How EDUI may promote innovative approaches to China’s ‘Circular Economy’ using international connections EDUI如何运用国际平台优势为中国 “循环经济”引入创新途径 By Dr David Ness. Executive Chair EDUI . EDUI执行主席
Introduction
This chapter will discuss how the recently established not-for-profit organisation, Ecological Development Union International (EDUI), may promote innovative approaches to the new Circular Economy law, using its international connections. EDUI aims to ‘develop a clean, resource efficient and recycling economy’, as does the concept of Factor 4 (doubling prosperity, halving resource use) introduced by Prof Ernst von Weizsaecker et al (1998), who is now advocating a Factor 5 shift in resource productivity. The UN ‘Green Growth’ agenda is another in this suite of strategies. EDUI was ‘born’ about a year ago, when a group of like-minded and concerned individuals were invited to a luncheon in Beijing by Prof Manhong Liu, vice head of venture capital in China. Now it is timely to consider how EDUI may support the circular economy, the special role of EDUI, and its relationship to the CEB in application (Circular Economic Branch ). This short write up will provide some examples of innovations that may have not only environmental but also social and economic benefits.
在本讨论作为一个刚成立的非营利性组织-生态发展国际（学术）联盟(以下简称生态联盟)如何利用自身国际平台链接优势推广《循环经济法》及其创新标竿。EDUI的宗旨是“发展清洁，资源高效益的循环经济”, 不仅吻合1998年, Ernst von Weizsaecker 魏伯乐教授提出的“ 四倍跃进 “的物质生产率概念“以一半资源消耗，创造双倍财富”近来, 魏教授也大力推广“改善资源生产力” 的五倍跃进可持续发展模式”。另外, 生态联盟的推广宗旨也涵盖了联合国的“绿色增长”议程。 一年前, 生态联盟于在人民大学风险投资专家刘曼红教授邀请下，由多位有着相同理念与发展观的有识之士共同创立，在支持循环经济推动, 和谐发展的前提下，在循环经济分会与生态联盟的互动互力下, 生态联盟在中国循环经济发展中可带入其国际疏通的特殊功能. 列举部分通过创新方式带来的多边效益, 包含环境效益 Background
It is widely recognised that, in order to achieve necessary growth and development without damaging environmental impacts, China needs to ’leapfrog’ the industrialisation practices of the west. To do this will require a major shift in thinking and practices, with reform and innovation being fostered through ‘scientific development’. As Prof Xu Guanhua said (2006), the new generation of China’s S & T should follow the principle of ‘indigenous innovation, leapfrogging in key areas, underpinning developments and setting the direction for the future’. President Hu Jianto has emphasized that indigenous innovation should be on top of the agenda of all S & T endeavours, with capacity building for innovation as the core of structural realignment and the national competitiveness. Prof Xu said, China should ‘learn from the advanced technologies from various countries while adhering to indigenous innovation as the basis for S & T advancement’. 为了取得经济建设长足发展.同时而又不损害生态环境一个共识是，中国必须避免走上和西方工业发展期相同的路。这广大建设需要进一步通过思维创新，走科学发展的道路。
How EDUI may view its role 生态发展国际（学术）联盟如何定位
EDUI may assist China to build its own indigenous innovation capacity, building upon and extending advanced thinking throughout the world. By building its own innovation capacity, China may take the lead; acting as an ‘innovation hub’ and providing an example for other developing countries in its region (see Huang et al 2008). 生态联盟可支持中国科技人员进行本土创新。通过不断加强自身的本土创造能力，协助中国成为全球创新汇聚的核心之地，成为全球创新的翘础,在周边发展中国家的创新发展起示范带头作用(参考：Huang et al 2008)。
EDUI may draw upon leading world-wide knowledge and bring this to bear on the challenges faced by China. Working with China organisations, it will seek to demonstrate how this knowledge may be applied in new and entirely innovative ways, extending the boundaries of knowledge. 生态联盟可以为中国目前面临的多重挑战带进国际先进的解决方案，通过和国内不同组织的合作与推广融合、实施来打破行业，学术的边界并展示许多问题的创造性解决方法。
