(Arapaho-English) Abbreviations: ADV adverbial NA noun, animate NI noun, inanimate PART particle (invariable) PV preverb (occurs prior to main verbs) VAI verb, animate subject, intransitive VII verb, inanimate subject, intransitive VTA verb, transitive, animate object VTI verb, transitive,
inanimate object Sound Changes in Words: Often
in Arapaho, when prefixes and words combine, the sounds change at the
combination points. This makes it hard sometimes to recognize what the
original form was. The most common changes involve the letter -h-, and
are as follows: nih (past tense) + h- > nih’- he’ih (narrative past tense) + h- > he’ih’- heet (future tense) + h- > heetn- hi (‘his/hers’) + h- > hit- hoow
(negation) + h- > hoow- A
different kind of change occurs when verbs do not have prefixes. In
this case, the first syllable lengthens or doubles. Short vowels become
long, and long vowels require insertion of an extra -en- or -on-: nih-noohootowoo ‘I saw it’ nonoohootowoo ‘I
see it’ nih-tesbih’iyoo’ ‘it was very dark’ teesbih’iyoo’ ‘it
is very dark’ Verbs
are listed with the short form in the glossary, since this is the far
more common form in the narratives in this anthology. Explanation of Entries: In
the glossary, we have provided translation of some longer words which
can be broken down into smaller units. There are given in parentheses
and quotation marks. Where parentheses are used with actual Arapaho
word entries, this indicates that the letter in parentheses may be pronounced,
but often is virtually dropped. Where letters are enclosed in brackets
in the actual Arapaho word entries, this indicates a fuller form of
the word – the more “proper” form – which Richard Moss has cut
short in his story. Brackets after the definitions include notes about
meanings, questions about meanings or spellings, and information on
the base form of the word when it may not be obvious from the form listed
in the glossary. Because we know that virtually all users of the glossary
will not be fluent in Arapaho, we have listed forms with prefixes and
suffixes attached in some cases (when the prefix or suffix is less common)
in order to make the words in the stories easier to find in the glossary.
We also include a few samples of the use of certain forms which can
be hard to pick out otherwise. These are indented after the main entry.
Finally, a few Arapaho verbs have special endings for ‘he, she, they’
which are unlike those in the grammar section. The endings are -‘
and -‘i (like inanimate forms). These are put in brackets immediately
after the verb to identify these special type of AI verbs. bebene PART about, approximately beebee- VAI to bark beebee3sohoe- VAI to use sign language or gestures beebeet PART only, just beebei’on PART far away beebenoob- VTA to sniff s.o. all over, sniff all around them beebesteih’ein- VTA to feel all around s.o.’s belly, abdomen beebeteentoo- VAI to worship beebe’einin- VII to be all bloody beec- VII to snow beenhehe’ PART a few beesei3[e’] VAI to be big, to have a big body beesoo- VII to be big beesoon- VII to be big beet- PV to want to do s.t. beete’ NI bow beete’ NI bow beetisee- VAI to pass away, die off beetou3ei- VAI to graduate, finish one’s education bee3ei NA owl bee3eini- VAI to be an owl, become an owl bee3too- VAI to finish doing s.t. beex- PV should do s.t. beex- PV a little bit beexcoonisee- VAI to be barely able to walk beexeeneihi- VAI to be pretty big beexeh- PV a little bit in that direction, a little bit off away there [< beex + neh?] beexei’esei- VAI to be an older woman beexookee- VAI to be full grown beexookeihi- VAI to be full grown beexoo3iihi’ ADV a little while later beexo’- PV just, only beexo’oo3ouyeiti- VAI to speak only English beextonot- VII to be a few holes in an area beexuuni PV a little bit beexuu3ou’oo- VII to be a little bit towards evening [< beex + hi3ou’oo-] beh- PV all beh- PV all beheeteihi- VAI to have made everything, to be God beeheeteiht NA the creator, the maker of all behiini PV all behixooke’ei[ni]- VAI?? all of one’s face ? beh’eihehi’ NA old man; the Sacred Pipe bei’ci3ei’i NI money bei’ci3eiseenook NA chain bei’ci3ei’i niit3ei’ini’i NI money slot (“where money is put in”), as in parking meter bei’i’einiiciihehe’ NI Casper, WY (“shell river”) beneniiniini PV clustered together, gathered in a group of people beniinis NI someone’s horn, a horn benii’owoxoo- VII to be the time when the spring thaw arrives, “the spring thaw is arriving” benii’owuun- VII to be springtime benoheino’oowu’ NI saloon, bar benohooxobei- VAI to water horses benoob- VTA sniff around s.o., sniff them bes- VTA to hit s.o. when shooting bes NI stick, piece of wood beskootee NI ear of corn besnooo NI wooden plate beso’o NI one’s butt betebi NA old woman betebihehiini- VAI to be an elderly woman betebihehi’ NA little old lady beteee- VAI to dance beteen- VII to be holy, sacred betooh- VTA to make s.o. dance be3oowo’bee- VAI to look all around? [bee3-oow-obee ?] be3o’oku- VAI to sit hard, to be laying hard on the ground (as snow) be’ NI blood, bloot clot be’eek NI blood pudding be’eekei’i- VAI to make blood pudding be’eihi- VAI to be red be’einin- VII to be bloody be’einootee- VII for there to be blood on the ground be’e’ei- VAI to have red hair be’nou’u NA red fox bih’ih NA deer bih’ihiinoseino’ NI deer meat bih’inkuuton- VTA to turn out the lights for s.o., on s.o. bih’inooyot- VII to appear dark bih’inoo’oo- VII to be getting dark, to have gotten dark bih’iyoo- VII to be dark (outside) biibiiwoohu- VAI to be crying continually biibinoot NI berries, fruits biibise’eitee- VII the tops or heads of s.t. are poking out here and there biicitii- VAI to bead s.t.; to sew s.t.? biikousiis NA moon biin- VTA to give s.t. to s.o. biinee- VAI to have been given s.t., to be the recipient of s.t. [hi]biineiton NI the one who gave him s.t. [< biin-] biino NI chokecherries biinohei- VAI to kick up dirt, kick the ground agressively, as a bull biino3oon- VTA to load (a horse) biisiwoo NI one of a ruminant’s stomachs; called “Bible” in Arapaho biitei NA ghost biiti’ PART by turns, one-by-one, “my turn” biito’owu’ NI land, earth, ground bii3hiin NI food supplies, things to eat bii3i-[‘] VAI to eat s.t. bii3ihi- VAI to eat bii3ihiini- VAI to have things to eat, have food available bii3oonoo- VII to be steep, to be a canyon bii3oonoo’(o)b- VII to be steep land bii3woohu- VAI to cook s.t. for oneself bii3woot- VTI to cook s.t. biiwoohu- VAI to cry biixohko’ NA goat biixohko’noo’ NA goat biixuut NI shirt bii’iih- VTA to find s.o. bii’in- VTI to find s.t. bis- PV all bis- PV to appear, come into view biscoboo’oo- VAI to come shooting into view bisisee- VAI to appear, walk into view bisisenin- VII to appear above the ground, stick up from below the ground (or ice) bistoo’usee- VAI to come to a stop out in the open while walking bixoo3- VTA to love s.o. bi’- PV just bobooteeneb- VTA to respect s.o. bohootii- VAI to all camp (together) boh’o’onoosoo- VII to be a thunderstorm boobo’oteyoon- VII to be red hills, there are red hills there boobo’ouut- VII to be red landforms, there are red landforms there booo NI road boo3- VTA to fight s.o. boo3eti- VAI to box (“to fight”) boo’oet NI boxing, fighting ceb- VTA to shoot at s.o. cebeenei’ten- VTI to carry s.t. on, pass it on, continue it, as a custom cebe’ei- PV beyond, surpassing cebe’einiihi’ ADV beyond that, more than cebe’eini’oo- VII to be better than s.t. else cebiisiiteniihi’ ADV on the right side cebinoo’oo- VII water is flowing past cebisee- VAI to walk, walk along cebiseenoo- VII to happen, occur, go on cebtee’eekuu- VAI to stand sideways cec NI year ceciin- VII to be winter ceciiniin- VII to be winter ceciito’on- VTA to greet s.o. ceciixoniihi’ ADV winter-like cecinsine- VAI to spend the winter at a place ceebeh- PV don’t... ceebih’ohuunoo’ NI a flying machine, anything which flies, such as planes, helicopters, etc ceeceniini PV near and far ceece3o’o PART happen quickly ceece’ese3oo’oo- VAI to be burning with different colors, variegated, flashing colors ceece’iseihi- VAI to be very different ceece’isiini PV very different ceece’iso’oo- VII to be very different ceeciisiiten- VTA to surprise s.o., grab them by surprise ceeneib- VII to be not attached to s.t., for a bush to have no berries on it [< cii + heeneib-] ceenei3oowot- VTI to not believe things [< cii + hi3oowot] ceeniini PV down, low ceenoku- VAI to sit down ceesei- PV alone ceesey NA/NI one, another one ceesih- VTA to get s.t., obtain s.t., bring s.t. for s.o. ceesiton- VTA to get s.t. for s.o. cee3- PV to do s.t. by accident, to happen to do s.t. by chance ceexoon NA (obviative) the other one ceeyow- PV keep on doing s.t. cee’eyeino’oowu’ NI Ft. Washakie, WY (“rations house”) cee’ini- VAI to be have been blessed, as through a gift ceheekuut NI electricity ceibciinen- VTI to put s.t.down and aside ceibiihi’ ADV off to the side ceibi’tou’u- VAI to toss s.o. aside ceikon- VII to move in this direction as a band or tribe, collectively ceitee- VAI to be coming this direction ceitotousee- VAI to walk here while making a warning sound cei3iihi’ ADV to here cei3iikohei- VAI to ride in this direction, to here cencei’soo- VII to be very different cenis-[i’] VAI to fall straight down, from a place ceni3- VTA to butcher game ceno’oh- VTA to knock s.o. straight