The origin of this paper is unclear. It was posted on the Devotee History and Timeline Yahoo group in May 2006 although its origins appear some 10 years before then. It may have appeared in an early edition of OverGround magazine, which is now only available on the internet.

The views herein are those of the paper's author and not my own. Much is written in the context of amputee devotee behaviour, but a lot equally applies to abasiophilia and people with attractions to leg and spinal braces and their users.

Should the author read this and recognise it as his, please contact me so he an be properly credited. Of course, if copyright is being infringed I will immediately remove it.

Introduction

The subject matter, acrotomophilia and abasiophilia, while far from unknown, is seldom openly discussed or presented at scholarly forums (Friedman 1978; Bullard and Knight 1981). This is an attempt to provide some historical perspective of this unique interest. I would prefer to offer that for the professional dealing with the uniquely interested that the term management, rather than treatment and cure be used. For I am convinced that once the attraction is in place, usually by age six or seven, it can be managed, but it will not will extinguished and no attempt should be made to extinguish, without risk of destroying the personality of the uniquely interested individual.

In the course of discovery and gathering information about and studying this phenomenon it has become apparent that, far from being uncommon or unnatural, the attraction of males to female amputees (as well as the attraction women to male amputees, or that of gay men to male amputees) and the attraction of males to females with ambulatory disabilities (as well as the attraction women and gay men to males with ambulatory disabilities), is but one - of a large number of physical characteristics which serve to bring males and females together for the purpose of mating. Society's taboos surrounding the pursuit of some of these interests has led to aberrant and furtive behavior in the uniquely interested person's quest to satisfy his basic needs, wants, and/or desires.

This presentation is a compilation of my present knowledge about male who are drawn to disabled females (and to a lesser extent women and gay men who are drawn to disabled men). I have reached these conclusions based on a number of articles, journal and books, as well as from my professional experience.

The Past

In the early 1970s a number of individuals involved in the rehabilitation of disabled persons, begin to realize that there were men who were attracted to women who were disabled, particularly women missing one or more of their extremities and/or having some form of ambulatory disability.

It was about this time that letter describing the attraction of males to female amputees which had appeared in the then current issue of PENTHOUSE magazine. Needless to say, the contents of the letter raised a number of questions, some of which are still being asked today.

From what I have read and learned from discussions with others I conclude the following:

1. Most of those associated with medicine and/or rehabilitation did not take the information seriously, perhaps because of the sources (volunteer self-help groups and PENTHOUSE magazine could hardly be considered credible), or they considered the concept that embracing the information would expose some among their numbers who shared these unique interests. As a result, the information was denied, essentially ignored.

2. At the same time, the uniquely interested males, welcomed any and all new information and, with the publicity, able to enlarge their network. They begin to formalize their communication, and be more open in their expression of their unique interest to others.

3. The responses from the female amputees however were mixed. Many were shocked or angered; most only displayed a passing interest and were more concerned about getting on with their lives than to become involved. While some welcomed the attention they received from the uniquely interested males - who frequently referred to themselves as`devotees or hobbyists.'

As the exploration for information continued, it became apparent that the bewitching qualities of the disabled had been known and written about for centuries. Hahn (1988) characterized such interest as "subversive-sensualism reflecting a curiosity and fascination that is frequently infused with erotic impulses," while Dixon (1989) considered it as naturally occurring as pornography."

Dawn

In ancient times, individual discriminate characteristics -physical traits which sets one person apart from another, were often prominent, sometimes as part of the name given to a man or a woman. However, only a few references to missing limbs have been found in literature (McCord 1963).

From contemporary knowledge it is certain that a small number of infants born in primitive times would have been born with missing limbs, but neither their survival, nor the quality of their lives is known. Also, it is doubtless that hunters and warriors would have been subject to traumatic limb loss. However, based on the state of medical knowledge at the time, their survival was unlikely. Those who did survive were presumably accorded a position of privilege and status, perhaps as a shaman or entertainer. However, in every instance, the reference is to males, not females (Fiedler 1978).

Enchantment with the disabled as a defined and eligibilic segment of society was noted by Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) in his essay "On Cripples" (1946): ". . . it is a common proverb in Italy that he does not know Venus in her perfect sweetness who has not lain with the cripple."

Likely this aphorism applied to both males and females and can be traced to the ancient Greek tales about the Amazons, mythologic women warriors, who disabled their male children by severing their hamstring tendons. Such practice would certainly render them incapable of a dominant role in society, but not restrict from performing sexually at the pleasure of the Amazons. (Champion 1966).

