in the Air Force during the Korean War and was a member of the Cape Verdean-American Veterans Association.”[85] While in the Air Force, Rose attained the rank of sergeant.[86] “An accomplished athlete, Mr. Rose played and coached semi-professional football for the James Murphy Club. He also played football for the Fairhaven Varsity Club and coached baseball and football for the VerdeanVets.”[87] Rose’s parents, Manuel and Ida Rose, are identified in the 1930 Census as being born in Cape Verde.[88]

Leopoldina Raymond had two sons who participated in the Korean War. They were George David Soares and Gilbert M. Lisbon. George David Soares was born on 22 February 1929.[89] “Born in Port Chester, N.Y., son of the late James and Leopoldina (Raymond) Soares, he lived in New Bedford since he was 9 years old…An Army veteran of the Korean War, he held the rank of sergeant…He was a member of the Cape Verdean Veterans Club.”[90]

Gilbert M. "Mickey" Lisbon, the younger sibling, was born in 21 September 1933. “Born in New Bedford, the son of the late Antonio and Leopoldina (Raymond) Lisbon, he lived in New Bedford all of his life…During the Korean War, he served in the U.S. Navy aboard the U.S.S. Hickox…He was the…brother of the late Yvonne "Pinky" Ramos and George Soares…His Funeral Mass will be celebrated on Monday at 9 AM in Our Lady of the Assumption Church. Burial with military honors will follow in St. John's Cemetery.”[91]

The children of Leopoldina Raymond do not have anything explicitly stated about their heritage. However, some clues make their heritage apparent. The 1920 Census identified Leopoldina Raymond as a Massachusettts-born, mulatto of Portuguese parents.[92] One son, George David Soares, joined the Cape Verdeans Club. Gilbert Lisbon’s obituary was printed in a Cape Verdean newspaper. Additionally, Lisbon’s father, Antone Lisbon, was described in the 1930 Census as a Portugal-born Negro.[93] Thus, it can be safely assumed that the brothers were Cape Verdeans.

Francisco L. "Fudgie" Santos, Jr. was born on 02 October 1927. “Born in New Bedford, the son of the late Francisco and Maria E. (Lacerda) Santos, he lived most of his life in New Bedford…He was a member of the AFL-CIO union, NAACP, Cape Verdean-American Veterans Association and the Merchant Mariners Social Club…He served in the Merchant Marines during World War II and later served in the Army during the Korean War, receiving a sharpshooter certificate.”[94] Santos joined the Army as a Private First Class.[95] “He enjoyed being involved in Michael Dukakis' campaign for governor and Joseph McIntyre's campaign. He was selected as a delegate for the Massachusetts Democratic Convention. He was appointed by former Mayor John Markey to be a member of the Bicentennial Commission.”[96] The 1930 Census identified Santos’ parents, Frank and Mary Santos, are having been born in Cape Verde.[97]

Arthur F. Tolentino, Sr., was born on 17 Dec 1926 in Massachusetts. Tolentino “was the son of the late Francisco and the Rev. Marie C.L. (Araujo) Tolentino. A resident of New Bedford for the past 55 years…A U.S. Army veteran of the Korean War, Mr. Tolentino was a member of the Cape Verdean Veteran's Club.”[98] The 1930 Cesus describe Tolentino’s parents, Frank and Mary Tolentino, as Negroes who were born in Portugal.[99]

Several facts make it evident that, in all likelihood, the Tolentinos were from Cape Verde. Arthur F. Tolentino joined the Cape Verdean Veterans Club. Corrinne (Tolentino) Monteiro, an older sister, married a Cape Verdean man.[100] Louise (Tolentino) Lovette, another elder sister, joined the Cape Verdean-American Retirees Group.[101] At the time Portuguese organizations existed, so it would have been unnecessary to join Cape Verdean organizations when a Portuguese one could have sufficed. Also, Cape Verde was a colony of Portugal in the 1930s. The Tolentinos parents were called Negroes in the Census. The history of Cape Verdean immigration to the United States existed and was well established at this point in time. Thus, it can be reasonably concluded that the Tolentinos were indeed Cape Verdeans.

