From 1907 to 1911, Ernest Rutherford experimented fast positive helium nucleus hitting thin material such as gold foil. He discovered that some of them were deviated and even bounced back like a ball hitting an obstacle.

Rutherford did not approve Thompson's "plum pudding" atomic model and he suggested that electrons should rotate like planets around the atom nucleus. Otherwise, in his picture, protons would simply attract electrons and produce a catastrophic collision.

Scientists should be aware that this experience did not indicate that electrons really rotate around the atom. It simply indicates that a repulsion effect occurs between positive particles and that matter is amazingly permeable.

Surprisingly, since one hundred years, nobody could really detect such a rotation, which is nevertheless universally accepted by today's physicists. This theory is wrong, though, and it is now a severe obstacle for further discoveries about electronics, magnetic fields, light emission, chemical reactions, etc.

In 1911, scientists were not aware that electrostatic fields work differently at atomic scale. Many electrons closely put together behave as a whole, and this significantly reduces the nucleus attraction effect. Moreover, as a composite wave emitter, the nucleus must radiate waves according to Fresnel's diffraction. The interference pattern exhibits periodic null amplitude zones where electrons can be captured. The gray vertical lines below indicate distances according to Fresnel's number (1 on the right up to 7 on the left), and electrons captured in each corresponding atomic layer should obviously emit light waves according to the Balmer series, and also Lyman, Paschen, etc..

The link between Fresnel's number and the Balmer series is obvious.