Pierre de Brantome (l540-1614), commented that Anne of Brittany, the wife of two French monarchs, Charles VIII and Louis XII, was a very beautiful woman, with great intelligence and had one leg shorter than the other - to a noticeable extent (Hirschfeld 1938, 570; London 1952, 5; Encyclopedia Britannica 1982). After noting that many beautiful women possessed this defect, he stated: ". .. that the nature of the movements resulting from the different lengths of the legs is most fascinating, a quality that is lacking in the movements of normal women."

Were some of these fascinating women amputees? Highly unlikely, as amputations at that time, and for decades to follow, were usually a direct repercussion of military engagements. Few survived that ordeal however. This was changed by the work of Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French military surgeon who developed a technique of suturing the skin back together. By the mid 19th Century, amputation surgery was commonly performed as a life saving measure (McCord 1963; Haggard 1989).

In another footnote to this history. In 1901 it became a mark of fashion for the ladies of the British court to limp because Edward VII's wife, Alexandra, was "lame" (Encyclopedia Britannica 1982; Miller 1991).

Psychology & Sex

The 19th Century also saw the rise of psychiatry as a recognized medical specialty. Through the work of Freud and his followers great strides were made in understanding human behavior. At the same time, a less well known group of individuals began documenting cases of unusual sexual behavior. One was the German physician, Richard von Krafft-Ebing M.D. (1840-1902).

The attraction of males to women who were disabled was first reported in this context by Krafft-Ebing, who catalogued a variety of `deviant' sexual behaviors in Psychopathia Sexualis, first published in Germany in 1886.

The earliest known report of a male being attracted to a female amputee in this country was reported by A. R. Reynolds in 1882 in the American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry ". . . an American gentleman of average intelligence, education, and good habits who, having as a boy cherished a pure affection for a girl whose leg had been amputated, throughout life . . . experienced passion and affection for women who had lost a leg; he was found by his wife to be in extensive correspondence with one-legged women all over the country, expending no little money on the purchase of artificial legs for his various protegees. " (Ellis 1936)

Shortly thereafter a second case, authored by Lydston ("A Lecture on Sexual Perversion," Chicago, 1890), reported. ". . . of a man who had a love affair with a woman whose right lower extremity had been amputated. When they separated the man eagerly searched for another woman possessing the same defect."

von Krafft-Ebing (1953) classified the attraction of males to disabled females as a fetish and labeled such men as fetishists, while Hirschfeld (1938) considered it a `defect fetish,' and Ellis (1936) referred to it as a `negative fetish.' These labels, were thought of as `brands' by many of the uniquely interested males. Although neither accurate nor fully descriptive they continue to be used by the uninformed and uneducated.

Present-day psychiatry has much to say about fetishism (DSM-III-R 1987). From my observations, the disabled female, as a fetish, represents an object that cannot be attained, but if attained, must be redefined so the fantasy continues to be illusive and illusionary. This definition is consistent with the apparent developmental aspects (stages) of the attraction and accounts for the more perverted behavior, associated with sadism and masochism, but it seldom if ever is associated with either of these behaviors. It also follows exactly the theories advanced by Money in his landmark book "LOVEMAPS."

Case histories of males attracted to female amputees have been reported (London 1952; Money et al. 1977; Amputee Ideal 1978; Money 1986, 215-226; Money and Simcoe 1986). (Natress 1991) states: "... However, case studies are of limited value unless someone is dealing with the exact symptoms or series of events. Case histories provide insights and indicate areas for further study, but hardly can be considered representative of a defined population or descriptive of a clinical phenomenon."

In my opinion case studies are the only mechanism we have to begin to study the phenomenon. Natress is flawed in that he approached the phenomenon from the wrong end. The fact that nearly everyone of the case studies parallels one another is disregarded in his statement.

A majority of researchers (Money 1986, Berlin 1990, Malin & Berlin 1991) point out the similarities in these behaviors as to origins. It is only the manifestation of the behavior that differentiates them.

Other recent reports identify the attraction of males to disabled females as a variant of normal sexual attraction - part of the human mating process, though Bullough and others state clearly, "No information yet fully explains why males are attracted to females and females to males" (1976, 15).

There seems to be two schools of thought: the psychiatric community, particularly the analysts, appears to consider the attraction to a disabled woman to be deviant behavior; while other therapeutic professionals, particularly sexologists, consider it a form of captivation which becomes anomalous only when the behavior interferes with the male's day-to-day life.