In addition, EDUI will seek to show how such innovations may be applied in practice, not just in theory, via pilot and demonstration projects. It is important that such projects do not only have local benefits, but are translated into government policies and directives so they may result in momentous change. This is possible through the power of many small things, accompanied by policy changes to enable structural reform. 其外为了避免停留在理论层面,，EDUI还进一步的致力于创造,执行,实现最关键的一点是通过实施项目的论证和示范，单位成果可以作为政府部门制定相关行业法规的重要参考而进一步成为推动创新发展的重大转折点。通过在认真细节把工作做到实处，并在各级政府相关法规的推动作用来实现结构上的创新和突破。
How is this ambitious goal possible, given that EDUI is a new and relatively small organisation, and the challenges are so huge? But as Obama said, ‘Yes we can’! 一个新组织，面对如此巨大的挑战，生态联盟能实现其雄心壮志吗？就如奥巴马说过的：“我们可以！”
There are many organisations working in the sustainable development arena. As I once heard, “the field is crowded”. Rather than being just another organisation and adding to this over-crowding, overlap and duplication, EDUI can be aware of what others are doing and how new ideas may emerge, especially in relation to the China circular economy policy and law. It can adopt an over-arching role, making connections. Thus, by working in a smart manner, EDUI may seek to achieve widespread change by partnering with other organisations and creating connections, leading to whole new ways of thinking and approaches. This is similar to what happens when all the parts of an electric circuit are connected…the current runs and the light of knowledge shines brightly! This is also known as gaining synergies via applications of systems theory, connecting up the elements of a system. 目前有许多组织在做可持续发展的工作，曾经听过：“这个领域非常拥挤。”，为了避免重复，生态联盟在中国循环经济政策和法规上面更关注在众多的研究成果上发展新的方法。特别是在国内外先进理念之间连接穿针引线的重要角色, 灵活的通过和其他机构的合作联接引入全新的思考模式和方法。这就像有一个人把各个电子部件串联组合一样……当各个部件都成功串联以后，就可以点亮新知的明灯！这也称为通过系统理论的有效实施获得协同效应，也就是把系统中的每一个要素都有机的联接起来。
Similarly, at Prof Haifeng Huang’s urging, the EDUI website (www.ecological-development.com) was switched on during 8 August 2008, an auspicious date, coinciding with the opening of the Beijing Olympics. I could feel the burst of energy and hope. 在黄海峰教授的关注之下，生态联盟的网站（www.ecological-development.com）也于2008年8月8日正式上线了，在2008北京夏季奥运会开幕这一个特殊的日子，我们感到非常激动荣耀和充满希望。
What is the essence of the circular economy? 循环经济的本质是什么？
The circular economy concept, ‘green growth’, Factor 5 and the EDUI aims all have one theme in common. This is to achieve more output, with less input. In other words, to do more with less; to enable social and economic development (so necessary for poverty alleviation) but with less use of material, energy, water and land resources, less environmental impact in terms of waste and emissions, and with less cost (see Ness 2008). To crack the code to ‘decouple growth from resource consumption’, one of the major challenges facing humankind today. To achieve a ‘win, win, win’ in terms of people, planet and prosperity. 循环经济概念，绿色增长，五倍跃进以及生态联盟的行为宗旨都有一个共通的主题：就是以更少投入，得最大产出。换言之，就是以少得多，保持社会和经济不断发展（并不断改善贫困人口生活状况），减少原料，能源，水源和土地消耗，降低废弃物和有害气体排放对环境的影响，同时降低成本（参考Ness2008）。寻求经济增长和资源消耗脱钩，面对人类物质生活需求挑战,达到，人，地球和繁荣的三赢效应。
As stated by Ni Yuefeng, NPC Standing Committee member, when China passed the circular economy law on 29 August 2008, ‘developing a recycling economy will help the country to achieve a maximal economic efficiency through minimal energy consumption and emissions’. 2008年8月29日通过循环经济法，全国人大常委会委员Ni Yuefeng指出发展循环经济将帮助国家经济发展,实现节能减排和经济效益的最大化。
