7/27/10. Portland, Oregon. Canon Rebel XTi. Canon EF-S 15-85mm IS USM. Handheld. SOOC. Charge Cooler: A charge air cooler (also known as an intercooler) is used to cool engine air after it has passed through a turbocharger, but before it enters the engine. The idea is to return the air to a lower temperature, for the optimum power for the combustion process within the engine. There is some confusion in terminology between aftercooler, intercooler, and charge-air cooler. In the past aircraft engines would run turbochargers in stages where the first stage compressor would feed the inlet of the second stage compressor that would further compress the air before it enters the engine. Due to the extremely high pressures that would develop an air cooler was positioned between the first and second stage compressors. That cooler was the "Intercooler". Another cooler would be positioned after the second stage, which was the final compressor stage, and that was the "aftercooler". An aftercooler was the cooler whose outlet fed the engine. A charge-air cooler is simply an all encompassing term meaning that it cools the turbo's air charge before it is routed into the engine. Usually a charge-air cooler means an air-to-air cooler where the heat is rejected using ambient air flowing through the heat exchanger much like the engine's coolant radiator. While the multi-stage turbocharger systems are still in use in some tractor pull classes, selected high performance diesels, and are also being used on newer late model commercial diesels, the term intercool and aftercooler are used synonymously today. The term intercooler is used to mean in-between the Turbocharger and the engine. Both terms, intercooler or aftercooler, are correct, but this is the origin of the two terms that are used interchangeably by all levels of experts. An intercooler, or "Charge-Air Cooler", is an air-to-air or air-to-liquid heat exchange device used on turbocharged and supercharged (forced induction) internal combustion engines to improve their volumetric efficiency by increasing intake air charge density through isochoric cooling. A decrease in air intake temperature provides a denser intake charge to the engine and allows more air and fuel to be combusted per engine cycle, increasing the output of the engine. The inter prefix in the device name originates from historic compressor designs. In the past, aircraft engines were built with Charge-Air Coolers that were installed between multiple stages of supercharging, thus the designation of inter. Modern automobile designs are technically designated aftercoolers because of their placement at the end of supercharging chain. This term is now considered archaic in modern automobile terminology since most forced induction vehicles have single-stage superchargers or turbochargers. In a vehicle fitted with two-stage turbocharging, it is possible to have both an intercooler (between the two turbocharger units) and an aftercooler (between the second-stage turbo and the engine). In general, an intercooler or aftercooler is said to be a Charge-Air Cooler. Text taken from Av-Tekk Charge-Air Coolers website.

Crews and volunteers helping out in inflating the hot air balloon at the First Putrajaya Hot Air Balloon Festival. On the foreground are the two seater balloon gondola, waiting for their turn to be airbourned. A capture during last fortnight First Putrajaya Hot Air Balloon Festival, held at the Precinct 2. A huge event seeing large crowd at the weekends, also present were hundreds of photographers. I was there with my Pentax 67 and bog standard lens the 105mm F2.4, so I have to get in close....that is where the problem lies. I have to argue for my rights to shoot close and have to wait in queue...finally I had enough and just charge to the Chairman Organiser to be able to get in! What a day it was! Eventfull. PENTAX 67, Pentax SMC 105mm F2.4, Fujifilm Reala 100, Wide Open