The brotherhood

Earlier the idea that a network of uniquely interested males attracted to disabled females had developed for the purpose of exchanging information and materials related to their unique interest. Such a brotherhood came about because there was no other forum available. This development may be an example of what occurs when an interest is compelling, but may not be generally accepted in our society.

Who were the charter members of this initial uniquely interested group. How did they meet? The answers have been lost but available evidence of such a group can be found back to the early 1920s. There have been suggestions that it might have come into existence around the turn of the century.

Early evidence of the brotherhood is sketchy. However, knowing that the uniquely interested men, in their quest for information about and contact with female amputees, would pursue similar courses of action, the likelihood of meeting others who shared their interest existed then as it does now. Through chance encounters and casual conversation, the similarity of interest and desire would have been established.

However, the lack of availability of disabled women existed in 1900 as now, men exercised their fantasies by writing short stories and novellas that often were meticulously illustrated. One of the earliest, "The Girl with the Rosewood Crutches," was copyrighted in 1908 and published four years later.

As communications improved and with the advent of the Xerox machine, stories became more available and refined. Now, with the advent of the personal computer and electronic networks such as Star Spawn's Unique Interests (SS UI) areas and the National Amputee Connection (NAC), the numbers appears to be growing.

However, do not be buoyed by the apparent proliferation of the uniquely interested. I suspect that the numbers are fairly fixed and it is only the information about them which has grown.

Between World Wars I and II, a British publication, LONDON LIFE, carried a series of articles attributed to Wallace Stort -probably a pseudonym drawn from the Italian storto meaning distorted - describing the exploits of a one-legged ballerina, her friends, and their associates. That the stories were flights of fantasy was quite evident from the exceptional physical abilities attributed to the disabled heroine and her amputee friends. London Life also carried letters from readers which were similar in content and imagery to those printed in PENTHOUSE some forty years later!

Articles, items, and stories about amputees which were published in the newspapers and magazines were exchanged amongst the brotherhood, the most prized of which, were those accompanied by photographs - particularly photographs which did not hide the fact that a limb or limbs were missing or the individual wore braces upon her legs are was in a wheelchair. These articles drew the uniquely interested men to disabled females in person, by phone, or through correspondence.

In 1939, Paul J. Campbell and Augusta B. Weaver, both amputees, organized the "Fraternity of the Wooden Leg" and began publishing a bi-monthly magazine about amputees entitled COURAGE (Vol. 1; No. 1; June 1940). That magazine, which ceased publication in 1968, became a primary source of information for the uniquely interested man.

Following World War II - based on the desire to rehabilitate those who had lost limbs in that conflict, a great deal of attention was paid to the devices designed to replace their amputated limbs. Female and child amputees benefitted indirectly from the research and training focused on solving the problems of the amputee veteran but their existence was more clearly exposed to the public.

Since many of the amputee veterans wanted to continue doing the things they had done before being wounded, recreational activities for amputees, such as golf, swimming, bowling, skiing (both snow and water), volley ball, and jogging, were started. Eventually, some of these sports became organized, associations were formed, and competitions/tournaments held.

One of these activities was golf for amputees. Soon these tournaments began featuring women's divisions, and they became the irresistible meeting places for the uniquely interested men. With more access to each other, the brotherhood became more formalized, some individuals emerged as leaders, gate keepers, or sociometric stars. These individuals were elevated to these positions because of their contacts, collections of materials, ability to develop new material, or a combination of all three. Some were married to amputees or women who were disabled, but their numbers were insignificant to the total.

In 1973, a small group in Los Angeles, who not only shared the same unique interest but also were successful businessmen, conducted a modest survey to determine the market for a service that would make photographs and other materials about female amputees available at a reasonable price. Based on their findings, AMPIX was incorporated in 1974, It expanded to serve the international market in 1981. However although it continues today, it is in a more reduced capacity with a limited supply of photographs of female amputees. The owners maintained that their success lies in the fact that they run AMPIX as a purely business venture.

However, the sale of still photographs by Ampix has been over-shadowed buy the production on video taped material featuring amputees and other disabled females. With the technological advance of the portable VCR and prices within the reach of the consumer soon amateur video productions began to appear.

About the same time, both commercial interests - those that supply items for the disabled and amputee support groups produced video material. These, along with various educational institutional studies (also on video tape) began to find themselves in the hands of the uniquely interested men.

In 1986, Bette Hagglund, a female amputee in the Chicago area formed Fascination. This quarterly publication brought computerized desktop publishing to the brotherhood. Along with the publication for the uniquely interested and the objects of their interest gather for a yearly meeting usually in Chicago.

