A simple but highly effective image. A stick figure is animated and tirelessly runs around the display volume. Complex images are difficult to photograph, as depth cues are lost.

The author, Ralph Hartwell, inspecting the TEXAS TUBE

at very close range during high power testing.

History of Bio-Energy Resonance.

Bio-Resonance is the field of energetic medicine that detects and works with electromagnetic frequency information generated by the body. Bio refers to a living organism and resonance means 'to vibrate in harmony with'.

n his book It's Only Natural, Dr. G. E. Poesnecker wrote:

“… Since the beginning of man's existence on earth, he has pondered the nature of life itself. Even with all our great scientific advances, there is still no CONSENSUS on the basic nature of the life within us and other animate beings. The most generally accepted theories are based on the chemical and/or stimulative-inhibitive theory of existence. The most we can get from most authorities is that it may be of some value to regard life as the sum total of the properties and activities of a highly organized aggregate of various chemical compounds that we call protoplasm.

Among these properties they have called attention to irritability as a diagnostic property of a living body. Upon this Herbert Spencer based his classic definition: “Life is the continuous adjustment of internal relations to external relations.” Observation teaches us that this adjustment to environmental changes is possible only within narrow physiologic limits. For example, the human body can adjust itself to changes in external temperature only when these changes are very moderate. Viewed from this angle, they hold that life is the interplay between the organism and its environment by which the organism either adjusts itself to the environment or adjusts the environment to itself.

Such a definition tells only what life does; it doesn't tell what life is. Unfortunately, such an attitude has frequently been the nature of science since its inception. When a scientist is incapable of explaining something, he describes what he sees, makes up a few Latin or Greek names for the rest to impress us and then goes on to something else. This is particularly true in medicine, where most of the tongue-twisting disease names have nothing whatsoever to do with the cause or true nature of the disease but are only the description of its most obvious symptoms in Latin or Greek.

Some researchers haven't been satisfied with such smug descriptions of the nature of life. Some have listened to the voice of their conscience when contemplating the usual theories on the nature of life and have been able to see through the usual inane double talk couched in Latin and Greek, which all too often passes for scientific thought. They realize that much of the phenomena we encounter in living can’t be explained readily by the stimulus/response theory of life as put forth by their orthodox colleagues.

Surprisingly, many of these researchers have developed concepts similar to each other, even though their work has been accomplished without knowledge of their fellow investigators. All these studies have gone beyond the chemical or mechanical basis of life and have been carried into the molecular and atomic structure of matter. From this effort first developed an electrical, then an electronic, and finally a vibratory, or wave concept, of life and the activities carried out by the living subject.

Some of the most well-known researchers in this field were Dr. Georges Lakhovsky, Professor Jacques d’Arsonval (the discoverer of the meter movement that goes under his name), Dr. George W. Crile, Dr. Albert Abrams, Nicola Tesla and Ivan G. McDaniel (who advanced this theory into the psychological, mental, and spiritual spheres of human activity)… “

In 1925  Georges Lakhovsky, a Russian scientist, published a book called The Secret of Lifein which he identified that every living cell emitted radiation (electro-magnetic signals) and that a cell's nucleus acts as an electrical oscillating circuit similar to a radio transmitter and receiver. Lakhovsky was knowledgeable in both engineering and biology. It was the meshing of these two sciences that helped him prove his theories. 

It had already been established by the 1920’s that invisible radiations were constantly bombarding the earth.  Lakhovsky believed that these ultra short waves (sometimes called penetrating waves, at the time) were what gave us life. 

Lakhovsky believed that each of our cells was a minute resonating circuit and when these circuits were oscillating correctly we or any living organism were healthy.  When an outside source caused our cells to oscillate at a different rate then disease set in.  In his book “The Secret of Life” Lakhovsky wrote, “What is life?  It is the dynamic equilibrium of all cells, the harmony of multiple radiations that react upon one another.  What is disease?  It is the oscillatory disequilibrium of cells, originating from eternal causes.  It is, more especially, the struggle between microbic radiation and cellular radiation.”  He believed it was these radiations that kept our bodies oscillating correctly but too much or a distorted radiation would cause them to oscillate incorrectly.

Setting out to prove his theories, Lakhovsky felt that he could generate a practical application to enable the adversely effected cells to regain their full vitality by reinstating their proper oscillatory rate.  Thus he invented the Multiple Wave Oscillator (originally called Radio-cellulo-oscillator).  He felt that by giving the cells a large range of oscillating waves that the cells would find their proper frequency and therefore become strong enough to fight off the improper oscillations of microbes or be strong enough to fight back from such damage as that caused by smoking.

He initially proved his theory using plants. In December, 1924, he inoculated 10 germanium plants with a “plant cancer” that  produced tumors. After 30 days, tumors had developed in all of the plants. He took one of the 10 infected plants and simply fashioned a heavy copper wire in a one loop, open-ended coil about 30 cm (12") in diameter around the center of the plant, and held it in place with an ebonite stake . The copper coil acted as an antennae or a tuning coil, collecting and concentrating oscillation energy from extremely high frequency cosmic rays. The diameter of the cooper loop determined whichrange of frequencies would be captured. He found that the 30 cm loop captured frequencies that fell within the resonant frequency range of the plant's cells. This captured energy reinforced the resonant oscillations naturally produced by the nucleus of the germanium's cells. This allowed the plant to overwhelm the oscillations of the cancer cells and destroy the cancer. The tumors fell off in less than 3 weeks and by 2 months, the plant was thriving. All of the other cancer-inoculated plants-without the antennae coil- died within 30 days. In his book, Lakhovsky shows pictures of the recovered plant after 2 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Three years later, with the original coil left in place, the plant grew into a very robust specimen. He tried this 3 different times and all three experiments produced the same results. 

 Since Lakhovsky’s belief was that living cells were tiny oscillators that were given life from penetrating radiation and the oscillation of these cells put off their own radiation, he proceeded with an experiment to find out if indeed the penetrating radiation was what caused the cells to oscillate or if some other stimuli such as chemical energy was responsible for sustaining this oscillation.  

Dr. George Crile, in his book A Bipolar Theory of Living Processes, (Crile, George W.: A Bipolar Theory of Living Processes. New York, Mac Millan, 1926.) approached this subject from yet another point of view. The similarity between his conclusions and those of the other researchers in this field, however, is startling. For instance, Crile wrote, “It is clear that cellular radiation produces the electric current which operates adaptively the organism as a whole, producing memory, reason, imagination, emotion, special senses, secretions, muscular action, response to infection, normal growth and the growth of benign tumors and cancers-all of which are governed adaptively by the electrical charges that are generated by the short wave or ionizing radiation in the protoplasm.”

A Complete, Authentic and Informative Work on Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony

BY
FREDERICK COLLINS

Inventor of the Wireless Telephone 1899; Historian of Wireless 1901-1910; Author of "Wireless Telegraphy" 1905

1922

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TUNING

There is a strikingly close resemblance between sound waves and the way they are set up in the air by a mechanically vibrating body, such as a steel spring or a tuning fork, and electric waves and the way they are set up in the ether by a current oscillating in a circuit. As it is easy to grasp the way that sound waves are produced and behave something will be told about them in this chapter and also an explanation of how electric waves are produced and behave and thus you will be able to get a clear understanding of them and of tuning in general.

Damped and Sustained Mechanical Vibrations.--If you will place one end of a flat steel spring in a vice and screw it up tight as shown at A in Fig. 34, and then pull the free end over and let it go it will vibrate to and fro with decreasing amplitude until it comes to rest as shown at B. When you pull the spring over you store up energy in it and when you let it go the stored up energy is changed into energy of motion and the spring moves forth and back, or vibrates as we call it, until all of its stored up energy is spent.

If it were not for the air surrounding it and other frictional losses, the spring would vibrate for a very long time as the stored up energy and the energy of motion would practically offset each other and so the energy would not be used up. But as the spring beats the air the latter is sent out in impulses and the conversion of the vibrations of the spring into waves in the air soon uses up the energy you have imparted to it and it comes to rest.