down, off a place ceno’ohuuhu- VAI to be knocked straight down by s.o., to be knocked off a place ceno’oo- VAI to jump cese’eihii NA animal cesis- PV to start, to begin to... cesisihcehi- VAI to begin running; to run away or flee cesisih’ohu- VAI to start to fly, to fly away cesisiniibei’i- VAI to start to sing cesisnoonoohowuuni PV beginning to come into view ces3ou’see- VAI to start off traveling by wagon ceteyoo- VII to be round and smooth ceto’oo- VAI to die ceto’owoo- VAI to trip and fall ce3ei’oo- VAI to set off, start off, go away ce3ixoh- VTA to take s.o. away ce3kohei’i- VAI to leap up and run away ce3ixotii- VAI to take s.t. away ce3koohu- VAI to drive off, drive away, run off, run away ce3i3e’eici3- VTA to lead a horse away from somewhere ce’- PV back, again ce’ceixotii- VAI to bring s.t. back here ce’eeckoohu- VAI to return home ce’eekutii- VAI to tie s.t. up in a bundle ce’eenoo NI shoulder, shoulder blade ce’ehbe’e3iisib- VTA to bend down and reveal one’s butt to someone ce’eihi- VAI to be round, spherical ce’ei’in- VTI to fill a container, to put s.t. in a container ce’ei’inoo- VII to be packed, to be full (a container) ce’eseihi- VAI to be different ce’esiihi’ ADV differently ce’esinoo’oo- VAI to suddenly and quickly become different, to change into s.t. else ce’esnenitee[no’] NI (various) nations, peoples ce’e3i’ PART outside ce’e’eini- VAI to turn one’s head back around, to look back behind one ce’iinee’iini PV turning back around ce’iineihcehi- VAI to turn back around quickly ce’iit- VTI to get scared of s.t. again ce’iitoyei NI knee ce’in- VTI to not know s.t. ce’ini’ih- VTA to make s.o. well again ce’ini’kuu3- VTA to make s.o. rapidly well again ce’isee- VAI to come back, to return ce’iskuu3oo NI movies, television (“makes (pictures) come back”) ce’koheinoo- VII to be resurrected ce’ko3ceineeneetoho’oe VAI to make a noise by pulling one’s hand back out of a place ce’no’xoton- VTA to bring s.t. back for s.o. ce’oxootii- VAI to camp differently, to camp apart from the group ce’xoh- VTA to return s.o. to a place cih- PV this direction, towards the speaker cih’iinootii- VAI to graze cih’ox- VTI to cut s.t. up in small pieces cii- PV not ciibeh- PV don’t! ciibeh’ini PV don’t ciin- PV to quit or stop doing s.t. ciineec- VII to stop snowing ciineni- VII to be placed down ciineyoo NI vegetable, planted thing ciineyoot NI gardening, planting things ciini PV not, not happen, not succeed, nothing ciini’iiniih- VTA to be unable to do anything to s.o., affect them ciini’itoo- VAI to be up to no good, to do harm ciini’oo- VII to be not good ceniini’oo’ NI evil ciinkuu3- VTA to let s.o. go, release them ciinoo’on- PV fairly, pretty (big, etc) ciinoo’onei’oo- VII to be pretty good sized ciinout NI farming ciintoo- VAI to quit doing s.t. ciisibih- VTA to wear out or use up s.o.’s patience ciisiini PV far, distant ciisiniihi’ ADV far away ciisiniihiihi’ ADV far downstream ciistii- VAI to not do s.t. ciitee[hinec] NI beer ciitei- VAI to enter ciitohuun- VII to be loaded (a gun) ciitou’oubeihi- VAI to climax sexually, reach or have an orgasm ciito’un- VTA to put s.t. into s.t. cii3- PV to the inside, entering cii3iihi’ ADV inside a close space cii3oowot- VTI to not believe s.t. cii3oowoton- VTA to not believe s.t. cii3o’- PV never ciixoku- VAI to sit or be located far away ciixootee- VII to be situated far away ciiyei’i- VAI to take a step cisiini PV for some undetermined amount of time ci’- PV also cob- VTA to shoot s.o. coh’oukutoo- VAI to tie one’s hair in a bundle [cooh’oukutoot = Navajo indian] coo- VAI to come to a place coocob- VTA to shoot game coocoo’u3ei’i- VAI to keep bothering people, molesting them cooco’oowu- VII to be lots of lakes or ponds in an area cooco’oxet- VII to be clumps of brush scattered about cooco’oxetiin- VII to be brushy coon- PV to be unable to do s.t. coonih- VTA to be unable to handle, manage s.t./s.o. coonitete’inoneihiinoo- VII to be no longer able to be known, can’t attain knowledge of it coonteb- VTA to be unable to overtake s.o. coontow- VTA same as coonteb- coo’uh- VTA to bother s.o. coo’u3ei’i- VAI to bother people cowohwoo- VAI to dance past a place or person cowoo3itoon- VTA to translate for s.o.; to pass things (stories) on to s.o. cowo’oo- VAI to get along in life, to get by, survive cowo’ootiini’ VII “people get along in life, make a living, survive” co’oekuu- VAI to stand scrunched up, in a ball co’ooyeitii- VAI to make a pile, to pile things up or on s.t. co’ooyei3-[i’] VAI to be laying piled up co’oo’oen- VII to be brushy co’oteyoo- VII to be a hill, “there is a hill” co’ouut- VII to be high co’ouu3ih’ohu- VAI to fly high, to a high place co’ouu3oo- VII to be high co’owoh’uune’etii- VAI to live again enjoyably, pleasurably co’o’wuuteen- VII to be piled in a clumb, as earth or ashes heebe3niicie NI a big river hecesnenitee NA dwarf, midget, little person hecexonoh’oe NA young man hecexoo’oe’ NI small pistol hece’eekuu- VAI to stand in the way, to obstruct s.o., to stand guard and prevent passage hee PART yes heebeh- PV you might, maybe you... heebete3eenowoo- VAI to make a big fire for oneself heebe3ibes NI big log or stick heebe3ii’eihii NA eagle (“big bird”), especially golden eagle heebe3kouhu’tinee- VAI to have a big crack in one’s butt heebe3teh’ei- VAI to have a big stomach or belly heecet PART before, while not yet heecis- PV while... heecisiini PV while... heecisisee- VAI while s.o. is walking heeckoohu- VAI to go home heeco’oo- VAI to recover one’s strength, come to life again [perhaps should be heecoho’oo] heeh- VAI to say heehiisetii- VAI to wash things, rinse them out [NOTE: heenei- derived from hii-] heeneebe3ce’eihi- VAI to be very big and round heeneecihi’woon- VTA to protect s.o. by using s.t. heeneesih’i- VAI however they are called, all those who have names heeneetoh- PV wherever heeneetoo- VAI wherever s.o. is located heenee3- PV from wherever heenee3ei’nee- PV however much heeneeyouhuuho NI all kinds of things, anything at all heeneibiito’owuuwu- VAI to possess lands, private property heeneiniihi- VAI to move all about nomadically heeneiniito’eibeti- VAI to become friends with one another, to make peace, establish relations heeneinoku- VAI to be lying all around, sitting all around heeneinoo’ei- VAI to hunt all around heeneinousee- VAI to be well under cover, in hiding heeneis- PV how, the various ways how heeneise’enouh- VTA to get s.o. all ready for s.t. heeneise’enouheti- VAI to get oneself all ready for s.t. heeneisibi- VAI to all lie down to go to bed, to lie down all around to go to bed heeneisiiten- VTI to get hold of things, catch things, understand things (including language) heeneisi3ecoo- VAI the things or ways one is thinking heeneisko’os-[i’] VAI however or wherever s.o. fell to the ground heeneite’einooxobei- VAI to lead horses (here) heeneitouwu- VAI to have blankets heeneito’oowuuni- VAI to possess houses heenei3eton- VTA the things one heard heeneiwo’owoo’oh- VTI to stir s.t. around, move it over with a poker or stick (a fire) heeneixoowot- VTI to satisfy needs, to get enough of s.t. heeneixo’osi’i3- VII to have been laid out to dry by someone, as berries heeneiyoo3ko’ox- VTI to cut things out of s.t. cleanly, properly heenei’isiihi’ ADV and so forth, etcetera heenei’i3en- VTI to spread s.t. heenei’oku- VAI up to where s.o. is located heenesiiniih- VTA to go around hurting s.o. or various people heenesiinii3ei- VAI to go around hurting people heenesoohob- VTA to watch s.o. carefully heeneti- VAI to speak heeneti3- VTA to speak to s.o. heene’in- TI to know all about things, to know lots of things heene’inoneihi- VAI to be known about in detail, known well heene’inoo’oo- VAI to get one’s wits back (after being unconscious, hit, etc) heenoo PART as a rule, customarily, obligation hees- PV how, what heesiine’etii- NI someone’s culture (“how s.o. lives”) heesi3ecoo- VAI what one is thinking heesniinii3iyei- VAI what various things s.o. has, possesses, uses heesnoo3oono NI the ones you are hungry for [< hesnoot- VTI to be hungry for s.t.] heesoo- VII how s.t. is; heesoo’ NI type, sort, kind heestei’oo’ NI what is strong heestoo- VAI what s.o. is doing heet- PV FUTURE TENSE heet- PV where heetee- PV old days, before, traditional heetee- VAI so it is you who are... (indicating discovery or suprise) Note: this verb takes a subjunctive ending when animate and singular: heeteehek nono’oteiht = ‘so you’re the one who is powerful’ (Two Sons) heeteeneb- VTA to honor s.o. heeteh- PV where heeteihi- VAI where s.o. is from heete(e)niih- VTA take care of, look after s.o. heete3ein- VTA to collide with s.o., run into them heete3einobee- VAI to hit a bump on the ground, as in driving heetih- PV so that, in order that heetni’bii3woohuutooninoo NI the things they are going to cook with heetou- VII where s.t. is located heetoxu- VAI how many there are of s.o., s.t.; all of those in some group or class hee3- PV from a place hee3- VTA to say to s.o. hee3eb- PV there, over there hee3ebiiten- VTA to steal s.t. from s.o. hee3ebiikohei- VAI to ride over there hee3ebko’un- VTI to pluck, pick, take a bit of s.t. over there hee3eeniini PV why hee3ei’nee- PV how much, how many hee3ei’neeniihi’ ADV that much, to that extent hee3ei’o’bee’ NI the world (“as far as the land extends”) hee3eyoo’uu- VAI how