From this group and the meetings which were held an attractive female amputee, Carol Davis, who was associated with one of the uniquely interested males began producing the first commercial video directed specifically toward the members of the brotherhood. This commercial venture - Carol Davis Productions, firmly relocated the focus of the network from its home in California to the mid-west.

The beginning of the last decade of this century saw the first computerized bulletin board system start operation. Originally envisioned as a computerized center for amputee support its founder was one of the uniquely interested. This system, which not encouraging activity specifically directed toward the brotherhood, none-the-less provided a place for them. It was here the National Amputee Connection (NAC) was in existence.

Access was limited by mid 1993 not only was there an active forum on the NAC BBS but several files containing stories of amputees beginning to appear in the files section associated with this BBS.

In a chance meeting on NAC two individuals, neither of whom had a profound interest in amputees met. One, Tom Huber, an author seeking information on amputees for character development and the other Tom Gregory, an information/communications specialist, who was uniquely interested in females with ambulatory disabilities. From this encounter the other electronic BBS was born - Star Spawn's Unique Interests areas (SS UI). Offering a unbiased approach significant numbers of electronic images and a breadth of forums were created.


Studies

To obtain more objective information about the captivation, the AMPIX group mounted a questionnaire in early 1976. This questionnaire sought to define the attraction of males to female amputees. The results were privately published two years later (Rounds 1978) and circulated to those who responded, as well as to selected (interested) others. The AMPIX group mailed its questionnaire to the 315 individuals on their mailing list at that time, all of whom had indicated continuing interest in female amputees through the purchase of unique interest related materials. Questionnaires were returned by 198 persons (62.86%).

Recognizing the clumsiness of continually referring to the men in the study as either "interested in" or "attracted to" female amputees, and rejecting the vernacular terms used by the men -hobbyist or devotee - as well as the term coined by the Germans -"amputist" (Wenig 1979) - the AMPIX group set out to find or develop acceptable, more descriptive terms. The term acrotomophile or acrotomophilia had not been advanced at that time.

Their choices, researched and contributed by Leroy Natress, was:

AMELOTASIS (n.), a-me-lo-ta-sis. Having an interest in, or being attracted to an amputee, or amputees in general. From A: without, absent, or missing; Melos: the extremities, parts of the body, or limbs; and Tasis: inclination toward something, desiring, to tend to.

AMELOTATIST (n.), a-me-lo-ta-tist. One who is attracted to an amputee, or amputees in general.

The AMPIX group released its report with a disclaimer indicating they recognized that the study sample, while significant in size, was neither randomly selected nor representative of the total population of amelotatists. Nevertheless, as an initial study of this population, the results provide a number of insights into the interest, and were substantiated in research by others (Money, Berlin, Malin et al).

A few pieces of this information are significant:

Five years later Dixon and Dixon (1983) reported their analysis of numerous pieces of correspondence and interviews derived from the publication of a sexology newsletter which broached the topic of in the late 1970s. The classification system they developed is of help in understanding the fascination with female amputees:

"The individual paraphiles {sic} with whom we have come into contact reveal as a group a wide range of emotional and behavioral responses to their paraphilia, running from normative to highly disruptive."

"We have found that those responses can be classified into three categories: (1) the emotional response which the individual feels toward amputees in general who have the attributes to which the individual is attracted, which we call a `projected response;' (2) the emotional response which the individual feels toward himself or herself because of his or her paraphilia, which we call an `internalized response;' and (3) the objective of the paraphile in regard to a desired amputee, which we call a `desire response.'" (Dixon and Dixon 1983).

It is perplexing to note that, neither of these studies touches on the possibility that paraphiles, in an effort to satisfy a need which developed at so young an age, might become professionally involved in serving and meeting the needs of amputees. From my own knowledge and personal experience, this possibility is a very real option for interested males and, should be objectively studied.

Today

For the acrotomophile or abasiaphile, these are the best of times. No longer does he need to be alone with his desires and feelings. There is sufficient public information about his interest that he is able to link up with other similarly interested individuals at a relatively young age. In addition, his means for making contact with a disabled female has significantly increased through the proliferation of self-help groups, the more public display and acceptance of disabled athletic competitions, and the founding of a number of services which provide introductions to handicapped people.

The most aggressive of these introduction services is Handicapped Introductions, ". . . a network of handicapped and non-handicapped people for whom physical disability is no barrier to friendship, romance, and an active social life." (HI, 1992)

In June 1986, the first of what has become an annual meeting of acrotomophiles, to which the objects of their interest were invited, was held. The meetings have continues on an annual basis and another is scheduled this June.