In order to send out continuous waves in the air instead of damped waves as with a flat steel spring you can use an electric driven tuning fork, see C, in which an electromagnet is fixed on the inside of the prongs and when this is energized by a battery current the vibrations of the prongs of the fork are kept going, or are sustained, as shown in the diagram at D.

Damped and Sustained Electric Oscillations.--The vibrating steel spring described above is a very good analogue of the way that damped electric oscillations which surge in a circuit set up and send out periodic electric waves in the ether while the electric driven tuning fork just described is likewise a good analogue of how sustained oscillations surge in a circuit and set up and send out continuous electric waves in the ether as the following shows.

Now the inductance and resistance of a circuit such as is shown at A in Fig. 35, slows down, and finally damps out entirely, the electric oscillations of the high frequency currents, see B, where these are set up by the periodic discharge of a condenser, precisely as the vibrations of the spring are damped out by the friction of the air and other resistances that act upon it. As the electric oscillations surge to and fro in the circuit it is opposed by the action of the ether which surrounds it and electric waves are set up in and sent out through it and this transformation soon uses up the energy of the current that flows in the circuit.

To send out continuous waves in the ether such as are needed for wireless telephony instead of damped waves which are, at the present writing, generally used for wireless telegraphy, an electric oscillation arc or a vacuum tube oscillator must be used, see C, instead of a spark gap. Where a spark gap is used the condenser in the circuit is charged periodically and with considerable lapses of time between each of the charging processes, when, of course, the condenser discharges periodically and with the same time element between them. Where an oscillation arc or a vacuum tube is used the condenser is charged as rapidly as it is discharged and the result is the oscillations are sustained as shown at D.

About Mechanical Tuning.--A tuning fork is better than a spring or a straight steel bar for setting up mechanical vibrations. As a matter of fact a tuning fork is simply a steel bar bent in the middle so that the two ends are parallel. A handle is attached to middle point of the fork so that it can be held easily and which also allows it to vibrate freely, when the ends of the prongs alternately approach and recede from one another. When the prongs vibrate the handle vibrates up and down in unison with it, and imparts its motion to the sounding box, or resonance case as it is sometimes called, where one is used.

If, now, you will mount the fork on a sounding box which is tuned so that it will be in resonance with the vibrations of the fork there will be a direct reinforcement of the vibrations when the note emitted by it will be augmented in strength and quality. This is called simple resonance. Further, if you mount a pair of forks, each on a separate sounding box, and have the forks of the same size, tone and pitch, and the boxes synchronized, that is, tuned to the same frequency of vibration, then set the two boxes a foot or so apart, as shown at A in Fig. 36, when you strike one of the forks with a rubber hammer it will vibrate with a definite frequency and, hence, send out sound waves of a given length. When the latter strike the second fork the impact of the molecules of air of which the sound waves are formed will set its prongs to vibrating and it will, in turn, emit sound waves of the same length and this is called sympathetic resonance, or as we would say in wireless the forks are in tune.

It was in 1308 that Edward I defined the inch as the length of three grains of barley, dry and round, taken from the middle of the ear. This standard enabled anyone to obtain an inch with sufficient accuracy for the times. 

If you take three grains of barley, from the middle of the ear, and lay them end-to-end, what you end up with is an inch. And this is how a third of an inch became known as a barleycorn.

The Pineal Gland, LSD, And Serotonin

Using radioactive molecules traced with LSD, science has been able to 

follow the course of LSD through the various channels and avenues of the 

body. It has been found found that after selecting certain areas of the 

various parts of the brain it then migrates to sections with fewer imprints, 

for instance the right of the hemisphere, the so-called creative center. By 

redirecting consciousness, as it were, into the unimprinted areas of the 

cortex, one hypothetically experiences the world anew, hence the variety 

of interpretations which arise upon questioning psychedelic voyagers 

about their "trip". Because of LSD's antagonistic effect on serotonin and 

the pineal gland itself, it would seem quite likely there is a chemical 

relationship between mental illness and deficiencies of serotonin. [31] But 

intravenous doses have been administered to humans with no psychedelic 

effects noted. [32] Melatonin itself has the same indole structure as LSD. 

Interesting indeed! 

The Pineal Gland, LSD, and Serotonin — Updated: October 15, 1996

http://d.scribd.com/docs/vjqfeh9o4t1ufgyv0pz.pdf

---

USP #  4,394,230 ~ Method & Apparatus for Splitting Water Molecules

A Thermodynamic Device has been invented which produces hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant, from ordinary or from sea water, eliminating the cost and hazard of liquefaction, storage, transmission, and distribution. The saving of this aspect of the invention alone reduces the total cost of hydrogen by about 25%.

This Thermodynamic Device is based on a new discovery --- the efficient electrolytic fission of water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by the use of low frequency alternating currents as opposed to the conventual use of direct current, or ultra-high frequency current today. Such gas production from water by electrolytic fission approaches 100% efficiency under laboratory conditions and measurements. No laws of physics are violated in this process.

This Thermodynamic Device has already been tested at ambient pressures and temperatures from sea level to an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea level without any loss of its peak efficiency. The device produces two types of gas bubbles; one type of bubble contains hydrogen gas; the other type contains oxygen gas. The two gases are thereafter easily separable by passive membrane filters to yield pure hydrogen gas, and pure oxygen gas.

The TD is fabricated of metals and ceramic in the geometric form of a coaxial cylinder made up of a centered hollow tubular electrode which is surrounded by a larger tubular steel cylinder. These two electrodes comprise the coaxial electrode system energised by Component I. The space between the two electrodes is, properly speaking, Component III which contains the water solution to be electrolysed. The center hollow tubular electrode carries water into the cell, and is further separated from the outer cylindrical electrode by a porous ceramic vitreous material. The space between the two electrodes contains two lengths of tubular Pyrex glass, shown in Figures 2 and 3. The metal electrode surface in contact with the water solution are coated with a nickel alloy.

FIG. 11 is a wave form found to be the prime characteristic for optimum efficiency;

FIG. 12 is an illustration of pearl chain formation;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

Section 1 --- Apparatus of Invention

The apparatus of the invention consists of three components, the electrical function generator, the thermodynamic device, and the water cell.

COMPONENT I. The Electrical Funtion Generator ~

This device has an output consisting of an audio frequency (range 20 to 200 Hz) amplitude modulation of a carrier wave (range 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz). The impedance of this output signal is continuously being matched to the load which is the second component, the thermodynamic device.

The electrical function generator represents a novel application of circuitry disclosed in my earlier U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,629,521; 3,563,246; and 3,726,762, which are incorporated by reference herein. See FIG. 1 for the block diagram of Component I.

USP #  4,394,230 ~ Method & Apparatus for Splitting Water Molecules

SVP Cosmology - Addendum 3.

Faraday

THOUGHTS ON RAY-VIBRATIONS (1)

To Richard Phillips, Esq.

Dear Sir,

At your request I will endeavor to convey to you a notion of that which I ventured to say at the close of the last Friday-evening Meeting, incidental to the account I gave of Wheatstone's electro-magnetic chronoscope; but from first to last understand that I merely threw out as matter for speculation, the vague impressions of my mind, for I gave nothing as the result of sufficient consideration, or as the settled conviction, or even probable conclusion at which I had arrived.

The point intended to be set forth for consideration of the hearers was, whether it was not possible that vibrations which in a certain theory are assumed to account for radiation and radiant phaenomena may not occur in the lines of force which connect particles, and consequently masses of matter together; a notion which as far as is admitted, will dispense with the aether, which in another view, is supposed to be the medium in which these vibrations take place.

You are aware of the speculation (2) which I some time since uttered respecting that view of the nature of matter which considers its ultimate atoms as centres of force, and not as so many little bodies surrounded by forces, the bodies being considered in the abstract as independent of the forces and capable of existing without them. In the latter view, these little particles have a definite form and a certain limited size; in the former view such is not the case, for that which represents size may be considered as extending to any distance to which the lines of force of the particle extend: the particle indeed is supposed to exist only by these forces, and where they are it is. The consideration of matter under this view gradually led me to look at the lines of force as being perhaps the seat of vibrations of radiant phenomena.