s.o. is dressed (especially in formal, dressed-up style) hee3e’eekuu- VAI the direction in which or towards which s.o. is standing hee3e’eikoohu- VAI the direction in which or place to which one is driving hee3e’einiine’etii- VAI the path that one’s life is following, the road of one’s life hee3e’eitee- VII the direction which something faces, towards which it is facing hee3itoo3ib- VTA to drag s.o. away from a place, out of a place hee3nee- PV really, very, a lot hee3ou3eih- VTA how s.o. educated s.o. else heewoteisee- VAI to make clear, loud, plain noise as one walks heeyei NA falcon, “swift hawk” heeyeih- PV it is good that... heeyou NI what? heeyouhuu NI something, a thing heeyow- PV each, every Note: this preverb requires the use of the iterative suffix with the verb: heeyow-eeto3einobee-nooni = ‘every time-be bounced by a bump in the road-I (iterative)’ (George Quiver Visits the Doctor) heeyow-cowohwoo-ni3i = ‘every time-dance past-they (iterative)’ (Nih’oo3oo and Ducks) heeyow-[w]o’owoku-3i = every time-scoot over-he (iterative)’ (Strong Bear and the Ghost) heh- PV EMPHATIC heihii PART soon heihno’oxotoneiit NI the one he brought for you [< no’oxoton- VTA] heiniistootiibin NI the things which we use, our possessions, our gear heinoku- VAI to be sitting or lying somewhere, located somewhere heinoo NA your mother heinootee- VII to be lying somewhere, located or laid out somewhere heisiihehinoo NA your grandchildren heisonoo NA your father hei’- PV up to a point, as far as it goes hei’- PV when, once it has occurred hei’iini PV when, once it has occurred hei‘iibii3woohuutoonin NI the things we cook with hei’tobee- VAI to say s.t.; to have been told s.t. hei’towoot- VTI to tell s.t. hei’towuun- VTA to tell s.o. s.t. hei’towuunei’eetooninoo NI the things which they told us, said to us heneecee NA buffalo bull henetii- VAI to lose s.t. hentoo-, heentoo- VAI to be at a place, to be present hesiikooku- VAI to run fast hesiini PV painful, hurting hesiiniih- VTA to hurt s.o. hesitee NI fire hesitee- VII to be hot hesnee- VAI to be hungry hesnih- VTA to make s.o. angry hesnoo- VAI to be hungry hesnoot NI hunger, famine hesnoot- VTI to be hungry for s.t. het- PV in order to, for the purpose of, so that het- PV you must to s.t., future command: do s.t. later! heteb- VTA to overtake s.t. (game) hetebinouhuuni- VAI to be poor, pitiful (“to wear poor clothing”) heteinebeihi- VAI to be spending the night, to be laid down to spend the night heteini- VAI to spend the night somewhere heten- VTI to take s.t. out of s.t., from s.t. heti’eis-[i’] VAI to fall and strike s.t. with one’s face or head hetow- VTA to overtake s.t. (game) [same as heteb-] he3 NA dog he3ebceno’oo- VAI to jump to over there he3ebiiheti’eis-[i’] VAI to fall and hit s.t. there with one’s face or head he3ewoxow- VTA to give s.o. over there s.t.to eat [< hee3eb + howox] heyei- PV almost, but not yet; approaching, but not there yet heyoo- VII to be long [hii]heyot- VII to be heavy he’- PV uncertainty, “I wonder...” “I guess...” he’ih’uu3e’ = he’ + nih + huu3e’ = ‘it was over there, I guess’ or ‘over there somewhere’ (Nih’oo3oo and Ducks) Note: this preverb often is used with the iterative suffix on the verb: ne’et-niistoo-nooni = ‘uncertain future-do-I (iterative)’ (Bear Satisfied) toonhe’-ii3inoo’oo-3i = undefined uncertain-show up suddenly from a place-he (iterative) = ‘he just suddenly showed up from somewhere or other’ (Nih’oo3oo and Butt) Note: this preverb can also be used with non-affirmative suffixes: he’-entoo-no’ = uncertain-be located-they = ‘maybe they’re located there’ (Splitting) he’ih- PAST TENSE used in narratives, meaning ‘it is said to have happened’ Note: also occurs as he’ih’ii- = he’ih + nii-, meaning ‘it is said to have happened regularly, it was happening’ he’ih’ii-tounowuu hiicetino = ‘they were holding their hands, they would be holding their hands’ (Strong Bear Shakes Hands) he’ii- PV uncertainty, “I wonder...” (see he’-) he’iicxooyeiniihi’ ADV after a while he’iisiini PV however, somehow, unclear how s.t. happens he’iiteihi3i NA someone he’iitneenini’i NI somewhere he’iitnei’i NI somewhere he’iitoo- VAI to be located in an uncertain or unknown place he’iitou- VII to be located in an uncertain or unknown place he’iitoxee- VII however many there are he’iitoxuus PART several days he’ii3- PV what sort? some sort, some kind he’ii3inoo’oo3i VAI to appear suddenly from somewhere unknown, to just show up out of nowhere he’ii3ou’u NI something he’iiwoniistoo- VAI “I wonder what X is going to do”; to be going to do s.t. or other he’in- VTI to know s.t. he’inon- VTA to know s.o. he’inootii- VAI to have one’s wits, be sane he’ne’- PV then, so then, next hibei’iisoowu- VAI to have a doll, to use s.t. as a doll hibetebihow NA “his old lady”, his wife hibi NA his older sister hice’eenoo NI his shoulder hicobo’o NI the one that he shot [< cob-] hihcebee PART nearby hihcebe’ PART above hiheyeihi’- VAI to possess, have a home neihoow-uuheyeihi’ = I not-have a home (White Man and the Fox) hih’iixoohoo3ihei’eetooninoo NI the things which they showed us [hiixoohoo3ih-] hii- VAI to say s.t. hiicet NI his hand hiicoo- VAI to smoke hiicoonii- VAI to be a pipe, to be the Sacred Pipe hiihei3-[i’] VAI to be heavy hiiheyot- VII to be heavy hiihoot-[e’] VAI to die, be dead [Note: third person iterative is hiihootenei’i, as if from hiihootene’] hiih’ehi- VAI to have a son hiih’o NA his son hiii- VAI to camp (individually) hiii NI a campsite hiii NA snow hiiicoo NA pipe hiikokoyoxoe[yoo] NI boxing ring (“square fenced area”) hiikon NI lung hiikoot PART also, too, in addition hiinco’oocoeniihi’ ADV over and over hiineesee- VAI to turn back around when walking hiineihcehi- VAI to turn around quickly hiine3oon PART instead hiine’etii- VAI to live hiine’etiit NI life; way of living, culture hiine’etiiwoohu- VAI to make a living, earn a living hiinih’ohuukoohu- VAI to fly all around very quickly, to dart around in flight hiinisee- VAI to wander around on foot hiinoono’et- VII to be cloudy hiinoo’ei- VAI to hunt hiinousee- VAI to be in hiding, under cover hiintohoe’e- VAI to get one’s arms/hands back around behind one hiinwo’owuuhu- VAI to move camp farther along in a wandering fashion hiis- PV already, finished heniis-ehtonihe3en = ‘I have tricked you now’ (White Man and Fox) hiis- PV how hiis- VTA to be afraid of s.o. hiiseteen- VII to be ready to eat (ripe, cooked) hiise’enou- VAI to be ready hiise’enouh- VTA to get s.o. ready hiise’enouheihi- VAI to have been gotten ready hiisi- VAI to be married hiisibi- VAI to go to bed hiisibihcehi- VAI to plop oneself down, go to bed quickly hiisiin- VII to be daytime hiisiini’etii- VAI to be tame, gentle, friendly hiisiiten- VTI to grab, catch s.t.; to understand s.t., (language, for ex.) hiisini’oo’ NI the good, the positive hiisi’ih’- VTA to raise a child hiisoo- VII how it is hiit PART here hiitcebisee- VAI to walk here; to walk through a place to here hiiteen NI tribe hiite’eici3- VTA to lead a horse here hiitonciinen- VTI to put s.t. down on both sides of s.t. hiitoniihi’ ADV on both sides, at both ends hiitoo3noohootiini’ NI telescope (‘one sees things close by with it’) hiitouk PART well sure enough! just like they said! hiitox- PV how many hiitoxcecnibee- VAI how old s.o. is ne’nih’iitox-cecnibeet = ‘that’s how many-years she had’ (“that’s how old she was”) (Women in the Park) hii3- PV from a place hii3- TA to say to s.o. hii3e- VAI to be heavy hii3ee- PV why hii3einoon NA buffalo hii3ei’nee- PV how much, how many, to what extent or degree hii3e’ PART there, from there hii3e’inon- VTA the source from which one knows about s.o. hii3iihi’ ADV from there hii3iton- PV more, additional hii3itoniini PV more, additional hii3o’xuuheti- VAI to manage to get oneself away from a place hiiwo’ PART hey!, gee!, unexpected occurrence or fact hiix- VTA to be scared of s.o. hiixokeee- VAI to have already crossed a river (usually by wading) hiixoke’i- VAI to have alreaded crossed a river hiixoohoo3ih- VTA to teach s.o. s.t., to show s.o. s.t. hiixookuh- VTA to fill s.t., as a pipe hiixoowot- VTI to satisfy a need, to get enough of s.t. hiixoowoton- VTA to satisfy s.o., fulfill their needs hiixoowusee- VAI to have completed getting down from a car or horse hiixoo’otii- VAI to dry s.t., by laying it in the sun hiixouuhu- VAI to have succeeded in climbing, to have climbed to the top hiixoxonee- VAI to be full, loaded hiiyoh- PV truly, really, perfectly hiiyohoo3inoo’oo- VAI to disappear suddenly, vanish into thin air hiiyohou’(u)n- VII to be nothing, to vanish, to not exist [c.f. yohou’usee-] hiiyoo3itii- VAI to clean s.t., keep it clean, polish it hiiyo’otii- VAI to quarrel, argue hii’ee- PV clearly, plainly (heard, seen, etc) hikooo NI his back hinee PART that hinen NA man hinenihiinoseino’ NI moose meat hineniini- VAI to be a man, to be manly hinenitee NA person hinenteeni- VAI to become a person (when formerly an animal) hiniicito NI his teeth hiniihei’i NA her parents hiniine’etiiwooon NA the one with whom he lived [< hiine’etiib-] hiniiniinii3iyooninoo NI their possessions, the things they keep hiniiniinsi- VAI to possess, have a horn (as a part of one’s body) hiniisiihoho NA his/her grandchildren hiniisonoon NA his father hiniito’ei NA his relative hinii3oonin NA his penis