According to the law, ‘the central government will allocate funds and capital to enterprises to encourage innovation in recycling technologies’. Clearly, innovation is the key, with a fundamental task being to inspire the enthusiasm and creativity of S & T personnel (Prof Xu, 2006). 根据相关法规：“中央政府为相关企业划拨资金以支持企业在再循环技术上不断创新。”显而易见，做好基础工作，不断鼓励科技人才的积极性和创造性，不断创新是关键。（徐冠华 部长2006）
Where should EDUI focus its attention? EDUI的关注领域
EDUI could thus focus its attention not just on ecological conservation, but on ecological development – achieving socio-economic development coupled with environmental improvement. It could facilitate and promote projects that have these ingredients, projects and practices that have multiple ‘sustainability’ benefits ‑ economic, social and environmental, all in harmony. 生态联盟不单是把工作重点放在生态保护上，同时也着重生态发展寻求社会人文经济和生态环境的协调发展与改善,并为那些具备多重可持续效益—(经济效益，社会效益和环境效益)多方和谐发展的项目提供便支持。
I spoke of one simple example of this philosophy when in Beijing one year ago, and I would like to repeat this briefly because I feel it sums up, in a simple manner, the concept of doing more with less. Whilst on a UN mission to the city of UlaanBaatar, Mongolia, I discovered that serious air pollution in the city was caused mainly by smoke from the thousands of ‘gers’ (informal dwellings or tents), when the occupants burnt wood and poor quality coal to keep warm. The toxic fumes also adversely affected the health of the ger occupants. UNDP Mongolia (2006) devised a very simple yet innovative solution – insulation blankets to cover the tents in winter, so the occupants would need to burn less coal. Not only did this improve environmental conditions, but it also had a number of other benefits: the fabrication and deployment of the blankets created local employment; an increase in disposable family income due to less spending on coal, leading in turn to education benefits and the like; and it resulted in less waste due to less fuel being burnt (coal, wood). This innovative scheme well demonstrated the principle of ‘doing more with less’. Sadly, it is yet to be widely implemented. 一年前在北京我曾提高一个简单的例子，我现在想再次提出这个例子，因为通过这个简单的例子可以清楚了解到如何用更少的资源做更多的事和各方面之间的关系。一次在蒙古乌兰巴托执行联合国任务的时候，我发现当地空气受到来自成千个“蒙古包”居民燃烧木材和劣质煤取暖时排放的烟雾污染而且程度非常严重，有毒的烟雾同时也严重影响着当地居民的健康。蒙古计划开发署（2006）采用了一个非常简单但是非常有创造性的解决方法——在蒙古包上安置保暖层，以减少当地居民木材和劣质煤的燃烧消耗，如此不单只改善了当地的环境状况，还带来了其他的效益：生产和安装保暖层为当地创造了就业机会；家庭可支配收入的增加（因为烧煤的费用减少了），随之而来的是家庭在教育和其他方面开支的增加所带来的效益；最后，居民烧煤取暖产生的废弃物大大减少。这个非常有创造性的解决方案很好的阐述了“耗半功倍”的原则，很遗憾的是，这个方案在当地还没有得到大范围的推广。
In addition to developing and promoting projects with these ingredients, EDUI also aims to focus its attention on behaviour change and ‘education for sustainability’. Recently in Australia I viewed a TV documentary on ‘the cars that ate China’. This highlighted the growing obsession of China’s youth with material possessions, following the very poor example set by their western counterparts. The image that most caught my attention was of a young Chinese man on his wedding day. He was more interested in his car than his bride! This highlights the magnitude of the challenge…how to change such behaviour and achieve shifts in mindsets and attitudes? China has a philosophy known as ‘Xiaokang’ soociety, meaning ‘a society of modest means’. Similarly, the Chinese Government has a commitment to ‘building a well-off society in an all round way’. It is also noteworthy that the people first concept will be stressed in China’s future S & T development: ‘the starting point of S & T undertakings is to meet people’s increasing material and spiritual needs, in order to have everyone enjoy the benefits of S & T and new opportunities for development’, as Prof Xu said (2006). 