Another consideration bearing conjointly on the hypothetical view both of matter and radiation, arises from the comparison of the velocities with which the radiant action and certain powers of matter are transmitted. The velocity of light through space is about 190,000 miles in a second; the velocity of electricity is, by the experiments of Wheatstone, shown to be as great as this, if not greater: the light is supposed to be transmitted by vibrations through an aether which is, so to speak, destitute of gravitation, but infinite in elasticity; the electricity is transmitted through a small metallic wire, and is often viewed as transmitted by vibrations also. That the electric transference depends on the forces or powers of the matter of the wire can hardly be doubted, when we consider the different conductibility of the various metallic and other bodies; the means of affecting it by heat or cold; the way in which conducting bodies by combination enter into the constitution of non-conducting substances, and the contrary; and the actual existence of one elementary body, carbon, both in the conducting and non-conducting state. The power of electric conduction (being a transmission of force equal in velocity to that of light) appears to be tied up in and dependent upon the properties of the matter, and is, as it were, existent in them.

I suppose we may compare together the matter of the aether and ordinary matter (as, for instance, the copper of the wire through which the electricity is conducted), and consider them as alike in their essential constitution; i.e. either as both composed of little nuclei, considered in the abstract as matter, and of force or power associated with these nuclei, or else both consisting of mere centres of force, according to Boscovich's theory and the view put forth in my speculation; for there is no reason to assume that the nuclei are more requisite in the one case than in the other. It is true that the copper gravitates and the aether does not, and that therefore the copper is ponderable and the aether is not; but that cannot indicate the presence of nuclei in the copper more than in the aether, for of all the powers of matter gravitation is the one in which the force extends to the greatest possible distance from the supposed nucleus, being infinite in relation to the size of the latter, and reducing the nucleus to a mere centre of force. The smallest atom of matter on the earth acts directly on the smallest atom of matter in the sun, though they are 95,000,000 miles apart; further, atoms which, to our knowledge, are at least nineteen times that distance, and indeed in cometary masses, far more, are in a similar way tied together by the lines of force extending from and belonging to each. What is there in the condition of the particles of the supposed aether, if there be even only one such particle between us and the sun, that can in subtility and extent compare to this?

Let us not be confused by the ponderability and gravitation of heavy matter, as if they proved the presence of the abstract nuclei; these are due not to the nuclei, but to the force super-added to them, if the nuclei exist at all; and, if the aether particles be without this force, which according to the assumption is the case, then they are more material, in the abstract sense, than the matter of this our globe; for matter, according to the assumption, being made up of nuclei and force, the aether particles have in this respect proportionately more of the nucleus and less of the force.

On the other hand, the infinite elasticity assumed as belonging to the particles of the aether, is as striking and positive a force of it as gravity is of ponderable particles, and produces in its way effects as great; in witness whereof we have all the varieties of radiant agency as exhibited in luminous, caloric, and actinic phaenomena.

Perhaps I am in error in thinking the idea generally formed of the aether is that its nuclei are almost infinitely small, and that such force as it has, namely its elasticity, is almost infinitely intense. But if such be the received notion, what then is left in the aether but force or centres of force? As gravitation and solidity do not belong to it, perhaps many may admit this conclusion; but what are gravitation and solidity? certainly not the weight and contact of the abstract nuclei. The one is the consequence of an attractive force, which can act at distances as great as the mind of man can estimate or conceive; and the other is the consequence of a repulsive force, which forbids for ever the contact or touch of any two nuclei; so that these powers or properties should not in any degree lead those persons who conceive of the aether as a thing consisting of force only, to think any otherwise of ponderable matter, except that it has more and other forces associated with it than the aether has.

In experimental philosophy we can, by the phaenomena presented, recognize various kinds of lines of force; thus there are the lines of gravitating force, those of electro-static induction, those of magnetic action, and others partaking of a dynamic character might be perhaps included. The lines of electric and magnetic action are by many considered as exerted through space like the lines of gravitating force. For my own part, I incline to believe that when there are intervening particles of matter (being themselves only centres of force), they take part in carrying on the force through the line, but that when there are none, the line proceeds through space. Whatever the view adopted respecting them may be, we can, at all events, affect these lines of force in a manner which may be conceived as partaking of the nature of a shake or lateral vibration. For suppose two bodies, A B, distant from each other and under mutual action, and therefore connected by lines of force, and let us fix our attention upon one resultant of force, having an invariable direction as regards space; if one of the bodies move in the least degree right or left, or if its power be shifted for a moment within the mass (neither of these cases being difficult to realise if A and B be either electric or magnetic bodies), then an effect equivalent to a lateral disturbance will take place in the resultant upon which we are fixing our attention; for, either it will increase in force whilst the neighboring results are diminishing, or it will fall in force as they are increasing.

It may be asked, what lines of force are there in nature which are fitted to convey such an action and supply for the vibrating theory the place of the aether? I do not pretend to answer this question with any confidence; all I can say is, that I do not perceive in any part of space, whether (to use the common phrase) vacant or filled with matter, anything but forces and the lines in which they are exerted. The lines of weight or gravitating force are, certainly, extensive enough to answer in this respect any demand made upon them by radiant phaenomena; and so, probably, are the lines of magnetic force: and then who can forget that Mossotti has shown that gravitation, aggregation, electric force, and electro-chemical action may all have one common connection or origin; and so, in their actions at a distance, may have in common that infinite scope which some of these actions are known to possess?

The view which I am so bold to put forth considers, therefore, radiation as a kind of species of vibration in the lines of force which are known to connect particles and also masses of matter together. It endeavors to dismiss the aether, but not the vibration. The kind of vibration which, I believe, can alone account for the wonderful, varied, and beautiful phaenomena of polarization, is not the same as that which occurs on the surface of disturbed water, or the waves of sound in gases or liquids, for the vibrations in these cases are direct, or to and from the centre of action, whereas the former are lateral. It seems to me, that the resultant of two or more lines of force is in an apt condition for that action which may be considered as equivalent to a lateral vibration; whereas a uniform medium, like the aether, does not appear apt, or more apt than air or water.

The occurrence of a change at one end of a line of force easily suggests a consequent change at the other. The propagation of light, and therefore probably of all radiant action, occupies time; and, that a vibration of the line of force should account for the phaenomena of radiation, it is necessary that such vibration should occupy time also. I am not aware whether there are any data by which it has been, or could be ascertained whether such a power as gravitation acts without occupying time, or whether lines of force being already in existence, such a lateral disturbance at one end as I have suggested above, would require time, or must of necessity be felt instantly at the other end.

As to that condition of the lines of force which represents the assumed high elasticity of the aether, it cannot in this respect be deficient: the question here seems rather to be, whether the lines are sluggish enough in their action to render them equivalent to the aether in respect of the time known experimentally to be occupied in the transmission of radiant force.

The aether is assumed as pervading all bodies as well as space: in the view now set forth, it is the forces of the atomic centres which pervade (and make) all bodies, and also penetrate all space. As regards space, the difference is, that the aether presents successive parts of centres of action, and the present supposition only lines of action; as regards matter, the difference is, that the aether lies between the particles and so carries on the vibrations, whilst as respects the supposition, it is by the lines of force between the centres of the particles that the vibration is continued. As to the difference in intensity of action within matter under the two views, I suppose it will be very difficult to draw any conclusion, for when we take the simplest state of common matter and that which most nearly causes it to approximate to the condition of the aether, namely the state of the rare gas, how soon do we find in its elasticity and the mutual repulsion of its particles, a departure from the law, that the action is inversely as the square of the distance!