hinit PART right there hini’ PART that hinono’ei NA Arapaho hinono’eitiit NI Arapaho language hinowoho’oe- VAI to put one’s hand out of sight hinowunoo’oo- VII to have disappeared from sight quickly hisei NA woman hiseihihi’ NA young woman, girl hiteehib NA strawberry hitei’towo’o NI what he says, teaches, tells people [< hei’tobee-] hiten- VTI to take s.t. hiteneixonowo NI their clothes [< heneixono ‘things worn’] hitenowuun- VTA to take s.t. for s.o., to take s.t. from s.o. hitesii NA Cheyenne indian hitesitee NI his fire [< hesitee] hitet- VTI to reach/get to a place, to get s.t. hiteteihi- VAI to have gotten s.t. hiteteihiit NI the thing s.o. has received hitiicoono NI his ribs hitohko’o’ NI his chin hitohoen- VTA to take s.o.’s hand hitonihi’ NA his horse, his pet hitonih’i- VAI to have a horse, a pet hitookuhu’ee NI his head [< hookuhu’ee] hitoono NA his daughter hitoonohu- VAI to have a daughter hitooxniitouuhu- VAI to call or holler out from behind s.o.; to holler out last (in a series) hitoseinouwu- VAI to possess meat hitoseino’ NI his meat [< ‘hoseino’] hitouunen NA Gros Ventre indian hito’uuwono NI his jerked meat [< ho’uuwono] hi3- PV later hi3eihi- VAI to be good hi3et- VII to be good hi3etin- VII to be good hee3nee-noonoxon-ii3etin-i’i = very/really-extremely-good-they = “they are really extremely good” (Women in the Park) hi3e’ex NA his son-in-law hi3kuu3- VTA to grab, seize hi3oobei- VAI to be correct, right, to speak the truth hi3oobe’ PART below, underneath hi3oowot- VTI to believe s.t. hi3oowoton- VTA to believe s.o. hi3ou’oo- VII to be evening hiwoxuu NA elk hiwoxuunoseino’ NI elk meat hix NI bone hixoh- VTA to take s.o. hiyeihi’ NI his home, lodge hiyeih’i- VAI to have a home, lodge hiyoon NA his brother-in-law hi’- PV INSTRUMENTAL, with this, because of this, thanks to this, about this, from this Note: often appears as -i’ nii-ni’-hei’towuun-o’ = continuing-about it-tell her-I/her = “I keep on telling her about it” (Women in the Park) hi’i NA snow hi’iihi’ ADV INSTRUMENTAL by, because of, by means of hi’in PART that, that one hi’isiinis-[i’] VAI to lay or sleep warmly in the cold hohe’ NI mountain hohkonee PART finally hohoot NA tree hoho’noo3ehe’ NI a little hatchet or axe hoh’eni’ NI in the mountains hokeee- VAI to cross a river hokok NI soup, stew hokoo3inoo’oo- VAI to change shape or form (suddenly) [same as following] hokooxunoo’oo- VAI to change shape or form (suddenly) [same as preceding] honinoo’oo- VAI to fall over quickly from a standing position honoh’oe NA young man honoh’oehi’ NA very young man, boy honoh’oehihi’ NA very young man, boy hononcitii- VAI to handle s.t. carefully, protect it by holding it hononih- VTA to protect and take care of s.o. honoot PART until honoyei- VAI to put down liners, protection [honoyeih-owoo?] hoocei’in- VTI to stretch s.t. out (to dry for ex.) hookoh PART because hookootii- VAI to take s.t. home with one hookoo3- VTA to take s.o. to one’s home hookoo3ei- VAI to bring home meat hoonii PART after a long time hoonooten- VTI to hook s.t. up to s.t. hoonoo3oo’o’ NI/NA all the others hoonowooyeiti- VAI to pray for, about things hoonowoo’oo- VAI to pray about things hoonoxow- VTA to feed regularly hoonoyoohoot- VTI to watch out for s.t. hoonoyoohootowoo- VAI to watch out for oneself hoonoyoohob- VTA to watch out for s.o. hoono’ PART not yet, before hootii- VAI to camp (as a group) hoo3itee- VAI to tell a story hoo3itoo NI story hoo3itoon- VTA to tell a story to someone hoo3itoot- VTI to tell a story about s.t. hoo3onci3- VTA to fail to manipulate s.o., handle s.o. hoo3oniini PV fail hoo3ontii- VAI to fail to do s.t. hoo3ontoo- VAI to fail to do s.t. hoo3oo’o’ NI/NA others hoow- PV not hoowoh- PV lots, plenty hoowoh’oe PART wait! hoowooh- PV no longer, not any more hoowooh’ini PV no longer, not any more hoowoonoosoo’oo- VAI to come tumbling downwards, out of control hoowuh- PV too, excessively hoowuh’ohuukoohu- VAI to swoop down, fly down quickly hoowunihi’koohu- hoowuniihiihi’ ADV downstream hoowuniihisee- VAI to walk downstream, alongside the stream to the east hoowuniihkoohu- VAI to run downstream hoowusee- VAI to walk downwards hoowuuhu’ ADV no, not hoowuuni PV no, not hoowuus- PV not already, not done [< hoow + hiis] hoowuus- VTA not afraid of s.o. [< hoow + hiis] hooxeb NI a spring hooxoeheti- VAI to laugh to oneself hooxohoen- VTA to pay s.o. back, get vengeance hooxono’o NI Riverton, WY (“over the river”) hooxoo3- VTA to laugh at s.o. hooxuu3iiw NI bridge hooxuuxonoo’oo- VAI to dry s.t. [c.f. 3ooxuuxonoo’oo- ]?? hooxuuxotii- VAI to carry s.t. across s.t. hooxuuxoton- VTA to carry s.t. across s.t. for s.o. hooyei PART most hoseino’ NI meat hoseitisee- VAI to walk back, to walk backwards hosei3iihi’ ADV old times, former times left behind hotii NA wagon, car, wheel; the Sacred Wheel hotitoo3ib- VTA to drag s.o./s.t. out of a place hotoob-[e’] VAI to eat s.t. up, consume it hotonih’in NA our horses; our pets or domestic animals ho3 NI arrow ho3es PART in plain sight, in the open ho3iiw NI boat ho3i’eebee- VAI to have been asked to do s.t. for s.o. ho3o’uunesitee NA charcoal, coal ho3ton- VTA to pay s.o. back, get vengeance on them hou NI blanket hou3etii- VAI to set s.t. out hou3e3ei’i- VAI to set a fishing line [houu3- ?] houu NA Crow tribe houunen NA Crow Indian man houunenitee NA Crow Indian houunoneenoo- VAI to be difficult houu3-[i’] VAI to be hanging; to be X moon or time of year Note: In Arapaho, one says “September is hanging,” meaning “the September moon is hanging” in order to say “it is September” (The Women in the Park) howoh- PV with pleasure, enjoyably howoo PART also howoo3itoo- VAI to enjoy s.t., do s.t. for fun howoto’oo- VAI to wake up howouun- VTI to have sympathy for s.t., be in sympathy with it howouunon- VTA to have mercy or pity on s.o. how3o’uuni PV never hoxob- VTA to feed s.o. hoxtoono’ NI cliff, excavated area in a bank, overhanging area hoxtoono’uun- VII to be cliffs, for there to be cliffs in an area, “there is a cliff” ho’(o)nookee NA rock ho’wohoe’e- VAI to close one’s hand hunit PART right there (same as hinit) huut PART here huutiino PART around here huu3e’ PART there, over there huuwoonhehe’ PART today, now kocoo’o3ih- VTA to kill s.o. koe’sohoe’e- VAI to clap one’s hands koe’tees- VII to go off, explode (as a bullet) koheisihcehi- VAI to leap up suddenly kohei’i- VAI to stand up, get up kohk- PV through a hole or passageway; through a ceremony or experience kohkno’oehi- VAI to go outside through s.t. (such as an opening) kohtobetouuhu- VAI to holler out strangely, call out strangely, make a funny noise kohtowuh- VTA to harm s.o. kohtowuuni PV funny, strange, unusual, harmful kohooxoe- VII to be burning kohooxoen- VII to be burning koh’ei- PV quite a few koh’usetii- VAI to break or crack s.t. in half koh’ux- VTI to cut s.t. open, cut it in half kokoh’oeneet- VTI to think about s.t. kokuy NI gun kokuyoono3 NI bullet konoh- PV everything, completely, entirely konoo’ PART anyway konou’u’ei- VAI to have a wrinkly face ??? konow- PV while, during, as s.t. else is going on, as s.t. is in the process of happening konowunootee- VII while s.t. is burning, as it is in the process of burning kookoh’unoo’oo- VII to crack apart in all directions kookokoh’uut- VTA to examine s.o. kookon PART for no reason, without purpose, just to be doing s.t., just anything kookoonooku- VAI to open one’s eyes kookoo’uhcehi- VAI to ejaculate kookoseinoon- VII to be/make crackling sounds, popping sounds kookou’(u)neihii PART please (used in prayers) kooko’ox- VTI to cut things out of s.t., as entrails out of an animal kooko’uyei- VAI to pick various kinds of berries, gather berries kookuyon PART for no reason, for just any reason or purpose, just anything koonoku- VAI to open one’s eye(s) kootee- VII to be burning (a fire) koox- PV yet again, once more koo’oeniihi’ ADV slowly and carefully koo’oeniini PV slowly and carefully koo’oh NA coyote koseineekuutii- VAI to make a snapping or clicking sound koseinoonin- VII to make a clicking sound, for there to be a clicking sound kotous-[i’] VAI to be covered, as by a blanket; to be covered by clouds (moon) kotousine- VAI same as kotous-[i’] kotousihcehi- VAI to jump under cover, duck into cover kotoyus- VII to drip down from s.t. ko3einiihi’ ADV old ko3oo3- VTA to miss s.o., as in shooting kounooho’ohei- VAI to stir a mixture, to prepare for making gravy koxcei’i- VAI to be fat, plump koxcis- VII to be mired, stuck in mud or sand koxoh- VTI to dig s.t. up, as a root for food or medicine koxo’- PV slowly koxo’nootee[n]- VII to burn slowly kox3iihi’ ADV on the other side, over the hill koxu3kuu3- VTA to place s.o. over s.t., so that they extend over to the other side koxuutenih- VTA to catch s.o. off guard, do s.t. suddenly to s.o. koxuuteniini PV suddenly koxuuton PART suddenly ko’eiciibe’e- VAI to meet in a circle, such as in smoking, telling stories, etc. ko’einoon- VII to be round ko’einoxoeyoo NI corral, fenced circular area ko’eino’ohtoo NI tire, rim (of wooden wheel) ko’ohowuun- VTA to take, cut, or remove s.t. for s.o. ko’os-[i’] VAI to fall to the ground, hit the ground ko’sine- VAI to fall to the ground, land on the ground ko’xohei’i- VAI to cause lightning and thunder (the Thunderbird); rumbling of thunder ko’xootowoo- VAI to clear one’s