The Central Area comprises the core financial and commercial districts in Singapore, comprising of eleven urban planning areas, namely Downtown Core, Marina East, Marina South, Museum, Newton, Orchard, Outram, River Valley, Rochor, Singapore River and Straits View as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). Part of the Central Region in the southern part of Singapore, it includes high value land intensely regulated by the URA's urban planning initiatives. It approximately equates to the area which may be referred to as the city despite Singapore being a city in itself. A major landmark of the Central Area is the Singapore River, which originates, then flows directly through it, eventually emptying into what is currently Marina Bay. Historically, it emptied into the Singapore Straits, with the river mouth being the main site of maritime activity for the fledging colony. The commercial areas which subsequently developed on the south banks of the river became the central business district for post-independent Singapore, also commonly known as the Golden Shoe due to the shoe-shaped district boundary. The commercial activity has since spilled over to surrounding areas, however, which the URA then grouped together collectively as a single planning unit it calls the Central Area.

The picture is of a finite element simulation of an ultrasonic transducer mounted on a pipe. The piezo electric crystal material is placed on a perspex surface at an angle chosen in such a way so that the transmitted acoustic waves into the pipe wall are of the shear type. In this particular simulation, the pipe is filled with water so the transmitted waves in the wall propagate further into the next medium (water). This is part of a complete model of a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter which allows the user to measure fluid flow rates in pipes in a non-intrusive method. The flowmeter consists of a pair of ultrasonic transducers which are mounted on the outside of a pipe. The transducers send pulses into the pipe , one in the direction of the flow and the other in the opposite direction and the difference in time taken by both beams to travel across is used to calculate the flowrate of the fluid. The frequency of this transducer is 2MHz. The wall thickness of the pipe is 2.5mm and diameter of the piezo crystal is 10mm.