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Dr. Michael Gazzaniga is a veteran neuroscientist and a fledgling bioethicist as a member of President Bush's Council on Bioethics

May 10, 2005

A Career Spent Learning How the Mind Emerges From the Brain
By CARL ZIMMER

HANOVER, N.H. - If you walk into the office of a scientist, chances are you'll see a white board hanging on the wall covered in scrawls. A molecular biologist's white board might be covered by hideous tangles of protein chains. A geophysicist might doodle India crashing into southern Asia.

The scribbles of Dr. Michael Gazzaniga, the director of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at Dartmouth, are more metaphysical. Arrows travel from a pair of eyes into a cartoon brain, finally ending at the word "Apple." Another picture bluntly sums up the modern debate over free will, with a stick figure's head labeled "Brain," and two bubbles point toward it - one labeled "Judge" and the other "Neu" - short for neuroscience. Floating uncertainly off to one side is a third bubble that asks, "Mind?"

Big questions are Dr. Gazzaniga's stock in trade. In the 1980's he helped found cognitive neuroscience, a discipline designed to find out how the mind emerges from the brain. Today, at age 65, he continues to oversee a busy lab where brain scans offer clues to how we unconsciously create theories to explain the outer world and our inner lives.

Dr. Gazzaniga (pronounced guh-ZAHN-eh-guh) deals with another set of big questions as a member of President Bush's Council on Bioethics, where he and his fellow members grapple with the moral dimensions of cutting-edge scientific research ranging from life-extending medicine to gene therapy. While he is congenial and diplomatic, Dr. Gazzaniga has also proved to be a powerful voice of dissent on the council.

These two experiences, as veteran neuroscientist and fledgling bioethicist, have come together in a new book by Dr. Gazzaniga called "The Ethical Brain." In it, Dr. Gazzaniga argues that understanding the latest developments in neuroscience is essential for the public to make sound decisions about the promise and dangers of advances in medicine. Neuroscience is even shedding light on how moral beliefs take shape in our brain.

"If people learn more about what the underlying brain story is, I think it will help them think more clearly about the situation," Dr. Gazzaniga said in an interview at his Dartmouth office.

Other neuroscientists have high praise for Dr. Gazzaniga's book, which is one of the first examination of neuroethics, the intersection of ethics and neuroscience.

"It's a new lens for looking at these issue, and he's the first person to focus it and get a sharp picture," said Dr. Judy Illes, director of the program in neuroethics at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics.

Dr. Gazzaniga's career began in the lab of Dr. Roger W. Sperry, a California Institute of Technology neuroscientist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his studies on the connection between the brain's hemispheres. The right side of the brain is linked to the left side of the body, and vice versa. The two hemispheres communicate through a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum. Dr. Sperry showed in animal experiments that if the corpus callosum was cut, each hemisphere became unaware of what was experienced in the other.

Dr. Gazzaniga studied this effect in humans. Surgeons sometimes cut the corpus callosum of people with severe epilepsy to reduce their seizures. In 1960, Dr. Gazzaniga examined one such patient, known as W. J. He found that human hemispheres became isolated as well. W. J. could put together a simple jigsaw puzzle with either his left or right hand, for example, but not both.

The hemispheres also displayed different strengths and weaknesses. W. J. could read complicated writing with his right eye, but with his left eye he gave only a blank response.

"Boom - the whole thing unfolds in front of your eyes," Dr. Gazzaniga said. "It was a great moment. I'm not sure I've had such a great moment of a scientific nature since."

Studies on split-brain patients have dominated Dr. Gazzaniga's work ever since. In the 1970's, he and his colleagues reported that the left hemisphere acts as an interpreter, creating theories to makes sense of a person's experiences.

Their first clue came from an experiment Dr. Gazzaniga carried out with Dr. Joseph LeDoux, now at New York University. A patient called P. S. was shown a picture, and was then asked to choose a related image from a set of other pictures. What P. S. didn't know was that he was being shown a different image in each eye.