除了不断发展和推广可持续要素项目，EDUI还致力于进行“关于可持续性的教育”和行为模式再造。最近我在澳洲看了一个电视纪录片叫“吃掉中国的车子”，该片揭示了中国当代青年在西方物质文化的影响下对物质生活近乎痴迷的追求，片子里我注意到一位中国的年轻人在他的结婚日上对他的车子的兴趣比他的新娘还高！这个现象揭示了一个重要的挑战…如何改变他们的现有的行为模式，如何改变他们的思维和态度？中国向来注重“小康社会”，意思是个中庸平衡的社会；中国政府也致力于建设一个的全面的小康富足社会模式。值得注意的是以人为本的科学技术发展观：其根本任务是为了满足人民日益增长的物质与精神需求，让每一个人都可以分享科技发展带来的效益和新机遇。（徐 2006）
The themes that EDUI will pursue 生态联盟工作重点
EDUI is beginning to structure a series of discussion on what it considers to be the major topics:
EDUI正在策划一系列的座谈交流下列主题 1. 循环经济和环境政策 2. 可持续发展系统, 自然, 建筑环境与物流 3. 可持续生产与消费 4. 创新与业务策略 5. 市场，产品与服务经济 6. 关爱与慈善 7. 绿色风险投资 8. 中国今日：商业道德与文化遗产
We aim to promote discussion and spread learning on these topics, accompanied by facilitating demonstration projects. 我们的目标是通过示范性项目的实施来推动这些课题研究的新成果。
Some thoughts on EDUI projects and initiatives 生态联盟与项目构思
I would like to use a further example to explain the special role that EDUI may play, in promoting innovation. This relates to products and ‘servicizing’ (EDUI Theme 5). 我想更进一步的用例子来阐述生态联盟在推动技术, 产品和服务化创新中所担当的特殊角色（见EDUI主旨5）。
The circular economy law promotes recycling, but we also need to focus on reducing and reusing (ie the 3Rs). Product service system innovation, otherwise known as servicizing, involves providing products as part of a service (see Ayers 1999; van Halen et al 2005). The provider of the service retains ownership of the products, takes them back, and reuses and recycles them. As Walter Stahel foresaw many years ago, this was more resource efficient than energy intensive recycling alone, and enabled products to be kept in closed loops, the true ‘resource circulating society’ or circular economy (Stahel 1982). 循环经济法鼓励“再生”，同时并重“减耗”和“循环利用”（3R理论）,与产品服务体系的创新，或称“服务化”，把提供产品作为服务的一部分,形成以利用为核心的服务经济（见Ayers艾雅斯1999， van Halen et al 2005）。服务提供商拥有产品的本身，把使用后的产品回收循环再造。Walter Stable多年前就远见到这种体系比普通的能源密集型回收再生具有更高的资源效益，并保证产品的生命周期琐定在闭合的物质流循环体系中. 如此形成真正的“资源性循环社会”意即循环经济（Stabel1982）。
The EU and US have pioneered such approaches, and I have been involved with research at the University of South Australia. Firstly, we examined the environmental and financial implications of various procurements approaches (lease, lease-to-buy, and rental) for InterfaceFlor modular carpets from the perspective of probability of take-back. Rental approaches (akin to S-PSS) enabled dramatic improvements in terms of waste, emissions and also improved remuneration for the provider. This offered the potential for the ‘win-win’ scenario described earlier. 欧美国家已经是实施S-PSS可持续性产品服务化体系的先锋了，我应邀参与南澳大利亚大学的研究项目。首先，我们针对InterfaceFlor组合式地毯产品调查了多种不同的购买模式（租赁，租赁-购买，租用）来考察产品回收的比率，租用方式不仅在废弃物，废弃排放方面带来了戏剧性的改善，并为供应商带来了更多的利润。这个模式展示巨大的双赢效应潜能。
Encouraged by these early findings, my colleagues and I have pursued these appro’ “HP + invent = everything is possible’. HP has some examples of service solutions that were successful from a business perspective eg increased return on investment. It is now keen to determine whether such approaches also have environmental benefits. 在初期调查结果的鼓舞下，我和研究人员们进一步调查相关的业务模式“惠普确+发明 = 任何事都是可能的”。从HP我们可以找到一些从商业角度来看很成功的服务解决方案，这些方案可以增大客户在购买HP产品的投资回报率。而我们现在正在论证这些方案为环境带来哪些好处。