And now, my dear Phillips, I must conclude. I do not think I should have allowed these notions to have escaped from me, had I not been led unawares, and without previous consideration, by the circumstances of the evening on which I had to appear suddenly and occupy the place of another. Now that I have put them on paper, I feel that I ought to have kept them much longer for study, consideration, and, perhaps final rejection; and it is only because they are sure to go abroad in one way or another, in consequence of their utterance on that evening, that I give shape, if shape it may be called, in this reply to your inquiry. One thing is certain, that any hypothetical view of radiation which is likely to be received or retained as satisfactory, must not much longer comprehend alone certain phaenomena of light, but must include those of heat and of actinic influence also, and even the conjoined phaenomena of sensible heat and chemical power produced by them. In this respect, a view, which is in some degree founded upon the ordinary forces of matter, may perhaps find a little consideration amongst the other views that will probably arise. I think it likely that I have made many mistakes in the preceeding pages, for even to myself, my ideas on this point appear only as the shadow of a speculation, or as one of those impressions on the mind which are allowable for a time as guides to thought and research. He who labours in experimental inquiries knows how numerous these are, and how often their apparent fitness and beauty vanish before the progress and development of real natural truth.

I am, my dear Phillips, Ever truly yours,

M. Faraday, April 15, 1846

*"Experimental Researches in Electricity", Vol III, M. Faraday, p447-452 
1) M. Faraday, Philosophical Magazine, S.3, Vol XXVIII, N188, May 1846 
2) M. Faraday, Phil Magazine, 1844, Vol XXIV, p136; or Exp.Res.II.284

Hertz

Hertz in his conjectures that a knowledge of the structure of ether should unveil the essence of matter itself, and of its inherent properties, weight and inertia, is treading the path that leads to this knowledge. Professor Fitzgerald says:- "Ether must be the means by which electric and magnetic forces exist, it should explain chemical actions, and if possible gravity." The law of sympathetic vibration explain chemical affinities a sympathetic attractive, but inherent, force; in short, as gravity. This open up too wide a territory even but to peer into in the dawning light of Keely's system of vibratory physics. The boundary line is crossed, and the crowds of researchers in electromagnetism are full of ardor. Hertz constructed a circuit, whose period of vibration for electric currents was such that he was able to see sparks, due to the increased vibration, leaping across a small airspace in this resonant circuit; his experiments have proved and demonstrated the ethereal theory of electromagnetism: -that electromagnetic actions are due to a medium pervading all known space; while Keely's experiments have proved that all things are due to conditions of ether."

Kelvin

(after referring to 'the velocity which is the conductance in electrostatic measure, and the resistance in electromagnetic measure of one and the same conductor', and stating that this velocity is 'not very different from that of light'): "But its relationship to the velocity of light was brought out in a manner by Maxwell to make it really a part of theory which it never was before. Maxwell pointed out its application to the possible or probable explanation of electric effects by the influence of a medium, and showed that that medium - the medium whose motions constitute light - must be ether. Maxwell's 'electromagnetic theory of light' marks a stage of enormous importance in electromagnetic doctrine, and I cannot doubt but that in electromagnetic practice we shall derive great benefit from a pursuing of the theoretical ideas suggested by such considerations." Kelvin (Thomson)

"We thus have simply the undulatory theory of light, as an inevitable consequence of believing that the displacement of an elastic solid by which, in my old paper [of 1847], I gave merely a 'representation' of the electric currents and the corresponding magnetic forces, is a reality. But to give anything like a satisfactory material realization of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light, it is necessary to show electrostatic force in relation to the force (X, Y, Z) of my formulas; to explain the generation of heat according to Ohm's Law in virtue of the action of this force when it causes an electric current to flow through a conductor; and to show how it is that the velocity of light in ether is equal to, or perhaps we should rather say, is, the number of electrostatic units in the electromagnetic unit of electric quantity. All this essentially involves the consideration of ponderable matter permeated by, or imbedded in ether, and a tertium quid which we may call electricity, a fluid go-between, serving to transmit force between ponderable matter and ether ... I see no way of suggesting properties of matter, of electricity, or of ether, by which all this, or any more than a very slight approach to it, can be done, and I think we must feel at present that the triple alliance, ether, electricity, and ponderable matter is rather a result of our want of knowledge, and of capacity to imagine beyond the limited present horizon of physical science, than a reality of nature." Kelvin

"Luminiferous ether must be a substance of most extreme simplicity. We might imagine it to be a material whose ultimate property is to be incompressible; to have a definite rigidity for vibrations in times less than a certain limit, and yet to have the absolutely yielding character that we rocognize in wax-like bodies when the force is continued for a sufficient time. It seems probable that the molecular theory of matter may be so far advanced sometime or other that we can understand an excessively fine-grained structure and understand the luminiferous ether as differing from glass and water and metals in being very much more finely grained in its structure. We must not attempt, however, to jump too far in the inquiry, but take it as it is, and take the gret facts of the wave theory of light as giving us strong foundations for our convictions as to the luminifereous ether." Lord Kelvin (Wm. Thomson)

Laing

Perhaps the best way to convey some idea of this order of magnitudes to the ordinary reader is to quote Sir Wm. Thomson's illustration, that if we could suppose a cubic inch of water magnified to the size of the earth - i.e., to a sphere 24,000 miles in circumference - the dimensions of its ultimate particles, etherons, magnified on the same scale, or, as he expresses it, its degree of coarse-grainedness, would be something between the size of rifle-bullets and cricket-balls.

Extraordinary as these dimensions are, they are not more so than those at the opposite extremity of the scale, where the distance of stars and nebulae has to be measured by the number of thousand years their light, traveling at the rate of 192,000 miles per second, takes to reach us. Infinitely small, however, as those dimensions appear to our original conceptions derived from our natural senses, they are certain and ascertained facts, if not as to the precise figures, yet beyond all doubt as to the orders of magnitude. In dealing with them also we are to a great extent on familiar ground. Molecules are nothing more or less than small pieces of ordinary matter; and atoms are also matter, for they obey the law of gravity, have definite weights, and build up molecules as surely as molecules build up ordinary matter, and as squared stones build up pyramids.

But to understand the constitution of the material universe we must go a step further, part from the familiar world of sense, and deal with an all-prevading medium, which is at the same time matter and not matter, which lies outside the laws of gravity, and yet obeys other laws intelligible and calculable by us; of which it may be said we know it and we know it not. We call it Ether.

Ether is a medium assumed as a necessary consequence from the phenomena of light, heat, and elctricity - primarily from those of light. Respecting light two facts are known to us with absolute certainty.

1st. It traverses space at a rate of 192,000 miles per second.
2nd. It is propagated not by particles actually traveling at this rate, but, like sound through air, by the transmission of waves.

The first fact is known from the difference of time at which eclipses of Jupiter's satellites are seen according as the earth is at the point of its orbit nearest to or farthest from Jupiter - i.e., from the time light takes to traverse the diameter of the earth's orbit, which is about 180 millions of miles; and this velocity of light is confirmed by direct experiments, as by noting the difference of time between seeing the flash and hearing the sound of a gun, which gives the velocity of light compared with the known velocity of sound.

The second fact is equally certain from the phenomena of what are called interferences, when the crest of one wave just overtakes the hollow of a preceding one, so that, if the two waves are of equal magnitude, the oscillations exactly neutralize one another, and two lights produce darkness. This is shown in a thousand different ways, and for all the different colors depending on different waves into which white light is analyzed when passed through a prism. It is a certain result of wave-motion, and of wave-motion only, and therefore we know without a doubt that light is propagated by waves.

But waves inply a medium through which waveforms are transmitted, for waves are nothing but the rhythmic motion of something which rises and falls, or oscillates symmetrically about a mean position of rest, slowly or quickly according to the less or greater elasticity of the medium. The waves which run along a large and slack wire are large and slow, those along a small and tightly stretched wire are small and quick; and from the data we possess as to light, its velocity of transmission, its refraction when its waves pass from one medium into another of different density, and from the distance between the waves as shown by interference, it is easy to calculate the lengths and vibratory periods of the waves, and the elasticity of the medium through which such waves are transmitted.