Dr. Gazzaniga and Dr. LeDoux showed P. S. a picture of a chicken claw in his right eye and a snow-covered house in the left eye. P. S. pointed to a chicken with his right hand and a snow shovel with his lef

I took this photo in September after the quake while on holiday, this is a report of what happened today.The building was just so apt because of my profession,How much more does Christchurch have to endure? Police are removing some of the cordons put in place following a series of aftershocks in Christchurch this morning. Two blocks of the central city, bounded by Oxford Tce, Lichfield St, Hereford St and Colombo St, were cordoned off this morning as a precaution. Cordons on Colombo St and Oxford Tce have been removed, however the portion of Hereford and Lichfield streets between Colombo St and Oxford Tce remain cordoned off and there are restrictions in place on Worcester Street between Oxford Tce and Manchester St, and on Gloucester St between Colombo St and Latimer Square. City Mall, between Oxford Tce and Colombo St, is also closed. The largest of this morning's aftershocks measured 4.9 on the Richter scale and struck at a depth of 12 kilometres, within 5km of Christchurch at 10.30am. GNS Science said it was widely felt in the Canterbury region. Christchurch City area commander Inspector Derek Erasmus said there had been some damage to buildings in the inner city and that the focus was on public safety. "We are reassessing the cordons on an hourly basis, and will take advice from the City Council and the Fire Service who are conducting assessments on buildings," he said this afternoon. "Where any buildings are assessed as a potential risk we will make sure those buildings are fenced off, and then re-open streets as soon as we can. There have been no reported injuries. Mr Erasmus said 30 police staff were working on cordons and a further 20 staff were being called in this afternoon. Staffing requirements overnight would be assessed depending on the extent of the cordoned area. Mr Erasmus understood suburban Christchurch was not been badly affected by the latest quakes. Power was cut to the central Christchurch when the magnitude 4.9 aftershock struck. It was restored to about 40,000 properties, by about 11.30am, Orion New Zealand spokesman Rob Jamieson said. The loss in power was caused by oil moving inside transformers, he said. Civil Defence manager Jon Mitchell said the aftershock also caused damage to some building frontages, evacuations and stock damage. Most of the damage occurred in the central business district (CBD) but hundreds of Boxing Day shoppers were evacuated from one of the city's largest malls, Westfield Mall in Riccarton, were there was "superficial" damage, Mr Mitchell said. The mall is now open. Mr Mitchell said the aftershock struck so close to the CBD and was one of the most damaging since the September 4's 7.1 magnitude shock. "There have been larger aftershocks but they have tended to be around the city and have damaged usually in-ground infrastructure." Mr Mitchell advised people to follow evacuation advice and to be careful around building damage. Residents were also advised to contact emergency services only if necessary. The 4.9 jolt followed a number of smaller aftershocks and has since been followed by a few more. It should serve as a wake-up call that aftershocks can still be expected, GNS Science seismologist John Ristau said. Jolts such as today's were not unexpected and could still happen in the next few months. "This is a bit of a wake up call, to kind of say that you can still get large magnitude aftershocks," Mr Ristau said. He said the smaller aftershocks which had followed today's quake would likely continue for the next couple of days. A spokesman for St John Ambulance said they had received a number of calls from people "frightened" by the quake but there were no reports of injuries. Newstalk ZB reporter Jo Scott said the "very frightening" aftershock was the biggest to be felt for some time. "We've got pictures off the wall at home, things off shelves, our power is off." A magnitude 4.2 quake struck at a depth of 5 kilometres, within 5km of Christchurch, at 2.07am, followed by a series of small shocks between magnitudes 2.7 and 3.8 before the 4.9 jolt. There have since been four aftershocks, of 3.6 at 10.35am, 3.5 at 11.53am, 3.7 at 12.34pm and 2.9 at 12.52pm. The Pacific region has been rocked in other areas as well today with a 5.9 magnitude tremor recorded at White Island and a 7.3 quake in Vanuatu.