My colleagues in Australia, including Dr Ke Xing and Dr Wei Qian from University of SA, and Prof Suzanne Benn from Macquarie University, New South Wales, are keen to develop international linkage with our research project on sustainable product service systems eg via China-Australia Research Fund. 我在澳大利亚的同事有来自南澳大利亚大学的Ke Xing 博士生和 Wei Qia 博士，，和来自新南威尔斯Macquarie 大学Suzanne Benn教授，。我们都非常希望可以通过一些来自像中国-澳洲研究基金的支持来把我们的项目和一些不同的地区的可持续发展的产品服务体系进行国际研究的合作。
The further potential 未来的潜能
I believe S-PSS approaches have potentially much greater benefits than just in the business world. Adopting the earlier mentioned concept of ‘doing more with less’ and achieving socio-economic development with less resource use, these approaches may be introduced to local communities. Thus, similar to the ‘ger’ example, they may offer multiple benefits, including employment generation, poverty alleviation, etc – contributing to many of the Millennium Development Goals. 我相信S-PSS可持续性产品服务化体系除了在商业环境以外还有其他更大的社会效益。结合之前提到的理念“耗半功倍以少得多”,低消耗, 低碳经济的发展模式，该模式可以在社会团体中推广。这样就和之前提到的“蒙古包”案例一样带来多元化的效益，包括创造就业，去除贫困等。为千禧年发展目标作出回应贡献。 This has led to discussion of a possible project, brokered by EDUI and bringing together various elements, connecting them as part of a total system, and realizing creative synergies – similar to the electric circuit described earlier. The project may use distributed infrastructure service systems and technologies, focused on renewable energy, for sustainable socio-economic generation of disadvantaged local communities in China. The concept reflects the ‘women as solar entrepreneurs’ project of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI, India). As described by Chowdhury (2006), women learn how to assemble, repair and maintain various solar energy products such as solar lanterns, and rent such products to community members. The project has a unique blend of women’s empowerment, rural community development, environmental protection and local participation. It leads to employment generation, poverty alleviation, self- esteem, even educational benefits as the solar lanterns provide light for study. Grameen Shakti, Bangladesh, is another similar example of an evolving social business to meet the energy needs of rural people, coupled with micro-credit. The proposed project may also link with the China Rural Energy Enterprises Development (CREED) Initiative, where renewable energy and energy efficient systems – supported by Green Village Credit Loans – are designed to help households generate income (see UNDP and the Nature Conservancy 2007). A further link is possible with research being undertaken by the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, concerning a system dynamics approach to eco-efficiency of rural communities in China. The project may also benefit from linkages to the International Solar Energy Society, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy (ENERGIA), UN ESCAP and UN-Habitat energy for the poor initiatives, coupled with access to international expertise in S-PSS in developing nations eg the work of J C Diehl of Delft University of Technology. Diehl sought to optimise the entire product service system including end users, understanding their real needs related to lighting, heating and cooking, and creating added value (Diehl 2006). Thus, small scale, distributed, community-based renewable energy schemes, involving solar water heaters, solar water purifiers, solar lanterns, fuel efficient stoves, biogas digesters and micro-hydro may not only provide heating, lighting, cooking, clean drinking water and the like, but also education, employment and many other socio-economic benefits. 