The figures at which we arrive are truly extra ordinary. The dimensions and rates of oscillations of the waves which produce the different colors of visile light have been measured and calculated withthe greatest accuracy, and they are as follows:

COLOR Red Organge Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

WAVES PER INCH 39,000 42,000 44,000 47,000 51,000 54,000 57,000

OSCILLATIONS 477,000,000,000,000 506,000,000,000,000 535,000,000,000,000 577,000,000,000,000 622,000,000,000,000 I658,000,000,000,000 699,000,000,000,000

The elasticity of this wonderful medium is even more extraordinary.

The rapidity with which wave-motion is transmitted depends, other things being equal, on the elasticity of the medium, which is proportional to the square of the velocity with which a wave travels through it. As the velocity of the sound-wave in air is about 1,100 feet a second, and that of the light-wave about 192,000 miles in the same time, it follows that the velocity of the latter is about a million times greater than that of the former, and if the density of ether were the same as that of air, its elasticity must be about a million million times greater. But the elasticity is the same thing as the power of resisting compression, which in the case of air we know to be about 15 pounds to the square inch; so that the ether, if equally dense, would balance a pressure of 15 million million pounds to the square inch - that is, it would require a pressure of about 750 millions of tons to the square inch to condense ether to the density of the air. On the other hand, its density, if any, must be so infinitesimally small that the earth moving through it in its orbit with a velocity of 1,100 miles a minute suffers no perceptible retardation.

Consider what this means. Air blowing at the rate of 100 miles an hour is a hurricane uprooting trees and levelling houses. If ether were as dense as air the resistance to the earth in passing through it would be 600 times that of going dead to wind in a tropical hurricane. But in point of fact there is no sensible resistance, for the earth and heavenly bodies move in their calculated paths according to the law of gravity exactly asthey would do if they were moving in a vacuum. Even the comets, which consist of such excessively rare matter that when one of them got entangled among the satelittes of Jupiter it did not affect their movements, are not retarded by the ether, or so slightly, that any retardation in the case of one or two ofthem is suspected rather than proved. But, if the ether has no weight, how can we call it material, weight being, as we have seen, the invariable test and measure of all matter down to the minutest atom? And yet how can we deny its existence when it is demonstrably necessary to account for undoubted facts revealed to us every day by the prism, the spectroscope, electricity, and chemical action, and deductions from these facts based on the strict laws of mathematical calculation? For the existence of the ether is not based only on phenomena of light: it is an equally necessary postulate to explain those of heat, electricity, and chemical action. We must conceive of our atoms and molecules as forming systems and performing their movements, not in vacuo, but in an all-prevading medium of this ether, to which they impart, andfrom which they receive, impulses.

These impulses are excessively minute, and when they occur in irregular order they produce no appreciable effect; but when the vibrations of the ether keep time with those of the atoms, the multitude of small effects becomes summed up into one considerable enough to produce great changes. Just so a rhythmic succession of tiny ripples may set a heavy buoy oscillating, and the footfalls of a regiment of soldiers marching over a suspension-bridge may make it swing until it breaks down, while a confused mob could traverse it in safety. The latter affords a good illustration of the way in which molecular structures may be broken down, and their atoms set free to enter into other combinations, by the action of heat, light, or chemical rays beyond the visible end of the spectrum.

Conversely the phenomena of the spectroscope all depend on the fact that the vibrations of atoms and molecules can propagate waves through the ether, as well as absorb ether-waves into their own motions, and thus spectra distinquished by bright or dark lines peculiar to each substance, by which it can be identified. Whatever ether may be, this much is certain about it: it prevades all space. That it extends to the boundaries of the infinitely great we know from the fact that light reaches us from the remotest stars and nebulae, andthat in this light the spectroscope enables us to detect waves propagated and absorbed by the very same vibrations ofthe same familiar atoms at the enormous distances as at the earth's surface. Glowing hydrogen, for instance, is a principal ingredient of the sun's atmosphere and ofthose distant suns we call stars, and it affects the ether and is affected by it exactly in the same manner asthe hydrogen burning in an ordinary gas-lamp.

In the direction also of the infinitely small, ether permeates the apparently solid structure of crystals, whose molecules perform their limited and rigidly definite movements in an atmosphere of it, as is shown by the fact that in so many cases light and heat penetrate through them. A whole series of remarkable phenomena arise from the manner in which the vibrations of ether which cause light are affected by the structure of the molecules of crystals through which they pass. In certain cases they are what is called polarised, or so affected that while they pass freely if the crystal is held in one direction, they are stopped if it is turned round through an angle of 90ƒ to its former position, so that one and the same crystal may be alternately transparent and non-transparent. It would seem as if its structure were like that of wood, grained, and more easy to penetrate if cut with the grain than against it, so that when a ray of light attempted to penetrate, its vibrations were resolved into two, one with the grain which got through, the other against it which was suppressed; so that the emeging ray, which entered with a circular vibration, got out with only one rectilinear vibration parallel to the diameter which coincided with the grain.

Other crystals of more complicated structure affect transmitted light in a more complex way, developing a double polarity very similar to that induced in the iron filings when brought under the influence of the two poles of the magnet. With this polarised light the most beautiful colored rings can be produced from the waves of the different colors into which the white (undifferentiated) light has been analyzed in passing through the crystal, which alternately flash out and disappear as the cyrstal is turned round its axis, and which present a remarkable analogy to the curves into which the iron filings form themselves under the single or double poles of the magnet.

The importance of this will appear afterwards, but for the present it is sufficient to show that the waves of ether which cause light really penetrate through the molecules of crystals, but in doing so may be affected by them.

An attempt has recently been made, based on abstruse mathematical calculations, to carry our nowledge of the constitution of matter one step further back, and identify atoms with ether. This is attempted by the vortex theory of Helmholz, Sir W. Thomson, and Professor Tait. It is singular how some of the ultimate facts discovered by the refinements of science correspond with some of the most trivial amusements. Thus the blowing of soap-bubbles gives the best clue to the movement of waves of light, and through them to the dimensions of molecules and atoms; and the collision of billiard-balls, knocked about at random, to the movements ofthose minute bodies, and the kinetic theory of gases. In the case of the vortex theory the idea is given by the rings of smoke which certain adroit smokers amuse themselves by puffing into the air. These rings float for a considerable time, retaining their circular form, and showing their elasticity by oscillating about it and returning to it if their form is altered, and by rebounding and vibrating energetically, just as two solid bodies would do, if two rings come into collision. If we try to cut them in two, they recede before the knife, or bend around it, returning, when the external force is removed, to their original form without the loss of a single particle, and preserving their own individuality through every change of form and of velocity. This persistance of form they owe to the fact that their particles are revolving in small circles at right angles to the axis or circumference of the larger circle which forms the ring; motion thus giving them stability, very much as in the familiar instance ofthe bicycle. They burst at last because they are formed and rotate in the air, which is a resisting medium; but mathematical callculation shows that in a perfect fluid free from all friction these vortex rings would be indivisible and indestructible: in other words, they would be atoms.

The vortex theory assumes, therefore, that the universe consists of one uniform primary substance, a fluid which fills all space, and that what we call matter consists of portions ofthis fluid which have become animated with vortex motion. The innumerable atoms which form molecules, and through molecules all the diversified forms of matter of the material universe, are therefore simply so many vortex rings, each perfectly limited, distinct, and indestructible, both as to its form, mass, and mode of motion. They cannot change or disappear, nor can they be formed spontaneously. Those of the same kind are constituted after the same fashion, and therefore are endowed with the same properties.

The theory is a plausible one, and the reputation of its authors must command for it respectful consideration; but it is as yet a long way from being an established theory which can be accepted as a true representation of facts. In the first place it is based solely on mathematical theory, and not, as in the case of atoms and light-waves, upon actual facts of weight and measurement tested by experiment, andto which mathematical reasoning affords only an aid and supplement. No one has proved the existence of such a medium or of such vortex rings, much less weighed or measured them.