[1] Ronald Barboza, “In the Service of His Country,” Fandata, December 2005/January 2006, 63.
[2] “John M. Allemao,” The Standard Times, December 18, 2003, Obituaries. Available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/12-03/12-18-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX8>.
[3] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2006. Original data: National Cemetery Administration. Nationwide Gravesite Locator. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&amp;amp;h=89408&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294913&ur=0>.
[4] “John M. Allemao,” The Standard Times.
[5] Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1920usfedcen&amp;amp;h=29142664&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294915&ur=0>.
[6] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=3477254&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[7] “Antone Almeida,” The Standard Times, April 13, 1999, Obituaries. Available at <http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/04-99/04-13-99/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX2>.
[8] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=15885872>.
[9] Ancestry.com. Atlantic Ports Passenger Lists, 1820-1873 and 1893-1959 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2006. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=miscatlanticpl&amp;amp;h=3089609&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295424&ur=0>.
[10] Ancestry.com. Atlantic Ports Passenger Lists, 1820-1873 and 1893-1959 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=miscatlanticpl&h=3096715&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295424&ur=0>.
[11] Ancestry.com. Atlantic Ports Passenger Lists, 1820-1873 and 1893-1959 [database on-line]. Available online at < http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=miscatlanticpl&h=3135976&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295424&ur=0>.
[12] “Emelia J. Evora” The Standard Times. 13 October 2003. Obituaries. Available at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-03/10-13-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX4>.
[13] “Armando P. Andrade,” The Standard Times, August 26, 2002, Obituaries. Also available online at .
[14] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2006. Original data: National Cemetery Administration. Nationwide Gravesite Locator. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&amp;amp;h=124356&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294913&ur=0>.
[15] “Reginald P. Andrade,” The Standard Times, February 11, 2005, Obituaries. Also available online at .
[16] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&amp;amp;h=3509230&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294913&ur=0>.
[17] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=3883478&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[18] “Manuel A. Cardoza,” The Standard Times, March 18, 2003, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/03-03/03-18-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX5>.
[19] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. It can also be found online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=3883488&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[20] Obituaries, “William J. Cardoza,” The Standard Times, May 27, 2005. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/05-05/05-27-05/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX2>.
[21] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2002. Original data: United States of America, Bureau of the Census. Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1930. T626, 2,667 rolls. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&h=15736894&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[22] “Walter W. Correia,” The Standard Times, December 30, 1998, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/12-98/12-30-98/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX8>.
[23] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=3982935&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[24] “Joseph P. Cruz,” The Standard Times, March 9, 2003, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/03-03/03-09-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX10>.
[25] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&amp;amp;h=15595663&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295043&ur=0>.
[26] “John DaRosa,” The Standard Times, May 18, 2003, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/05-03/05-18-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX11>.
[27] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. It can also be found online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=4053416&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[28] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. It can also be found online at < http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=4077780&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[29] Obituaries, “Joseph DeGrace Sr,” The Standard Times, 15 January 2006. Also available online at < http://www.s-t.com/daily/01-06/01-15-06/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX6>.
[30] Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2005. For details on the contents of the film numbers, visit the following NARA web page: NARA. Also available at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1920usfedcen&amp;amp;h=84186552&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294915&ur=0>.
[31] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&amp;amp;h=15596293&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295043&ur=0>.
[32] “Antonio M. Dias Jr,” The Standard Times, January 12, 1999, Obituaries. Also available online at .
[33] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. It can also be found online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&amp;amp;h=845445&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:701:0&requr=294913&ur=0>.
[34] “Lucille F. King,” The Standard Times, July 6, 2001, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/07-01/07-06-01/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX4>.
[35] The Social Security Death Index has Gomes birthday as being 9 January 1928, while the National Cemetery Administration has it on 9 April 1928. However, the name and date of death are the same. This give reason to believe that it is the same person.
[36] “Tony Gomes,” The Standard Times, October 2, 2004, Obituaries. Available at <http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/10-04/10-02-04/zzzddobi.htm>.
[37] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=1207863&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[38] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&amp;amp;h=20956703&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295043&ur=0>.
[39] Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1920usfedcen&indiv=try&h=84187284>.
[40] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&amp;amp;h=1207802&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294913&ur=0>.
[41] “Frank L. Gomes Sr,” The Standard Times, August 10, 2000, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/08-00/08-10-00/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX10>.
[42] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. It can also be found online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=4363759&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[43] “Julia L. Gomes,” The Standard Times, November 1, 1997, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/11-97/11-01-97/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX8>.
[44] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=20956647>.
[45] “Maurice Gonsalves,” The Standard Times, October 2, 2003, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-03/10-02-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX10>.
[46] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. It can also be found online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&amp;amp;h=4368094&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294913&ur=0>.
[47] “James Gonsalves,” The Standard Times, 2 March 2002, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://s-t.com/daily/03-02/03-02-02/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX3>.
[48] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=15564122>.
[49] “Nelson Gonsalves,” The Standard Times, January 12, 2006, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/01-06/01-12-06/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX15>.
[50] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=4368042&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[51] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=166925>.