由此引出引出一个有生态联盟中介的具有高度可行性的项目。该项目把各个方面的要素集合在一起，就像前面说到的链接电路一样，把他们作为一个完善系统的各个组件进行整合并实现各点线面创造性协同。项目可采用分布网式服务系统和技术，着眼于可再生能源，推动中国落后地区的可持续社会经济发展。这个理念反应了由印度的能源资源学院（TERI，India）主导的“女性太阳能企业家”项目。如Chowdhury（2006）所描述的，女性在学会如何去组装，修理和维护各种太阳能产品（如太阳灯）后，把这些产品租给社区里的其他居民。该项目包含了女性权益提升，农村社会发展，环境保护的当地居民分享成果的特性。该项目创造了就业机会，帮当地人民脱贫和实现自我价值，甚至为当地教育带来了效益——因为太阳灯可以为学校提供照明光源。Grameen Shakti, 孟加拉有另外一个相似的项目，通过小规模的信贷支持，在当地形成可满足当地贫困人群的能源需求的社会经济体。我们提议的项目可以和中国农村能源企业发展机构（CREED）和合作，在绿色农村信贷的支持下设计和推广可再生能源和高效能体系来帮助当地居民增加收入。（参考UNDP and the Nature Conservancy 联合国发展项目与自然保护2007）。更进一步的合作可能性是和参与中国武汉华中科技大学正在进行的关于采用动态系统改善农村社区生态效益的研究。这个项目从和国际太阳能社会组织，和英国Gender and Sustainable Energy (ENERGIA) 国际性别和可持续能源网络，ESCAP 联合国助力发展亚太地区和 UN-Habitat energy联合国居住能源等机构的国际性合作中为当地贫困人们取得利益；同时还可以获得国际上其他发展国家关于可持续性产品服务体系的经验知识。例如J C Diehl of Delft 技术大学的工作成果，该成果可以全面提升产品服务体系，包括终端用户，通过了解他们对照明，取暖，制冷等方面的需求并从中创造附加价值（Diehl 2006）。因此，小范围，分布式的，基于社区的再生能源方案，包括太阳能水体加热设备，太阳能水体清洁设备，太阳灯，高能效炉具，沼气池，小水电等，不单指提供取暖，照明，制冷，洁净饮用水等，还可以带来教育，就业其他的许多方位的社会经济效应。
Thus, there are many examples of initiatives ‑ on similar topics – developed by various organisation, often unconnected. I see a role for EDUI in joining these together, especially where these may promote the circular economy. 虽然我们看到目前充斥着许多不同的组织非常积极的开发不同的-但是往往都是类似的,, 或常常欠缺联动关系的个体项目, 。我们认为生态联盟可以作为这些研究项目和团体联系互动的纽带，特别是在推动循环经济的主体层面。
Such innovation through connecting up existing know-how and expertise, leading to an entirely new form of innovation, exemplifies the strategy described earlier. It has the potential to achieve system-wide improvement and changes, through ‘the power of many small things’. 这种通过把现有的知识经验研究成果进行整合的创新，从而带来全方位的创新与策略。由通过许多“小事情的力量”的聚合，由量变到质变从而带来系统层面的改善和发展。
Some thoughts on ‘white pollution’ 关于“白色污染”的一些想法
How can the previous thinking be applied to plastic wrappings and packaging such as Styrofoam, and resultant ‘white pollution’? 前面提及的这些思路如何在实践中应用到导致“白色污染”的塑料，聚苯乙烯泡沫包装问题上呢？
If we consider that packaging is the responsibility of the producer, known as ‘extended product responsibility’ or product stewardship, then the producer needs to have a system in place to take this back. Moreover, if durable goods were provided as part of a service, then there would be less need for packaging and the use of plastics would be reduced. 如果我们把产品包装当成是生产商的责任，称作“延长产品责任”或者”产品管理责任”，那么生产商就需要建立一套体系来回收这些包装材料。更进一步的是如果耐用消费品作为服务的一部分提供，那对产品包装的需求和塑料包装的使用就会减少。
If customers, for example, become interested in the service provided by (say) a washing machine or a computer, then the packaging assumes less importance. They will simply be provided the product in their home or business and, after this reaches its ‘use by date’, it will be taken back, reused or reconditioned. In theory, PVC can be 100 per cent recycled, and can be kept in closed loops indefinitely – this is the theory behind InterfaceFlor’s modular carpets, and its thermoplastic recycling plant. The problem is having logistics in place to take back the carpet – as earlier-mentioned research indicated, this is far more likely with rental and service contracts. 举个例子，如果客户对某项服务长生了兴趣，如洗衣机或者电脑，那么包装对于产品来说是不太重要的。他们可以简单的家里或者公司直接得到产品，当产品达到“使用期限”以后，产品会被回收，再利用或者翻新处理。理论上，PVC 其生命周期,可在闭合物质流中100%无限循环利用循环里面- 这就是InterfaceFlor研究成果背后的理论-问题的关键是需要有完善的物流系统来回收地毯-就像之前的研究报告提到的，这种商业模式更像是一种用租用服务合同。