throat ko’uyei- VAI to gather or pluck berries nebesiibehe’ NA my grandfather nebesiiwoho’ NA my grandfathers nebi NA my older sister nebihceheinosohoe’e- VAI to make a quick movement as if to clap one’s hands nebihcehi- VAI to make a quick movement as if to do s.t. nec NI water nec-[e’] VAI to die necesiihi’ ADV a little [< heces-] neebeh- PV I might... neec- PV for a while neecee NA chief neeceentoo- VAI to remain somewhere for a short time neeciini PV for a while neecisee- VAI to go on along neeckoohu- VAI to go home; to go to heaven neeckuutii- VAI to get s.t. started, get it going neehebehe’ NA brother-in-law neehii3ei’ PART the middle, in the middle [NOTE: neenei- derived from hii-] neeneh- PV let it be, leave it alone neenehiini PV let it be, leave it alone neeneh’eihiinoo- VII for things to have been killed, to have been killed neeneicxooyei’oo- VII how far along the time of year is, what season it is neeneinootee- VII to be arranged, laid or sat out all around neeneinowus[i’] VAI to have gone out of sight neeneis- PV how neeneisih’- VTA to name s.o. neeneisih’i- VAI how s.o. is named, called (habitually) neeneisinihiitoono’ VII “the things that people are saying” neeneitohboo3eti3i’ niiyou hee3ei’o’bee’ NI world war (“where they fought all over the world”) neenei3oo3itoon- VTA the stories that s.o. tells to s.o. (habitually) neenei’towuun- VTA to say things to s.o. (habitually) neeneno’oo- VII to be dying away, dying off, approaching death, endangered (language) neene’ee- VAI here is... neenih’owuuni PV too far, push things too far, try too much neenii3nowoo- VAI to have things for oneself, own them neenonih- VTA to murder s.o., kill s.o. neenoniseenoo- VII to have vanished, disappeared, died off neenono’oo- VAI to vanish, disappear, die off neenou- VAI to get prepared for s.t., to do s.t. neenout- VTI to get s.t. prepared, ready neeno’xoton- VTA to keep bringing s.t. for s.o. nees- PV behind, remaining behind neesco’oowusee- VAI to walk and leave a puddle (of blood) behind one neeseh’e NA my older brother neeseinootee- VII to be left laying behind neesiini PV behind, remaining behind neesi’owoo- VAI to be the third one neetehee3ei- VAI to take off one’s clothes neetineih- VTA to scare s.o. to death, to scare them and cause them to faint neetinoo’oo- VAI to be getting tired neetitoo3ib- VTA to drag s.o. completely out of a place neetokooyei- VAI to die of thirst neeton- VTA to kill s.o. for s.o. else; to kill s.o. as a way of hurting s.o. else neeto3-[i’] VAI to freeze to death nee3nee- PV really, very, a lot neeyou PART there it is nee’ee PART wait! (woman speaking) nee’eeneestoo- VAI to do just like that nee’eeneete’in- VTI “thoses are the sources from which they knew things” nee’eeneetoxunihii- VAI to have said enough about things nee’eenee3oxuuheti- VAI “those are the reasons why you have brought yourself here” nee’ees- PV thus, like that nee’eesih’- VTA that’s what s.o. calls s.o. else nee’eesis- VII to end in that way nee’eesixoh- VTA to take s.o. like that (to that place, or to do that thing) nee’eesoo- VAI to be thus, to be like this, like that nee’eestoo- VAI to do that, like that nee’eet- PV that’s where nee’eetoo- VAI that’s where s.o. is located nee’eetoxee- VII to be enough nee’ee3iniih- VTA that’s how s.o. scared s.o. else into fainting or to death nee’ee3sohowuun- VTA to make a certain sign or gesture to s.o., as with sign language neh- PV away from here (where the speaker is) Note: often occurs as -eh: ne’nii’eh-ceibi’tou’ut = ne’ + nii’ + neh- = ‘that’s when away from him-he tossed them aside’ (Nih’oo3oo and Ducks) heetneh’e3eb-ceno’oot = heet + neh + he3eb- = ‘he will from where he is to over there- jump’ (Jumping the Canyon) hee3ebeh-no’koohut = hee3eb + neh- = ‘there away from where he started-he arrived by running’ (Jumping Canyon) ne’eh-ce’ii3o’kuuhetit = ne’ + neh- = ‘then from there-he got himself back to where he started from’ (Jumping Canyon) [xuuheti ??] ne’eh-ciiteinoo = ne’ + neh- = ‘then I went in there from outside’ (George Quiver Visits the Doctor) nehe’ PART this nehtonih- VTA to trick s.o. nehyonih- VTA to check up on s.o., check s.o. out neh’- VTA to kill s.o. neh’ehei- VAI to kill s.t. [same as neh’ei’i-] neh’ei’i- VAI to kill s.t. [same as neh’ehei-] neh’i- VAI to be three nei- PV could (if)..., would (if), potentially neih- PV could have (if), would have, potentially (past) neih- VTA to frighten s.o. neihoow- PV not neih’kuu3- VTA to kill s.t. on a hunt neii NI sand neii’iine’ LOC “in the sand” neini’einei- VAI to be dizzy, get dizzy neini’iice3oono NI the ones I like the taste of [< ni’iicet- VTI to like to eat s.t., like the taste of it] neinoo NA my mother neisiini PV how (same as niisiini) neisonoo NA my father neitooto’oneitooninoo NA the one who lives real close to us, right nearby us (< tooto’on-) neito’ei NA my relative, my tribesperson nei3ecoo- VAI to be of a frightened mind, have frightened thoughts, be frightened neiwoo NA grandmother! neixoo NA father! nei’eihi- VAI to hold on to s.t. (metaphorically), remain attached to it nei’en- VTA to hold s.o. tightly nei’iin- VII to be stuck tight nei’iitibi- VAI to hold on tightly to s.t. nei’i’i’otou3enee- VAI to be stuck tight someplace nei’oohob- VTA to look at s.o. nei’oohoot- VTI to look at s.t. nei’ooku’oo- VAI to look at s.t. nei’towuun- VTA to be telling s.o. s.t. habitually, or over and over, keep telling them nenebiihi’ ADV in the north neneebeeniini PV taboo neneenin NA you, you are the one who..., it is you who... neneenini’ NI it neneeninoo NA I, I am the one who..., it is I who... neneenino’ NA we, us nenee’ NI it nenee’i’iihi’ ADV at least neniniixoo3- VTA to shake s.o.’s hand neniniixouhu- VAI to shake hands with s.o. nenitee NA person neteenetiit NI my language [< heenetiit] netineniteewo’ NA my people, my tribespeople [< hinenitee] ne3it NI my butt neyei- PV to try to... neyeisiini PV separating from each other neyeiso’oo- VAI to get separated from one another neyeitii- VAI to try to do s.t.; to learn s.t. neyei3eih- VTA to teach s.o. s.t. neyei3eitee- VII to be taught, promoted neyei3ih- VTA to challenge s.o., try s.o. out, test them neyei3itoo- VAI to try s.t., to try to do s.t. neyo’o NA my brother-in-law ne’- PV then, next ne’- PV that... ne’nih’iis- “that was how...” ne’nih’iit- “that was where...” heetne’niis- “that will be how..., that is how X will...” heetne’niit- “that will be where... that is where X will...” ne’niis- “that is how...” ne’eeneis- “those are the ways how...” nih’et- PV was supposed to, was going to but didn’t nihii- VAI to say s.t. nihii PART well... nihi’koohu- VAI to run, to run fast nihi’kuutii- VAI to pull the trigger of a gun, shoot a gun nihi’nee- PV a lot, greatly nihi’neenoo’oo- VII to be flowing swiftly (water) nihkuu3- VTA to rub s.o.’s genitals, manually stimulate them nihoonkoo- VII to be September (“the leaves are yellow”) nih’onii- VAI to try hard, persist nih’oniitowoo- VAI to try hard at s.t. nih’oo3oo NA white man nih’oo3ounec NI whiskey nih’oo3oune’iyei- VAI to know things in a white man way nih’oo3ouniini PV white culture, ways, people nih’oo3ousei NA white woman nih’oo3ouyeiti- VAI to speak English nih’oo3ouyeitiit NI English language nii- PV indicates regular or habitual action nii- VAI to say s.t. habitually niibe- VAI to take s.t. along with one, have s.t. with one niibei’i- VAI to sing niiboon- VTA to sing for s.o. niicii NI river niiciihiinen NA Kiowa indian (“river person”) niihen- PV for oneself, by oneself, on one’s own niiheniihi’ ADV by myself, on my own niiheyoo PART on one’s own niine’ee- VAI here is.... niiinon NI tepee niinen NI tallow, fat niinih’ohuunoo’ NI airplane (“it flies”) niinono’eiti- VAI to speak Arapaho habitually niinooxoo NI tripe niinou’oo’ hinee heeteci’ NI ocean liner (“it floats on the ocean”) niinwo’owuuhu- VAI to move camp farther along in a wandering fashion, habitually, as nomads niis- PV how (habitually) niisee- VII to be two niiseekuu- VAI to get married (“to stand as two”) niisehtoneihi- AI to be clever, to be tricky niiseihi- VAI to be one niisen- VTI to wrap s.t. niiset- VII to be one niisi- VAI to be two niisie NA grandchild niisihee- VAI how s.o. is habitually treated niisihi- VII to be made (habitually, regularly) niisih’ee- VAI to be called a name (habitually) niisih’iit NI name niisiini PV how niisinen- VII to be wrapped in s.t., enveloped in s.t. niisis- VII to be wrapped niisisee- VAI how one (habitually) gets by, makes it through (life, hard times, etc) niisi3ei’i- VAI to work niisi3oo NI work, working, a job niisiyoo3oo NI bag, wrapper niisnenii- VAI to be alone niisootii- VAI to camp alone niisootoxee- VII to be seven niisootoxuuus NI seven days niiso’ PV together, as a pair niistii- VAI to do s.t., to make s.t. niiston- VTA to work for s.o. niistoo- VAI to do niit- PV where niiteekuuw- VTA to stand as one, stand united niiteheib- VTA to help s.o. niitei’eekuu- VAI to stand in line, in a row niiten- VTA to kiss s.o. niiteneti- VAI to kiss each other niitiine3eiheti3i’ NI boxing ring (“where they knock each other around”) niitisee- VAI where s.o.is walking niitobee- VAI to hear news, information niitobeekuu- VAI to be the best, be the champion (“to stand first”) niitoh- PV where niiton- VTA to hear s.o. niitoo- VAI where s.o. is located niitootosoo’ NI sixty niitoukutooxowootiini’ NI hitching post (“where people tie up horses”) niitouuhu- VAI to holler, cry out, call out niitowoot- VTI to hear s.t. niito’- PV first niito’iini PV first nii3- VTA to say to s.o. habitually, repeatedly [see hii3-] nii3- PV with s.o. else nii3in- VTI to have s.t. nii3iyei- VAI to have things nii3iyoo NI the thing one has, possesses, uses, one’s “material culture” nii3oon- VTA to accompany s.o. nii3ootee’eeni- VAI to be braided, wound nii3oo3itee- VAI how s.o. habitually tells a story nii3wo’owuuhu- VAI to move camp farther along with s.o. else niiwohoe NI flag niiwoho’on- VTI to carry s.t., have it with you [same as niiwoh’un] niiwoho’on- VTA to carry s.t. along with one, as a pipe niiwoh’un- VTI to carry s.t., have it with you [same as niiwoho’on] niiwookoxon- VTA to give s.o. food to carry along on a trip, supply them with provisions niixoo PART too, also niiyou PART here it is nii’- PV when nii’eihii NA bird; eagle nii’eikuu3- VTA to throw s.t. in s.o.’s face [niih’eikuu3- ?] nii’e’ee PART for sure, surely, plainly, it’s plain to see nisice NA antelope nisicehiinoseino’ NI antelope meat nisih’oxonee- VAI to have brown skin ni’- PV to be able to do s.t. ni’ec NI lake ni’eeneb- VTA to like s.o. ni’eenii- VAI to manage to do s.t., succeed in doing s.t. ni’iicet- VTI to like to eat s.t., to like the taste of s.t. ni’iini PV good, be good ni’iit- VTI to call s.t. X ni’iitoo3noohootiini’ NI telescope (‘one sees things as if close by with it’) ni’ii3- VTA to call s.o. X ni’itii- VAI to do good ni’i’(o)h’- VTA to raise animals, livestock ni’obee- VAI to agree with people nii’obee3i’ = I agree with them (?) ni’oo- VII to be good ni’otobee- VAI to hear well ni’o3inoo’oo- VII to be freezing up ni’owoo3- VTA to agree with s.o. NOTE: respective roles are the reverse of English nii’owoo3e3en = you agree with me (NOT ‘I agree with you’) nii’owoo3in = I agree with you (NOT ‘you agree with me’) noehi- VAI to go outside noh PART and nohco’oo- VAI to participate, take part in s.t. nohk- PV with nohkcebii’oo- VAI to be created with s.t., having s.t. special nohkou3etii- VAI to add s.t. to a stew, for ex. [to hang things with other things?] nohkuh’ebi- VAI to drink s.t. with s.t. else, some other food nohkuseic PART in the morning nohkuusiii’oo- VAI to grow up with s.t., accompanied by it nohokoo3oo- VII to be bitterly cold outside noho’koohu- VAI to run uphill noho’kosot- VII to appear shiny noho’ou’uhu- VAI to climb upwards noho’usee- VAI to walk uphill noho’uuhu’ ADV uphill nohuusoho’ PART that’s how it is, that’s it noh’- VTA to kill s.o. noh’eisisib- VTA to scatter s.o., s.t. [noh’eisib- ?] noh’en- VTI to lift s.t. noh’oe3ee- VII to be shining (moon), lit, visible noh’ookenen- VII to be light (in the morning), to be dawn noh’oowuhcehi- VAI to make
a flapping motion, as with arms noh’uhcesine- VAI to slip and fall; to be bounced noh’uusiiyoo- VII to be illuminated, as by moonlight nokohu- VAI to sleep nokooyei- VAI to fast as part of a vision quest nokooyeisibeti- VAI to set oneself down or “install” oneself at a fasting site noko3ton- VTA to imitate s.o. nonoukooku- VAI to run while bent over, crouched over nonousee- VAI to walk bent over, hunched or crouched over nono’ei NA Arapaho person non3enouuhu- VAI to make a bizarre, crazy, or unnatural noise, call out in that way noobe’einiihi’ ADV in a southerly direction, downstream noobe’eisee- VAI to go in a southerly direction noohob- VTA to see s.o. noohobeihi- VAI to be seen by s.o. noohoot- VTI to see s.t. noohoo3ei- VAI to see things noohowkuu3- VTA to catch a glimpse of s.o., see them suddenly nookbei’ci3e’ NI silver (“white metal”) nookeihi- VAI to be white nooken- VII to be dawn, to be day again nookenen- VII to be dawn, to be day again nookoni’isiins[i’] VAI to sleep warmly all night long nookoohuuh- VTA to ride a horse back home [< hookoo-] nookoo3iihi’ ADV off to the side nookoo3in- VAI to stay off to the side [?] nooko3onii’eihii NA golden eagle (“white rumped bird”) nookoxonee- VAI to have white skin nooko’wuutee- VII to be white ground, a white mark or streak in the ground nookuhnen NA Plains Cree indian noonoh’- VTA to kill things (game) noonokohuutooni’ “it is bedtime, everyone is asleep” noonoko’ PART might as well, what the heck, give it a shot noononoo’oo- VAI to soar in circles noonoote’eih- VTA to beat s.o. on the head noonoo3itoohu- VAI to habitually tell stories for oneself (and others), to be telling stories to entertain oneself and others noonoo’oexooten- VTA to walk all around s.o. noonotiih- VTA to look all around for s.o. noonotnoohob- VTA to look all around trying to see s.o. noonotnoo’eini- VAI to be looking here and there, all around noonotoow- VTA to consume s.t. [< hotoob-] noonoxon- PV extremely noonoxon3o’oen- VTI to crush s.t. brutally, cruelly, without mercy noonoyei- VAI to go fishing noono’out- VII for storm clouds to arrive noono’unoo’oo- VII to be flooding, when the high waters of spring arrive nootii- VAI to camp habitually nootii- VAI to save things up [should be neyeinootii- ?] nootneihi NA Sioux indian noo3- VTA to fetch, get; steal [sometimes pronounced no3-] noo3ee- VAI to be left behind, unloaded and dumped noowou’oo- VII to float downstream noowuuhu’ ADV south, in the south noowuunono’ei NA Southern Arapaho (“south Arapaho”) noowuutesii NA Southern Cheyenne (“south Cheyenne”) nooxebi’ NA those who live at the spring [< hooxeb] nooxeihi’ PART maybe, perhaps nooxoh- VTI to dig for s.t. nooxohei- VAI to dig for s.t. noo’einowuun- VTA to drive s.t. someplace, to drive for them noo’oebeebenoob- VTA to sniff all around s.o. noo’oeeniihi’ ADV around noo’oekuh’ohuuton- VTA to fly around s.o. noo’oexooten- TA walk around s.o. noo’oeyei’i- VAI to take the edible entrails out of an animal noo’oeyoo NI the edible entrails of game noo’ooh- VTA to slaughter s.o., kill s.t. in hunting noo’ootii- VAI to fritter s.t. away, waste it, “to make nothing out of something” noo’ouhu- VAI to lack for things nosou- PV still, continuing nosouseenoo- VII to survive, keep going notiih- VTA to look for s.o., s.t. notinoo3- VTA to sneak up on s.o. notio’n- VTA to search for s.o. notnoohoot- VTI to try to see s.t. notno’eini- VAI to turn all around, turn head all around, while looking for something notonih- VTA to doctor s.o. notoniheihii NA doctor notonihisei NA nurse notoonoot- VTI to stand up for s.t., defend it notoonoo3- VTA to stick up for s.o., support them, defend them notoyeic NI hide of an animal no3 PART “I’m telling you that...” “it’s well known that...” “you should agree that...” nous-[i’] VAI to be stuck nouso’on- VTA to chase s.o. outside, out of the house nouteesisee- VAI to go outside and get in a car, on a horse noutokusee- VAI to crawl outside of a place noutow- PV constantly, continually; keep on, continue doing s.t. nouxon- VTA to meet s.o. nou’u NA swift fox nou’u be’eih NA red fox nou’uuxooton- VTA to arrive very close to s.o. [< no’ + hiixooton-] nowoh- PV to like, enjoy doing s.t. habitually [c.f. howoh-] nowo’ NA fish noxonisee- VAI to go rapidly, “get a move on” noxoonooteihi- VAI to be or behave dangerously noxootoohob- VTA to stare at s.o. with mouth agape, in a quizzical or confused way noxow- PV very close, very near; general intensive noxowunoo’oo- VAI to faint noxoxoohowu- VAI to look at s.t. or s.o. eagerly, with great desire or envy noxoyotii- VAI to sew s.t. up noxuhu PART hurry! noxuuteiniihi’ ADV upriver direction, to the west noxuutei’ PART upriver, in the west noxuute’eini- VAI to turn one’s head and look upriver no’eeckoohu- VAI to arrive home no’koohu- VAI to arrive by running or driving no’oe’eini- VAI to have one’s face right up close to s.t., right at a place no’oocein- VTI to string an arrow on a bowstring, ready it for shooting no’ookei- VAI to bring back meat to a place, to camp, from a hunt no’oo’ohuut NI moving camp way out away from normal settlement areas no’oteec- VII to snow a lot no’oteheihii NA a powerful one, a powerful person no’oteihi- VAI to be tough, strong no’oteihiit NI strength, power no’o3- PV many, a lot no’o3einoku- VAI a lot of s.t. is sitting or lying on the ground no’o3ibii3ihiini- VAI to have a lot of things to eat no’o3ih- VTA to be cruel to s.o. no’o3iici3oon- VII to be very long no’o3iitoo- VAI to be bleeding a lot no’o3oubee- VAI to have a lot of blankets no’oxoh- VTA to bring s.o. to a place no’oxoo- VII to arrive (a time) no’o’ PART a long ways from camp, out in a remote area no’o’kuutii- VAI to remove s.t. from water ?? no’o(o)’oo- VAI to arrive (as a result of jumping, flying, being thrown, etc) no’o’usee- VAI to go far out away from camp no’unoo’oo- VII to reach a place, arrive there (as a result of jumping, flying, being thrown, etc) no’usee- VAI to arrive by walking no’useenoo- VII to arrive, to come to pass no’uuhu’ ADV to a place, reach destination no’uukohei- VAI to arrive by riding no’uusi’oo- VAI to close one’s eyes no’xuuheti- VAI to manage to get oneself to a place with great effort no’yoohu- VAI to make a bed for oneself, make one’s bed nouxon- TA to meet s.o. nuhu’ PART this sebiyoh- VTA to aim at s.o. sebyih- VTA to aim at s.o. seenook NA rope seh- PV to over there, from here to there seh-woteihceihinoo = ‘I got on the road going from here to town’ (George Quiver Visits the