Moreover the theory is open to some very obvious objections. How can aggregations of imponderable matter acquire weight, and become subject to the law of gravity, which, as we have seen, is one of the essential and permanent qualities of atoms? If a cubic millionth of a millimeter of ether formed into a big vortex ring of, say, an atom of mercury, has a weight equal to 200 times that of an atom of hydrogen, which itself has a definite wweight, why has it no weight in its original form? And if it had weight, however small, how could the enormous mass of ether filling all space produce no perceptible effect on bodies, even of attenuated cometic vapor, revolving through it with immense velocities? Again, how could these innumerable vortex rings be formed out of the ether without disturbing the uniformity and continuity of the medium, which are essential for the propagation of the light-waves through it? And how could the motions requisite to form th cortex rings be impressed on the them de novo consistently with the principle of the conservation of energy? Energy can no more be created out of nothing than matter, by any process known in nature or conceivable by the human intellect; and to assume it is simply a more refined manner of falling back on the superatural, which is itself only a more refined manner of saying that we know nothing.

For the present, therefore, we must be content with atoms and ether as the ultimate terms or our knowledge of the material or quasi-material components of the universe. 
[A Modern Zoroastrian; Laing, Stephen; Chapman and Hall, London, 1891]

Lorentz

"It has seemed to me useful to develop a theory of electromagnetic phenomena based on the idea of a ponderable matter perfectly permeable to the ether and able to move without communicating to the latter the least motion. Certain facts of optics may be invoked in support of this hypothesis and, although doubt is still permitted, it is certainly important to examine all the consequences of this view. Unfortunately, a quite serious difficulty presents itself from the beginning. How, in fact, is one to form a precise idea of a body which, moving in the bosom of the ether and consequently traversed by this medium, is at the same time the seat of an electric current or a dielectric phenomena? To surmount this difficulty, so far as I could, I have sought to reduce all the phenomena to a single one, the simplest of all, which is nothing else than the motion of an electrified body. One will see that, without any deeper study of the relation between ponderable matter and the ether, one can establish a system of equations suited to describe what passes in a system of such bodies. These equations accommodate very varied applications, which will be the object of the subsequent chapters." Lorentz

Lovett

"though God alone is the Author and Preserver of all Things, and which continually upholds with his immediate Hand; yet, the only instrumental Cause of our Being is this subtil Spirit... In a Word, this pure Aether or Fire, contained in Air, is the Cause of all Motion, animal and vegetable." Lovett

Macvicar

Dr. MacVicar, in his theories of the bearing of the cosmical law of assimilation on molecular action, says: "During this retreat of matter into ether in single material elements or units of weight, the molecules and masses from which such vaporization into the common vapor of matter is going on, may be expected to be phosphorescent." This surmise Keely has, over and over, demonstrated as a fact, also showing how gravitation operates as a lever, etheric wave motion, concentration under vibratory concussion, and negative vacuous tenuity." [Keely and His Discoveries]

MacVicar says "The groups of etherical elements generate material elements. The ethereal atmospheres to become confluent or spherical and the individualized nuclei seek juxtaposition thereby forming molecules." [Snell Manuscript, probably Bloomfield-Moore requoted]

Maxwell

"The theory I propose may ... be called a theory of the Electromagnetic Field, because it has to do with the space in the neighborhood of the electric and magnetic bodies, and it may be called a Dynamical Theory, because it assumes that in that space there is matter in motion, by which the observed electromagnetic phenomena are produced.

What I propose now to do is to examine the consequences of the assumption that [electromagnetic] phenomena ... are those of a moving system [ether], the motion being communicated from one part of the system to another by forces, the nature and laws of which we do not yet even attempt to define, because we can eliminate these forces from the equations of motion by the method given by Larange for any connected system." Maxwell

Michelson

"Suppose that an ether strain corresponds to an electric charge, an ether displacement to the electric current, these ether vortices to the atoms - if we continue these suppositions, we arrive at what may be one of the grandest generalizations of modern science - of which we are tempted to say it ought to be true even if it is not - namely, that all phenomena of the physical universe are only different manifestations of the various modes of motion of one all-pervading ether." Michelson

Newton

"The exceeding smallness of its [ether] Particles may contribute to the greatness of the force by which those Particles may recede from one another, and thereby make the Medium exceedingly more rare and elastik than Air, and by consequence exceedingly less able to resist the motions of Projectiles, and exceedingly more able to press upon gross Bodies, by endeavoring to expand it self." Newton

"[He supposed that nature] "may be nothing but various Contextures of some certaine aethereall Spirits or vapours condens'd as it were by precipitation, much after the manner that vapours are condensed into water or exhalations into grosser Substances and after condensation wrought into various formes, at first by the immediate hand of the Creator, and ever since by the power of Nature... Thus perhaps may all things be originated from aether." Newton

Pastor

In Tom Bearden’s glossary under the Tesla, Nikola heading………..one recognizes Tesla’s genius regarding his ‘understanding’ that….. "From his experiments he knew that the EM wave in vacuum was longitudinal, like sound waves……. I showed that the universal medium is a gaseous body in which only longitudinal pulses can be propagated, involving alternating compressions and expansions similar to those produced by sound waves in the air. Thus, a wireless transmitter does not emit Hertz waves which are a myth, but sound waves in the ether, behaving in every respect like those in the air, except that, owing to the great elastic force and extremely small density of the medium, their speed is that of light." [Tesla]

TESLA, NIKOLA Source: http://www.cheniere.org/techpapers/Annotated%20Glossary.htm

Famous American ÈmigrÈ electrical inventor and eccentric who’s numerous inventions fueled much of the electrical 20th century.

Tesla produced the AC system, including polyphase systems. From his experiments he knew that the EM wave in vacuum was longitudinal, like sound waves. In spite of his great accomplishments, his eccentricities and grandiose pronouncements did not endear him to electrodynamicists! An example is his acrid comment: "...I showed that the universal medium is a gaseous body in which only longitudinal pulses can be propagated, involving alternating compressions and expansions similar to those produced by sound waves in the air. Thus, a wireless transmitter does not emit Hertz waves which are a myth, but sound waves in the ether, behaving in every respect like those in the air, except that, owing to the great elastic force and extremely small density of the medium, their speed is that of light." Another major example is his statement: "The Hertz wave theory of wireless transmission may be kept up for a while, but I do not hesitate to say that in a short time it will be recognized as one of the most remarkable and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which has ever been recorded in history."

Ironically, modern quantum mechanics has almost proven Tesla right that "the universal medium is a gaseous body." Today the modern QM vacuum is very much like a virtual particle gas. And of course the discussions in this present annotated glossary show why I personally am of the opinion that Tesla was also correct in his firm disbelief that those Faraday-Maxwell "taut physical strings without physical holders" filled the ether and provided transverse EM wave oscillations. I also agree with him that the EM wave in vacuum is a longitudinal wave, exactly like a sound wave. I believe that the transverse gyroelectron precession waves that our instruments actually measure in the conductor when it receives an incoming EM wave from the vacuum, proves that the vacuum wave is indeed longitudinal—else it would seem we must discard the spin of an electron and the theory of gyroscopes. Finally, one should see, e.g., Patrick Cornille, "Inhomogeneous Waves and Maxwell's Equations." Chapter 4 in Essays on the Formal Aspects of Electromagnetic Theory, Aklesh Lakhtakia, Ed., World Scientific, New York, 1993. Cornille clearly shows that Maxwell's equations are directly created by scalar potential interferometry. As he states, this means that EM force field wave s are created by the interference of sound-type scalar potential waves, or "sound creates light." This strongly supports Tesla's original statement that EM waves in the vacuum are actually EM sound waves, much like sound waves in a gas.

As a viewer of the research of others it is most gratifying to come across those statements of ‘fact’ that appear to ‘corroborate’ one’s beliefs…impressions…….and attitudes regarding our understanding of the ‘system’ of ‘creation’.

We live in a world of ‘chaos’ theory……..and of extreme ‘complexity’, ranging from the ‘micro’ to the ‘macro’ systems dealing in ‘complex’ ‘infinities’………So when one finds a refreshing statement like Tesla’s, equating: "EM wave in vacuum was longitudinal, like sound waves" I regain my respect for the Biblical pronouncement: ‘Then God [said], Let there be light" as the first initiator of ‘Creation.’ [from the Book of Genesis].