Customers will need to understand that extravagant and voluminous packaging is not resource efficient. Shareholders will also need to demand more resource efficient solutions, and the performance of companies will need to be reported, as part of their corporate social responsibility. 客户们必须了解大量豪华的包装是非常不环保的。企业股东们要要求更多的资源高效的解决方案，在企业社会责任点上,企业的资源利用成效表现需要作出汇报。
An important aspect of achieving a Factor 4 or 5 shift in resource efficiency or productivity is being able to measure and compare various solutions, by techniques such as ‘material input per unit of service’ (MIPS). Solutions that deliver more services with less resource consumption and environmental impact will be preferred. 要明确是否达到四倍或五倍跃进甚至更多的资源效率或资源生产率的一个重要方面是具备度量能力加上相应的应用技术，例如采用“单位服务资源投入（MIPS）测量系统, 来对比不同的解决方案。那些可以消耗更少的资源，产生更少的环境影响来形成更多服务的优先解决方案
Consistent with the notion of community service systems described earlier, we need to gain increased value and benefits from plastic bags and the like. For example, plastic bag collection and garbage recycling in Thailand (Wongpanit Recycling Co Ltd) has created a whole new industry, the ‘waste bank’, and taken a number of beggars out of poverty. I have also heard of plastics being collected and made into expensive products such as handbags, again creating a new industry and employment. Countries such as Thailand and Philippines are acknowledged world leaders in recycling programmes that generate income for the poor, and this has been a focus of the Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment, which seeks to share experiences between cities and countries of the Asia-Pacific. 和前面提到的社区服务体系概念相同的是，我们必须从许多像塑料袋的小事物上得到更多的价值。例如，在泰国的塑料袋和垃圾循环利用运作（Wongpanit Recycling Co Ltd）带动并创立了一个全新的行业——“废品银行”，和帮许多乞丐脱离了贫困.诸多新兴的行业并带来就业机会, 甚至塑料袋回收后加工成贵重个人消费品，手袋等。泰国和菲律宾是目前世界上公认的在循环再利用项目上, 为低收入人群带来收入的领先者。他们的成绩备受北九州清洁环境体的关注，并希望可以把它们的经验在亚太地区的国家和地区城市中间分享。
Another very important connection that EDUI could make with China and CEB is the European Commission ‘Switch’ programme. This recognises that ‘a switch is needed from unsustainable to sustainable patterns of development’. The SWITCH ASIA programme was born out of this need. The programme focuses on sustainable consumption and production (SCP) and directly contributes to sustainable growth and, importantly, the fight against poverty. With its particular focus on SMEs, SWITCH contributes to poverty alleviation by improving the living conditions of poor households by reducing water pollution (particularly improving conditions of women who traditionally have to source drinking water), solid waste and air pollution. It also contributes to increased employment and incomes. 另外, 生态联盟可以为中国循环经济分会牵线搭桥的项目是欧盟的“Switch（转变）”项目。该项目宗旨是“从无法持续性模式到可持续发展模式的转变是必然的”。Switch亚洲项目就是为了这个目的启动的。这个项目专注在可持续消耗和生产（SCP）上并直接为可持续增长做贡献并可以和贫困斗争。通过对中小企业的特别关注，Switch通过减少水体污染和改善生活环境（特别是为那些需要通过打水取得食用水源的女性），减少固体废弃物和空气污染来帮助低收入人群改善了收入状况。该项目也为当地带来了就业职位和收入的增长。
Thus, EDUI could bring international know-how and perspectives to bear on this problem, leading to unique, indigenous and innovative solutions being developed in China. 因此，EDUI可以把国际上相关的知识经验都引进，并针对中国国情开发本土创造性的解决方案
Measuring resource productivity 测算资源生产率