Doctor) sehiis-no’xuuhetinoo = seh + hiis- = ‘from here to there already-he managed to get himself moved’ (George Quiver Visits the Doctor) sehsei’oohob- VTA to look at someone from here over there ses3oon- VII to be the edge of s.t., to be an edge se’esoonee- VAI to cut meat thin and flat (in order to dry it) se’is-[i’] VAI to lie flat, to lay down se’sine- VAI to lie flat, to lay down se’tebe’eih- VTA to slap s.o. sii- PV EMPHATIC siikoocei3ooxe NI rubber glove siisiikou’ NA duck siiwohei’i- VAI to slide on s.t., to ice skate, to go sledding sii’iheitii- VAI to put s.t. into water sii’ihkuutii- VAI to toss s.t. into water si’in- VTA to take or steal things from s.o. by raiding or plundering sosoni’ NI Shoshoni, WY sosoni’ NA Shoshone indian so’o’wuutee- VII to be flattened, scraped flat (ground) tebe’eikuu3- VTA to cut or break off s.o.’s head, break their neck tebi’ineec- VII to have snowed and piled up deeply teceeneet- VTI to calculate s.t., to measure s.t. mentally, to estimate s.t. tecenoo NA door tece’ NI night tecinihiit- VTI to compare things (verbally) teco’on- PV always, constantly teebe PART just now teecxo’ PART long ago tees- PV on, on top of teescebisee- VAI to walk on top of s.t. teesciiyei’iit NI a step, steps (concrete, material steps), stairway teesen- VTA to put s.t. on s.t. teesiisibi- VAI to lay down on top of s.t. teesisee- VAI to walk or get on top of s.t. teesi’ PART on top tees3i’oku- VAI to sit on top of s.t. teeteb- VII to be deep all over (water) teexokuut NA saddle horse teexoono3ei- VAI to load s.t. onto a wagon, car, etc. (Strong Bear and Wagon) teexoono3ei- VAI to carry s.t. on oneself (Blood Clot Boy) teiitooyoo- VII to be calm, peaceful [hi]teixo’o NI clothing tei’eekuu- VAI to stand strong, to endure tei’eihi- VAI to be strong tei’eihiit NI strength, being strong tei’koohuut- VTI to tough things out, to remain strong in one’s journey or path tei’ox (Personal Name) Strong Bear tei’yoon NA child tes- PV really, a lot, completely tesiini PV really, a lot tesi’isiinis-[i’] VAI to lay or sleep very warmly in the cold te3eiciihi’ ADV each one, each person te’ecxoh’- VII to melt and run down due to heat from a fire tih- PV when (in the past) tih’et- PV was supposed to (but didn’t) happen tii’en- VTA to touch s.o. on purpose to get their attention ti’iihiinen NA Apache indian (southwestern, not plains – probably Jicarilla Apache) toh- PV when (past) tokohu- VAI to flee tokohub- VTA to flee from s.o. tokooxuuniihi’ ADV across, to the other side tokooxuusee- VAI to walk across to the other side tonot- VII to be hole in a place, to be a hole, “there is a hole” tonotin- VII to be a hole in a surface tonoun- VTI to use s.t. tonoun- VTA to use s.t., s.o. too- PV almost toon- PV Iindicates indefiniteness toonheeseihi- VAI whatever kind or sort it is toonheetniicisiini PV for whatever length of time it will be (that s.t. goes on) toonhei’- PV sometime, whenever toonhei’iini PV whenever, sometime when... toonheniinotonihooo NA whomever is the one being doctored toot PV where? tootisee- VAI to walk up close to s.t. or s.o. tootoku- VAI to be sitting close, near tootooyeit- VTI to scream tooto3ih- VTA to place, bring, put s.o. very close tooto3ihi- VAI to have been placed, brought, or put very close tootou3- PV what? how?; “oh, how very...!” tootou3-ii3e-nino = “oh how very heavy they are!” (Women in the Park) tooto’on- VTA to be very close to s.o. (usually in a spatial, not emotional sense) too3- PV near, close too3iihi’ ADV close by, near, close to too3iini PV close by, near too3no’en- VTA to bring s.o. close to a place too3no’enoen- VII to have been brought close to a place (as by a telescope) too’uhcehi- VAI to stop driving, stop a car or horse too’usee- VAI to stop walking totoonee PART all around, everywhere totoub- VTA to warn s.o. not to do s.t.; to rebuke them totou’utoo- VAI to have hard times to3ih- VTA to follow s.o., stay close to them to3ihee- VAI to be followed toukoyeiniihi’ ADV in the shade toukuhu- VAI to be tied up touku3- VTA to tie s.o. up, to tie s.o. to s.t. toun- VTI to hold s.t. tous- PV what? tous PART then, as a consequence heetni’iini tous = “it will be good, then” (White Man and Fox) tousihi’ VAI what is his name? tousinihii- VAI what say? heitousinihii = “what are you saying?” (Women in the Park) toustoo- VAI what do? tou3- PV what? how?; “oh, how...!” tou3ei’- PV how many? to what extent or degree? tou3e’ein- VTA to bestow s.t. on s.o., give them s.t. valuable in a permanent way tou3ou’oubeihi- VAI how does s.o. feel? touyoo NI cup, stirrup, clamp tou’uukohei- VAI to come to a stop while riding towoh- VTI to remove s.t. (by cutting or breaking it off) towohei’i- VAI to remove s.t. toxuu’oot- VTI to cross over s.t., jump over and across s.t. [should be tokooxuu’oot- ?] toxu’kosei- VAI to have sharp claws toyeinous-[i’] VAI to rest toyoohob- VTA to wait for s.o. toyo3oo- VII to be cold toyouniihi’ ADV in the fall toyouno’oxoo- VII to be the time when autumn arrives, for autumn to arrive to’ob- VTA to hit s.o. to’osetii- VII to fall and hit against the ground (a body part) 3eb- PV there, over there 3ebiici3iihi’ ADV over there some distance 3ebiihciihi’ ADV up there 3ebiihi’ ADV there, over there 3ebiis- PV to there, over there in that direction 3ebiisiikohei- VAI to ride over in that direction [he’ih-3ebiisiikohe’] 3ebiisno’usee- VAI to arrive at that place over there, off in that direction 3ebnoho’uuhu’ ADV up there 3eboowuniihiikohei- VAI to ride down along a stream over there 3ee3oo NI finger 3eeyooteen- VII to be pulled taut, ready to shoot (bowstring) 3eici’ NI root 3ein- VTI to put s.t. inside s.t. [same as 3ei’in-] 3einoo’oon- VII to go, pass into s.t., penetrate into it 3eis-[i’] VAI to be laying inside s.t., be inside s.t. 3ei’iinoot- VTI to carry s.t. on one’s back 3ei’iiwoonohu- VAI to carry s.t. on one’s back 3ei’iiwoonoot- VTI to carry s.t. on one’s back 3ei’ikuutii- VAI to put s.t. inside s.t. 3ei’in- VTI to put s.t. inside s.t. [same as 3ein-] 3ei’ini- VII to be put inside s.t. 3ih- PV maybe 3iik NA skeleton, ghost 3iikon NA skeleton, ghost 3iikonii- VAI to be a ghost, be a goner 3iikonookuhu’ee NI skull 3iikoto’oyoneihceihi- VAI to have wrenched one’s back 3iikoto’oyoni- VAI to have pulled one’s back, back muscles 3ii3i’e’eite’ NI Washakie Needles, Wyoming (“lots of pointy protuberances”) 3iwoo PART well now, let’s see 3i’is-[i’] VAI to slip down, to slip and fall 3i’oku- VAI to sit 3i’okuutooo NI chair 3i’ookuu3oo NI a parking meter (“a thing which stands”) 3i’ookuu- VII to be stood, placed standing [3i’ookuuhu- ?] 3i’ookuu- VAI to stand 3i’ookuuh- VTA to stand s.o. somewhere, make them stand somewhere 3onceihi- VAI to be naked 3ookusee- VAI to crawl (a person) 3ookwo’owuuhu- VAI to move camp farther along following s.o. else 3oontece’iin- VII to be midnight 3oo3ooniihi’ ADV right in the middle 3oo3ooxut- VTI to miss s.t., regret its absence or passing 3oo3o3ouutei’iiniini PV lots of ridges or ridge-like areas 3oo3o’ohoen- VTA to crush s.o.’s hands 3oo3o’ohoenei’i- VAI to crush people’s hands 3ooxuu NI intestines, guts 3ooxuun- VTI to notice s.t. 3ooxuunon- VTA to notice s.t., to notice s.t. about s.o. 3ooxuuxonoo’oo- VAI to be drying up, congealing 3o3ouniini PV ridges, ridge-like 3ouxoh’owoo- VAI to cook s.t. for oneself by boiling it 3owo3ihcehi- VAI to stand erect quickly 3owo3nenitee NA Indian 3owounoo’oo- VAI to fall apart, be destroyed 3o’oen- VTI to crush s.t. 3o’ostii- VAI to bust s.t. up by dropping it 3o’unoo’oo- VII to collapse, crumble to pieces wohei PART well, then, so, okay wohe’ PART maybe wohoe’- PV INDICATES UNCERTAINTY, DOUBT Note: when used with first and second person, verbs have affirmative endings: wohoe’et-niistii-no’ = uncertain future-do-we = ‘we don’t know what we’re going to do’ (Old Ways 2) when used with third person, verbs have non-affirmative endings: siineihoowoe’in wohoe’et-wonoo3iine’etii = uncertain future-keep on living = ‘I really don’t know if he will live much longer’ (Strong Bear and the Boxing Champion) wohoono’ NI mint, peppermint won- PV to go to do s.t. wonoot- PV to continue doing s.t., persist at it wonoote’in- VTI to remember continually, to keep s.t. in mind, continue knowing it wonootxootiini’ VII “people keep going, keep walking along” wonoo3iine’etii- VAI to keep on living, remain alive wonot NI belly, abdomen woohoniini PV united, together woohoneentoo- VAI to stay together, united wookec NA cow woon- PV new, recent, young; most recently, last (do s.t.) woonusee- VAI to arrive soon (after) wootii PART like, as if wootooyeino’usee- VAI to arrive early, earlier than expected woo3ee- VII to be many woow PART now, already woowoteisibeti- VAI to bump into s.t. over and over and make a sound woowoti’eyei’i- VAI to remove things wooxe NI knife wot- PV “I guess”, supposedly, apparently woteekoohu- VAI to drive to town woteeniihi’ ADV in town woteesee- VAI to go into the camp circle; to go to town; to assimilate to the larger culture woteihcehi- VA to set off for town, get on the road to town woteinoxonous-[i’] VAI for bones to clatter together as they come to rest woti’ees-[i’] VAI to be blown away by the wind wotowuhuu PART you son of a bitch! you dirty rotten scoundrel! wotowusoo PART you brat!, you young son of a bitch! wotoyeic NI an animal hide wottonee- VAI