For the ‘Light" that ‘God" ‘spoke’ into ‘existence’ became the ‘canvas’ upon which the ‘Creation’ was ‘painted’ [structured]

All the Best,

Leslie R. Pastor 2002, 12/03

Pond

Ether has had a bad rap for over 100 years. The scientists of the 1800s worked with it to great advantage until the Ether Theory was killed off by Einsteinian followers. Einstein believed in it yet those coming after him disallowed its existence.

Keely not only believed in it be developed machinery to make use of its powers. I have stated before that ether (as Keely used it) was dissociated H and O atoms. The theory being that a corpuscle of matter is composed of smaller more energetic corpuscles or particles. What are the smaller more energetic particles making up H? According to conventional science H is composed of electrons and neutrons. Further these components of H are composed of photons which are composed of quarks, etc. So far so good.

What if photons, quarks and gluons were earlier known by another name yet possessed the same descriptive characteristics?

It just so happens Russell gives us a perfectly sound and logical morphology of these pre-Hydrogen elements. There are 25 of them (according to Russell) one of which he calls Luminon of which he says:

"Luminon (403-), is the basis of the cold light of the future. Luminosity [from Luminon] of better color can be produced by regenerative excitation of this radiative gas at about one forty-thousandth of the expenditure of energy necessary to produce the same degree of luminosity by the use of a tungsten filament.

Luminon can also be produced by transmutation at a negligible expenditure.

Luminon is plentiful in many substances but its separation would involve more labor and expense than would its production by transmutation, which means simply the changing of dimension of a basic supply which plentiful in those octaves familiarly termed "the air". [The Universal One, page 100.]

I submit that Russell's Luminon is none other than Keely's Luminferous Ether. I also submit my own theory that a photon of concentional physics is the very same element which exists under a range varying pressure gradients (like everything else). The ether then is none other than our quantum soup composed of many quantum entities. Now this ether is a much differnt entity than the aether.  SeeMeade's description of aether and this chart which shows the relationships between aether, ether and atomic matter (in that order of concentration and aggregation).

Cavitation of water creates Sonoluminescense (light) and releases constituent particles. This process of subjecting water to a quick high vacuum lowers the pressure potential level thus dissociating the water molecule into its constitutent parts. The very same process Keely used. And this is the very same process Russell repeatedly stresses in The Universal One.

The insight to awaken is Russell has provided us with not only a chart of these etheric elements but gives the reasons, premises, principles and logic for their existence and dynamics. We have in our hands a beginner's treatise from which we can develop a solid foundation for etheric physics. [Dale Pond 3/24/02]

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The Great Pyramid (the Pyramid of Khufu, or Cheops in Greek) at Gizeh, Egypt, demonstrates the remarkable character of its placement on the face of the Earth.

The Pyramid lies in the center of gravity of the continents. It also lies in the exact center of all the land area of the world, dividing the earth's land mass into approximately equal quarters.

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Genome Biology | Full text | Conversion of amino-acid sequence in proteins to classical music: search for auditory patterns

The twenty amino acids can be assigned to a musical scale

http://whozoo.org/mac/Music/Primer/ProteinCodonScale.mp3

Genetic Music: Music from DNA and protein sequences

Genetic Music: Music Samples

Life Music CD

      Protein Cooperativity-Historical View

An interesting idea regarding the control of protein conformational state and utilization of energy was proposed by Szent-Gyorgyi (1948). He suggested that proteins behave as semiconductors and that electrons "hop" between specific intraprotein regions. Experimental data, however, showed that the intraprotein energy band gap was too great to support such a concept. Utilization of dynamic biological and protein conformational energy remained enigmatic through the 1950's and 1960's.

A focal point in the history of attempts to understand protein conformational dynamics was a 1973 meeting of the New York Academy of Science (which also hosted a landmark meeting concerning microtubules in the same year). The twin mysteries of how ATP energy was utilized to produce mechanical protein events, and how energy and information were transferred in proteins and organelles were addressed by a gallery of scientists. The prevalent theme was "a crisis in bioenergetics," in that cooperative processes of obvious importance in biological systems were unexplained. One idea which generated controversy was that electromagnetic resonance energy was transferred between periodically arrayed excitation sites. At that meeting, C. W. F. McClare (1974) proposed that ATP induced excited states ("excitons") were coupled by infrared dipoles in protein biostructures to provide a communicative medium. McClare concluded:

there is yet another level of organization in biological systems: a tuned resonance between energy levels in different molecules that enables bioenergetic machines to operate rapidly and yet efficiently.

This concept was supported by several allies including Wei (1974) who suggested dipole coupling among membrane proteins to explain nerve functions. McClare's general model of resonant dipole coupling was greeted by skepticism, however. Highly respected biochemist Gregorio Weber (1974) raised two objections. He noted that at least some of the emitted energy following molecular excitation is emitted in 10^-12 seconds, too short to be utilized by biomolecules. The second objection referred to the transfer of quantum vibrational energy through the surrounding medium. The process of dipole-dipole coupling involves a similarity of the energies emitted and received, and requires that the interacting oscillators be surrounded by a medium transparent to the wavelength of the transferred energy quantum. Water surrounds every biomolecule and provides a medium which appeared to be opaque to the infrared energy McClare described. Weber implied any emitted energy would be dissipated as heat to the water environment. McClare countered, unconvincingly, that systems could have evolved to be able to slow down the relaxation and energy emission, and that such systems may be somehow separated from the aqueous phase. A consensus was that energy needed to be stored for a nanosecond or longer to be useful.

The mode of energy and information transfer was described in other comparable ways by different scientists. Several considered propagating packages of conformational or acoustic energy: "phonons." A phonon can be defined as a propagated lattice vibration, an intranuclear vibration of a carbon-nitrogen bond that propagates in a protein lattice. The transmission of phonons occurs at the speed of sound, so they are not resonance transfer phenomena but a propagated vibration in a periodic lattice. In 1967 Straub postulated that protein lattices contain phonons which must be isolated from their aqueous environment. At the New York Academy meeting in 1973 he suggested that hydrophobic interactions like Van der Waals forces could contain phonons in the lattice and shield them from the aqueous bath. The concept of "conformon," a quantum of protein conformational energy coupled to discrete protein states was independently described by Green (1970) and Ji (1974) in America, and Volkenstein (1972) in the Soviet Union. Later, A. S. Davydov of the Soviet Union proposed that mechanical conformational movements in proteins were nonlinearly coupled to electronic bond distortion or charge movement, resulting in propagating waves called "solitons." These models all faced a common problem of shielding from the aqueous environment. One possible resolution of this problem is that the water surrounding proteins may be "ordered" and resonantly coupled rather than thermally dissipating protein excitation energy. Another is that hydrophobic interactions exclude water from areas where important bioenergetic interactions occur.

           Living Water and Hydrophobic Interactions

Biomolecules have evolved and flourished in aqueous environments, and basic interactions among biomolecules and their pervasive hosts, water molecules, are extremely important. The properties of intracellular water are controversial. Many authors believe that more than 90 percent of intracellular water is in the "bulk" phase-water as it exists in the oceans (Cooke and Kuntz, 1974; Schwan and Foster, 1977; Fung and McGaughy, 1979). This traditional view is challenged by others who feel that none of the water in living cells is bulk (Troshin, 1966, Cope 1976, Negendank and Karreman, 1979). A middle position is assumed by those who feel that about half of "living" water is bulk and the other half "ordered" (Hinke, 1970; Clegg, 1976; Clegg, 1979; Horowitz and Paine, 1979). This group emphasizes the importance of "ordered" water to cellular structure and function.