During these weekend gatherings the emphasis and activities are primarily social and, over the years, several permanent relationships have developed. However, the problem faced by those attending, both at the meetings and in everyday life, is threefold: (1) the number of interested men far exceeds the number of available/eligible women; (2) some of the available/eligible women offer little else to a relationship than their amputated limb(s); and (3) some of the men who attend as singles are already married or committed to relationships back-home, and in a few instances, the woman back-home is an amputee. Interestingly, with minor variations, these are also the problems men and women face in most relationships.

The importance of the female's missing extremity to the male, and the part which that played in the attraction process, along with other events in his life, would determine his classification or identification. In addition: "A few . . . have married a disabled woman only to find that the fact of the disability was not a sufficient basis of attraction upon which to sustain the marriage. Yet, in each of those cases the paraphile seem to be open to another committed relationship with an amputee provided the right one can be found (Dixon and Dixon 1983).

Beyond socializing and mating there are at least two areas that should be thought about as part of the consideration of current status of the acrotomophile or abasiaphile: vocational choice; and the life-span progression of the attraction.

It has been suggested that the attraction to disabled women may be a significant contributing factor in the vocational choices of individuals who have entered the field of rehabilitation, particularly prosthetics and orthotics - the design, fabrication, and fitting of artificial limbs and braces. This is consistent with the charitable feelings, associated with the projected response, identified by the Dixons (1983), and would also explain why men with this paraphilia might become physicians or members of other helping professions.

Also, there have been implication to the developmental aspects of this paraphilia. Most redefine the object of their attraction and change the scope of their interest as they gain new information and experience. Recognizing the nature of the attraction, and accepting it as a part of one's life, is one thing; letting the interest evolve so that it controls life's decisions, is quite another. Here is where the conflicts develop in their lives as they live with their paraphilia.


Conclusions

In the preceding paragraphs the writer has provided an overview described the phenomenon which has been labeled acrotomophilia or abasiophilia: The attraction of males to female amputees; and the attraction of males to ambulatory disabled females.

That certain males are irresistibly drawn to females who are missing one or more of their limbs or have ambulatory disabilities has been clearly documented.

That males are interested in, even sexually attracted to, females who are amputees or who are ambulatory disabled is, in and of itself, neither a new phenomenon nor necessarily a psychosocial problem.

The crux of the matter is not the interest, but how that interest is handled, controlled, and focused.

In addition, because any paraphilia is so firmly established, and has such a strong hold on the male at a young age, the attraction apparently plays a significant part in many of his life choices, particularly sexual orientation, marriage, and vocation. These are matters that require more attention and study.

It is apparent that acrotomophiles and abasiophiles are in the process of becoming aware. However, in the process, while permission to do and to be is given to those who are interested in establishing relationships with female amputees or ambulatory disabled females, there seems to be little concern about examining the responsibilities associated with this new found freedom.

Therefore, it is the women, the recipient of this fascination, who continue to be the vulnerable parties (Friedman 1978, 92-97). Who will advise and counsel these women? Experience seems to indicate that other similarly disabled women must become involved in meeting this need.

In this era of sexual freedom and openness the key to successful, satisfying relationships seems to be individually shared self-respect. This will not occur, however, if one of the parties is viewed as vulnerable or feels devalued, and the other perverted. Likewise, this will not occur if one of the parties is treated as an article to be possessed, owned, and controlled -while the other demands freedom of thought and action.

Finally, the female amputee or ambulatory disabled female and the professionals responsible for her care and rehabilitation must be made aware of the fact that what she has endured has made her particularly desirable to a segment within the male population. Since the female amputee is more readily defined and identified, she should be equipped to set her agendas, chart her life's course, and make the best choices for her and those who are significant in her life. No longer should it be considered acceptable for the therapist to assume either a patronizing or paternalistic role.

Acrotomo- & Abasia- philias are a reality; their existence must be conveyed objectively and dispassionately to the persons whose lives are most likely to be affected. Anything less can and should be considered a transgression of individual rights.

In a more perfect world the acrotomophile or abasiaphile would be identified at a young age and his attraction to amputees or ambulatory disabled females would be nurtured and developed in a positive way, for his benefit and that of the female; she will accept her physical self, while acknowledging her unique attractiveness to some males, and be nurtured and developed to reach her fullest potential based not on the biased expectations of society, but on her choices and abilities; and acrotomophiles and female amputees, abasiaphile and ambulatory disabled females will be allowed to form and sustain normophilic relationships of their choosing.


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