to make a fire wottonouhu- VAI to make a fire for oneself wouuceh PART “well what do you know! well how about that!” wox NA bear woxhoox NA horse woxhooxebihi’ NA little horse woxuusoo NA hail (“bear cubs”) woxu’uu NI medicines wo’eii3ow PART just then, right then, right away wo’ei3 PART or wo’oben- VTI to focus a telescope, binoculars, etc (‘to move [the lens] farther along’) wo’oe3eiho’ PART “you’re pushing things too far” “you’re taking advantage of the situation” “there’s no need to be doing that” wo’oe’onoun PART on and on, still going, still at it wo’oh NI shoe wo’oon- PV to try but fail to do s.t. wo’oteeyoo- VII to be black, to be a paved road wo’o3tii- VAI to gather s.t. up, for keeping, storage, use, etc wo’ow NI ice wo’ow- PV further, more, additionally wo’owoku- VAI to scoot over wo’owoo’oh- TI to move s.t. farther along wo’owtoo3iini PV closer wo’owuuhu- VAI to move camp farther along wo’owxoo- VAI to move farther along on foot [< wo’owusee-] wo’o’oto’ PART just then, right at that moment wo’teeneihtee- VAI to have black feet [woo’teeneihtee3i’ = Blackfeet indians] wo’woo’oh- VTI to move s.t. over or along with a stick, poker, or similar tool wo’wuni’iini PV better xonou PART right away, immediately xook- PV through a thing or a place xou’ouwuuckoohu- VAI to go straight home, to go straight to heaven upon dying xou’uben- VTA to straighten s.o. out (metaphorically) xo’oeyoo NI ointment, gel yeh PART hey! well! gee! yeih’on- VTA to chase s.t. (game) ??? yeinio’woo- VII to be the fourth time yeino’ NA tomato yeiyoo’ NI forty yihoo- VAI to to to a place yihoon- VTA to go to s.o., to where s.o. is yihxotii- VAI to take s.t. away over there, off in that direction yih’oow- VTA to chase s.t. yiiscesisihcehi- VAI to begin running towards over there yiisiihi- VAI to move camp over in that direction yiisiikohei- VAI to ride over to there yii3e’einiihi’ ADV towards that direction there, in that direction there yii3ni’ihi- VAI to depend on s.t. or s.o. yohou’usee- VAI to walk out of sight, to disappear yoo3oniini PV in the fifties (age, etc) ‘eee PART hmm... ‘eiyo’ PART oh oh! -‘ihoo VAI to go ‘ii PART oh! gee! wow! ‘ine PART okay! (woman speaking) ‘oh PART but, and ‘ooeii PART oooh! ‘oohoohei’ PART oh my gosh! (expresses negative reaction to events) ‘oonei PART my goodness! (expression of surprise and interest, but also sense of being
taken aback) English-Arapaho (interesting
modern words only) adopt a way of life, to hiten- (< ‘to take something’) airplane niinih’ohuunoo’ (“it flies”) assimilate, to woteesee- (< ‘to go into the camp circle’) bank (the institution and building) bei’ci3eiyo’oowu’ (“money house”) blacktop road woo’oteeyoo’ (“it is black”) wo’teenbooo (“black road”) boss neecee (< ‘chief’) box, to boo3eti- (< ‘to fight each other’) hiine3eiheti- (“to knock each other around”) boxing (the sport) boo’oet (< ‘fighting’) boxing ring hiikokoyoxoeni’ (“it is fenced in a square”) koo’einoxoeyoo (“fenced ring”) bridge hooxuu3iiw (“across the water boat”) bump in the road, to hit a hete3einobee- (“collide with the ground”) car hotii (< ‘wagon, wheel’) car, to get into hiixouuhu- (“to climb to the top”) teesisee- (“to step on top”) car, to get out of hoowusee- (“to step down”) chain bei’ci3eiseenook (“iron rope”) challenge s.o. (as in a sport) neyei3ih- (“to test s.t., to try s.o. out”) champion (in a sport, such as boxing) niitobeekuut (“he stands first”) coal ho3o’uunesitee (“star fire”?) coal wagon ho3o’uunesiteehotii (“coal wagon”) [s/b -notii?] coin slot (for depositing money) bei’ci3ei’i niit3ei’ini’i (“where money is put inside”) culture heesiine’etiit (“how he lives”), hiine’etiit (“life”) custom, a; tradition, a heesniinii3iyeit (“what he has/owns/possesses”) defend one’s country, to notoonoot- (< ‘stand up for, support’) deposit money, in a bank ceibciinen- (“to put it aside”) deposit money, in a coin slot 3ei’ikuutii- (“to put it inside”) doctor (modern) notoniheihii doctor’s office niitoot notoniheihii (“where the doctor is”) doctrine, teachings hei’towo’o (“things said”) drive a car, to noo’ein- education hee3ou3eih- electricity ceheekuut (< ‘lightning’) employee niisi3eihii (“worker”) employment niisi3ooo (“work, job”) endangered (language) heyeihneeneno’oo- (“to be approaching death”) heyeihneenoniseenoo- (“to almost disappear”) enlist, in the armed forces he3ebwoteesee- (“go into the group there”) examination table (at a doctor’s office) niiteesiisibit (“where [the patient] lays down on top”) extinct (language, culture) neeneno’oo- (“dead”) farming ciinout fence nii3oxoeyoo (“thing for enclosing”) filled (a job or position) hiixoxonee- (< ‘to be full’) fish, to noonoyei- (< ‘to trap’) fishing line, to set out a hou3e3ei- (“to place or hang s.t. out”) flag niiwohoe (“held in the hand”?) flag, to serve the; to enlist woteesee- niiyou nuhu’ niiwohoe flying vehicles(in general) ceebih’ohuunoo’ (“it flies past”) focus, to (a telescope, for example) wo’oben- (“to move [the lens] farther along”) gardening ciineyoot (“planting things”) gate tecenoo (< ‘door’) get in, a car teesisee- (< ‘to get on a horse’) get out of, a car hoowusee- (“to stop down”) go, to, by wagon -ou’see- [a medial form] go off, explode, as a bullet ko’etees- (“to have made a popping sound”) goat biixohko’ (“hairy chin”) biixohko’noo’ (“it is hairy-chinned”) graduate, to beetou3ei- (“to finish learning”) heritage henii3iyoonin (“the things we have”) hire someone, to ho3i’eeb- (“to ask someone to do something for you”) hitch s.t., to a wagon, to hoonooten- hitching post (for horses) niitoukutooxowootiini’ (“where people tie up horses”) house, to own heeneito’oowuuni- ice skate, to siiwohei- (< ‘to slide’) job niisi3ooo (“working, work”) lit, by electricity, illuminated noh’oeseitee’ livestock, to raise ni’ih- load, to, a gun 3ein- (< ‘to put s.t. inside’) load, to, a wagon teexoono3ei- (“to put things on top”) loaded (a gun) ciitohuuni’ (“has something inside”) magnify, to (as with a telescope) cih’ii3itoniini (“added [size/closeness]”) cihwo’owtoo3no’en- (“to make it move more close to here”) magnified, enlarged he3ebtoo3iini (“closer there”) maintain, preserve (language, c ulture) nih’oniitowoo- (< ‘to try hard, persist’) nei’iitiibi- (“hold on tight to s.t.”) tei’koohuut- (“to run strongly in the face of s.t.”) money bei’ci3ei’i (“pieces of metal”) movies/television ce’iskuu3oo (“makes (pictures) come back”) nation, country (one’s own) heetoh’uune’etiino’ (“where we live”) nations (various) ce’esneniteeno’ (“different peoples”) nurse notonihisei (“doctor woman”) ocean liner niinou’oo’ hinee heeteci’ (“it floats on the ocean”) ointment xo’oeyoo (< ‘salve, poultice’) opening, a job, look for notiitii- niisi3ooo (“look for work”) niiitowoo- niisi3ooo (“to ask for work”) order, to, as in a restaurant hei’towuun- heetbii3hiit (“tell [the waiter] what he is going to eat”) outlook, on life, viewpoint, perspective heenee3e’ino’ (“the ways he knows it”) patient (at a doctor’s office) toonheniinotonihooo (“whomever is being doctored”) park a car, to tou’uhcehi- (“to stop running/driving”) parking meter 3i’ookuu3oo (“standing thing”) paved road heetwo’oteeyoo’ booo (“where the road is black”) petroleum jelly, vaseline xo’eyoo (< ‘salve, ointment’) pistol to’oo’ (“it kicks”?) pothole tonoti’ (< ‘hole’) private property, to own heeneibiito’owuuwu- (“to have land”) pull the trigger of a gun, to nihi’kuutii- (“to act quickly on s.t.”) race, ethnic group neito’ei (< ‘my relative’) recover a language, to get it back ce’hiisiiten- (“to catch it again”) replacement worker heetnoxoeeniihi’ niisi3eit (“he will work in exchange for me”) reservation, for Indians nuhu’ heetoono’ (“this place where we are”) restaurant bii3hiino’oowu’ (“eating house”) revived/revitalized (a language) ce’koheinoo- (“to rise up again”) rim, of a wagon wheel ko’eino’ohtoo (“round shoe”) road to town, to get on the woteihceihi- (“to run to town”) rubber glove siikoocei3ooxe (“rubber glove”) saloon, bar benoheino’oowu’ (“give someone a drink house”) save up money, to wo’3itii- (< ‘to gather up, collect’) ship 3iiw, ho3iiw (< ‘canoe’) shoot a gun, to nihi’kuutii- (“to make it act rapidly”) silver nookbei’ci3e’ (“white metal”) steps, staircase teesciiyei’iitono (“things one steps on top of”) stirrup, clamp (as in doctor’s exam table) touyoo (< ‘cup’) suitcase ce’eiinox (< ‘bag’) survive, a language, to nosouseenoo- (“to be still going”) team of horses woxhooxebii (“horses”) telescope ni’iitoo3noohoo(3oo)tiini’ (“one sees things close by with it”) tip (in a restaurant) bei’ci3ei’i cebe’einiihi’ (“extra money beyond [the cost]”) tip, to leave a ciinen- bei’ci3ei’i (“to put money down”) town hoowoh’oowuu’ (“many houses”) town, in woteeniihi’ (< ‘in the camp circle’) tribes, political groups ceneece’iseihi3i’ 3owo3neniteeno’ (“different Indians”) vegetable ciineyoo (“thing which is planted”) waiter no’uxotiit (“he/she brings [food]”) wheel hotii (< ‘sacred ceremonial circle/wheel’) wheel rim ko’eino’ohtoo (“round shoe”) window noh’oeseihoo (“thing for allowing illumination”) world hee3ei’o’bee’ (“as far as the land extends”) world war neeneitohboo3eti3i’ niiyou hee3ei’o’bee’ (“they fought all over the world”) noo’oeeniihi’ biito’owuu’ ce’esnenitee[no’] tohuubooboo3eti3i’ (“when various nations fought around the world”) |