It is important to be able to measure and compare the resource productivity and social benefits of various schemes and projects, using techniques such as ‘Material Input Per unit of Service or ‘MIPS’ (Schmidt-Bleek 1992). This should be seen in wider context of establishing and achieving targets for a Factor 5 or more shift, and targets for energy savings and emissions reductions. 采用“单位服务资源投入（MIPS）（Schmidt-Bleek 1992)去监测对比各种不同方案和项目的资源生产率,兼并其社会效益考量是非常重要的，这些应该体现在建立基于五倍跃进原理和更多转变性的广泛节能减排目标上。
Funding of projects 项目的资金来源
Whilst there are opportunities for funding projects via ‘Clean Tech’ venture capital funds and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), linking green with socio-economic benefits opens up greater opportunities for investment support eg the World Bank Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF). The CDCF fosters projects in the poorer areas of the developing world that combine community development attributes with emissions reductions to create ‘development plus carbon’ credits – aimed at significantly improving the lives of the poor and their local environment. 目前我们有许多机会可以和“清洁技术”风险资金和清洁净发展管理机制（CDM）合作，把绿色理念和社会-经济效益联系起来可以得到更多的资金支持，例如世界央行组织成立了碳基金（CDCF）。CDCF在发展中国家的贫穷区域启动把社会发展和节能减排并行的项目，带来“发展和二氧化碳排放指标”——来为当地贫苦人们带来生活上和环境上的明显改善。
References 参考资料
Ayres, R U (1999), Products as Service Carriers: Should we Kill the Messenger – or Send it Back? Zero Emissions Forum, United Nations University, Tokyo. http://www.unu.edu/zef/publications_e/ZEF_EN_1999_01_D.pdf
Diehl, J C (2006), ‘Renewable energy in emerging countries form an end-user and business perspective’, UNIDO, MOT, Berkeley. http://bridge.berkeley.edu/2006_Pages/PresentationArchives/2006/Panel%206/Diehl.pdf
Huang, Haifeng, Zhou, Guomei, and Liu, Min (2008), ‘Chinese environmental innovation policy: retrospect and prospect’ (in press).
Ness, D (2008), ‘Doing more with less: more services with less material and energy use’, Seoul Initiative Network on Green Growth, Newsletter 4, March http://singg.org/main/main.asp
Schmidt-Bleek F (1992), ‘MIPS – A Universal Ecological Measure’, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 2, pp 407-12.
Stahel W (1982), The Product-life Factor, Product-Life Institute, Geneva.
UNDP Mongolia (2006), Commercialization of Super-Insulated Buildings in Mongolia, MON/99/G35, 1 May.
UNEP and The Nature Conservancy (2007), Green Village Credit, China Rural Energy Enterprises Development (CREED) Initiative, Yunnan www.c-reed.org
Van Halen C, Vezzoli C and Wimmer R (2005), Methodology for Product Service System Innovation: How to Develop Clean, Clever and Competitive Strategies in Companies, Koninklijke Van Gorcum, Netherlands.
Von Weizsacker E, Lovins A and Lovins H (1998), Factor 4: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use – A Report to the Club of Rome, Earthscan Publications.
Wattanachaiyingchatroen, D (2007), ‘Wongpanit Garbage Recycling Separation Plant’, UN Green Growth Policy Dialogue Greening of Business and Environment as a Business Opportunity, Bangkok, June.
Wuppertal Institute (2007), ‘Factor Four – Indicator System’, Science Centre North Rhine-Westphalia, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Energy and Environment http://www.wupperinst.org/FactorFour/index.html
Xu, Guanhua (2006), ‘China’s science and technology towards the new era’, Public Lecture, Canberra, 16 February. http://www.science.org.au/events/16february06.htm
|
New !! How EDUI may promote innovative approaches to Circular Economy |