[52] “Claire M. Leighton,” The Standard Times, July 20, 2000, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/07-00/07-20-00/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX11>.
[53] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=4973765&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[54] “Kenneth N. Leighton Sr,” The Standard Times, July 2, 2003, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/07-03/07-02-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX3>.
[55] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=4973802&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[56] “Rose Leighton-Britto,” The Standard Times, September 8, 2003, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/09-03/09-08-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX8>.
[57] Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2005. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1920usfedcen&h=68103266&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[58] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=14768450>.
[59] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=5014199&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[60] “Antone S. Livramento,” The Standard Times, August 18, 1998, Obituaries. Available at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/08-98/08-18-98/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX12>.
[61] “Joseph C. Livramento,” The Standard Times, October 26, 2003, Obituaries. Available at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-03/10-26-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX7>.
[62] Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1920usfedcen&indiv=try&h=29146882>.
[63] “Peter Lopes,” The Standard Times, April 8, 2004, Obituaries. Available at <http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/04-04/04-08-04/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX3>.
[64] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=1835171&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[65] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=14389644>.
[66] “Peter E. Lopes,” The Standard Times, 4 April 1998, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/04-98/04-04-98/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX1>.
[67] “Mary F. Lopes,” The Standard Times, April 21, 2005, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/04-05/04-21-05/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX17>.
[68] “Albert J. Monteiro,” The Standard Times, 28 October 1999, Obituaries. Available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-99/10-28-99/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX5>.
[69] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=18313110>.
[70] “John Monteiro,” The Standard Times, August 2, 1999, Obituaries. Available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/08-99/08-02-99/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX4>.
[71] Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1920usfedcen&h=85579234&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&h=8742344&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[72] “Manuel Monteiro,” The Standard Times, May 4, 2004, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/05-04/05-04-04/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX15>.
[73] “James A. Pina Jr,” The Standard Times, September 15, 2002, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/09-02/09-15-02/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX8>.
[74] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=5465166&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[75] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&h=15373729&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[76] National Archives and Records Administration. U.S. World War II Army Enlistment Records, 1938-1946 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc., 2005. Original data: Electronic Army Serial Number Merged File, 1938-1946 [Archival Database]; World War II Army Enlistment Records; Records of the National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 64; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. Also available online at < http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=wwiienlist&h=253942&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[77] “Louis T. Pina,” The Standard Times, March 8, 2003, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/03-03/03-08-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX5>.
[78] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&amp;amp;h=14750617&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295043&ur=0>.
[79] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at < http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=5469738&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[80] “James E. Pinto,” The Standard Times, June 11, 2005, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/06-05/06-11-05/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX2>.
[81] “Edwin Pinto,” The Standard Times, July 11, 1998, Obituaries. Also available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/07-98/07-11-98/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX5>.
[82] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Also available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&h=14750609&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[83] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=5657214&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[84] “Donald C. Rose.” The Standard Times. September 17, 2001. Obituaries. Available at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/09-01/09-17-01/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX2>.
[85] “Joseph ‘Jo Jo’ Rose,” The Standard Times, December 8, 1997, Obituaries. Available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/08-97/08-29-97/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX6>.
[86] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. It can also be found online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=5657842&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[87] “Joseph ‘Jo Jo’ Rose,” The Standard Times. <http://www.s-t.com/daily/08-97/08-29-97/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX6>.
[88] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&amp;amp;h=16524855&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=295043&ur=0>.
[89] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&h=5959905&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[90] George Soares.” The Standard Times. July 7, 1997. Obituaries. Available at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/07-97/07-30-97/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX2>.
[91] Gilbert M. Lisbon.” The Standard Times. May 20, 2006. Obituaries. Available at <http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/05-06/05-20-06/04obits.htm>.
Also published at: “Gilbert M. Lisbon.” Cape Verdean-American News (CVN). May/June. Obituaries. Page 11.
[92] Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1920usfedcen&h=29149366&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[93] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&h=47101311&amp;amp;indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&o_it=019258&offerid=0%3a7868%3a0>.
[94] “Francisco L. Santos, Jr.,” The Standard Times, October 21, 2003, Obituaries. Available at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-03/10-18-03/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX4>.
[95] National Cemetery Administration. U.S. Veterans Cemeteries, ca.1800-2006 [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=vacemeteries&amp;amp;h=5843637&indiv=try&o_iid=019258&o_lid=019258&offerid=0:7868:0&requr=294913&ur=0>.
[96] “Francisco L. Santos, Jr.” The Standard Times.
[97] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=14761743>.
[98] “Arthur F. Tolentino Sr,” The Standard Times, October 10, 1996, Obituaries. Available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/10-96/10-10-96/zobits.htm#XINDEX7>.
[99] Ancestry.com. 1930 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Available online at <http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1930usfedcen&indiv=try&h=131598>.
[100] “Antone ‘Toi’ J. Monteiro,” The Standard Times, October 10, 1996, Obituaries. Available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/08-00/08-05-00/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX3>.
[101] “Louise M. Lovette,” The Standard Times, March 13, 2002, Obituaries. Available online at <http://www.s-t.com/daily/03-02/03-13-02/zzzddobi.htm#XINDEX13>.