Many techniques have been used to study this issue, but the results still require a great deal of interpretation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), neutron diffraction, heat capacity measurement, and diffusion studies are all inconclusive. Water appears to exist in both ordered and aqueous forms within cells. The critical issue is the relation between intracellular surfaces and water. Surfaces of all kinds are known to perturb adjacent water, but within cells it is unknown precisely how far from the surfaces ordering may extend. We know the surface area of the microtrabecular lattice and other cytoskeleton components is extensive (billions of square nanometers per cell) and that about one fifth of cell interiors consist of these components. Biologist James Clegg (1981) has extensively reviewed these issues. He concludes that intracellular water exists in three phases. 1) "Bound water" is involved in primary hydration, being within one or two layers from a biomolecular surface. 2) "Vicinal water" is ordered, but not directly bound to structures except other water molecules. This altered water is thought to extend 8 to 9 layers of water molecules from surfaces, a distance of about 3 nanometers. Garlid (1976, 1979) has shown that vicinal water has distinct solvent properties which differ from bulk water. Thus "borders" exist between water phases which partition solute molecules. 3) "Bulk water" extends beyond 3 nanometers from cytoskeletal surfaces (Figure 6.4).

Drost-Hansen (1973) described cooperative processes and phase transitions among vicinal water molecules. Clegg points out the potential implications of vicinal water on the function of enzymes which had previously been considered "soluble." Rather than floating freely in an aqueous soup, a host of intracellular enzymes appear instead to be bound to the MTL surface within the vicinal water phase. Significant advantages appear evident to such an arrangement: a sequence of enzymes which perform a sequence of reactions on a substrate would be much more efficient if bound on a surface in the appropriate order. Requirements for diffusion of the substrate, the most time consuming step in enzymatic processes, would be minimal. Clegg presents extensive examples of associations of cytoplasmic enzymes which appear to be attached to and regulated by, the MTL. These vicinal water multi-enzyme complexes may indeed be part of a cytoskeletal information processing system. Clegg conjectures that dynamic conformational activities within the cytoskeleton/MTL can selectively excite enzymes to their active states.

The polymerization of cytoskeletal polymers and other biomolecules appears to flow upstream against the tide of order proceeding to disorder which is decreed by the second law of thermodynamics. This apparent second law felony is explained by the activities of the water molecules involved (Gutfreund, 1972). Even in bulk aqueous solution, water molecules are somewhat ordered, in that each water molecule can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Motion of the water molecules (unless frozen) and reversible breaking and reforming of these hydrogen bonds maintain the far miliar liquid nature of bulk water. Outer surfaces of biomolecules form more stable hydrogen bonding with water, "ordering" the water surrounding them. This results in a decrease in entropy (increased order) and increase in free energy: factors which would strongly inhibit the solubility of biomolecules if not for the effects of hydrophobic interactions. Hydrophobic groups (for example amino acids whose side groups are non-polar, that is they have no charge-like polar groups to form hydrogen bonds in water) tend to combine, or coalesce for two main reasons: Van der Waals forces and exclusion of water. Combination of hydrophobic groups "liberate" ordered water into free water, resulting in increased entropy and decreased free energy, factors which tend to drive reactions. The magnitude of the favorable free energy change for the combination of hydrophobic groups depends on their size and how well they fit together "sterically." A snug fit between groups will exclude more water from hydrophobic regions than will loose fits. Consequently, specific biological reactions can rely on hydrophobic interactions. Forma, tion of tertiary and quaternary protein structure (including the assembly of microtubules and other cytoskeletal polymers) are largely regulated by hydrophobic interactions, and by the effect of hydrophobic regions on the energies of other bonding. A well studied example of the assembly of protein subunits into a complex structure being accompanied by an increase in entropy (decrease in order) is the crystallization of the tobacco mosaic virus. When the virus assembles from its subunits, an increase in entropy occurs due to exclusion of water from the virus surface. Similar events promote the assembly of microtubules and other cytoskeletal elements.

Figure 6.4: Microtrabecular lattice (MTL-solid dark) with layers of ordered and vicinal water. "Soluble" enzymes (circles) are held within ordered or "vicinal" water and may be functionally regulated by the MTL. Modified from Clegg (1984) by Paul Jablonka.

The attractive forces which bind hydrophobic groups are distinctly different from other types of chemical bonds such as covalent bonds and ionic bonds. These forces are called Van der Waals forces after the Dutch chemist who described them in 1873. At that time, it had been experimentally observed that gas molecules failed to follow behavior predicted by the "ideal gas laws" regarding pressure, temperature and volume relationships. Van der Waals attributed this deviation to the volume occupied by the gas molecules and by attractive forces among the gas molecules. These same attractive forces are vital to the assembly of organic crystals, including protein assemblies. They consist of dipole-dipole attraction, "induction effect," and London dispersion forces. These hydrophobic Van der Waals forces are subtly vital to the assembly and function of important biomolecules.

Dipole-dipole attractions occur among molecules with permanent dipole moments. Only specific orientations are favored: alignments in which attractive, low energy arrangements occur as opposed to repulsive, high energy orientations. A net attraction between two polar molecules can result if their dipoles are properly configured. The "induction" effect occurs when a permanent dipole in one molecule can polarize electrons in a nearby molecule. The second molecule's electrons are distorted so that their interaction with the dipole of the first molecule is attractive. The magnitude of the induced dipole attraction force was shown by Debye in 1920 to depend on the molecules' dipole moments and their polarizability. Defined as the dipole moment induced by a standard field, polarizability also depends on the molecules' orientation relative to that field. Subunits of protein assemblies like the tobacco mosaic virus have been shown to have high degrees of polarizability. London dispersion forces explain why all molecules, even those without intrinsic dipoles, attract each other. The effect was recognized by F. London in 1930 and depends on quantum mechanical motion of electrons. Electrons in atoms without permanent dipole moments (and "shared" electrons in molecules) have, on the average, a zero dipole, however "instantaneous dipoles" can be recognized. Instantaneous dipoles can induce dipoles in neighboring polarizable atoms or molecules. The strength of London forces is proportional to the square of the polarizability and inversely to the sixth power of the separation. Thus London forces can be significant only when two or more atoms or molecules are very close together (Barrow, 1966). Lindsay (1987) has observed that water and ions ordered on surfaces of biological macromolecules may have "correlated fluctuations" analogous to London forces among electrons. Although individually tenuous, these and other forces are the collective "glue" of dynamic living systems.

Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulator

Current generated flows through clips placed on the earlobes

Output current adjustable from 80 to 600 microAmperes

Device purpose:

Owing to the recent launching in Europe of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) portable sets, we have been "Electronically Stimulated" in designing a similar circuit for the sake of Hobbyists. CES is the most popular technique for electrically boosting brain power, and has long been prescribed by doctors, mainly in the USA, for therapeutic reasons, including the treatment of anxiety, depression, insomnia, and chemical dependency. CES units generate an adjustable current (80 to 600 microAmperes) that flows through clips placed on the earlobes. The waveform of this device is a 400 milliseconds positive pulse followed by a negative one of the same duration, then a pause of 1.2 seconds. The main frequency is 0.5 Hz, i.e. a double pulse every 2 seconds. Some people report that this kind of minute specialized electrical impulses contributes to achieve a relaxed state that leaves the mind alert.

Sleeping-Aid

Based on electromagnetic-field radiation

Place it under the pillow - Built-in timer

Features:

• Generates a natural electromagnetic-field
• Makes easier to fall asleep
• Induces a prolonged and sound sleep without drugs
• No side effects

Device purpose:

Use:

• Select a timing option by means of the rotary switch SW1.
• Choose 15, 30 or 60 minutes operation.
• Select "Stop" or "Alternate" mode operation by means of SW2.
• With SW2 closed (Stop mode operation) the electromagnetic radiation stops after the pre-set time is elapsed.
• With SW2 opened (Alternate mode operation) the device operates for the pre-set time, then pauses for the same amount of time: this cycle repeats indefinitely.
• Place the unit under the pillow and sleep like a log.
• To reset a cycle press P1 pushbutton.

Circuit operation:

IC2C and IC2D generate two square waves at about 1.2 and 5 Hz respectively. These wave-forms are converted into 60µS pulses at the same frequencies by means of C5 & C6 and mixed at Q1 Base. This transistor drives the Radiator coil with a scalar series of pulses of 60µS length and 9V amplitude.

High ceilings promote creativity, researchers find