Formal Languages
- Basic
BASIC (for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code),
a programming language developed in the mid-1960s by John G.
Kemeney and Thomas E. Kurz, professors at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, USA.
- C/C++
A programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie, a system programmer at "AT&T Bell
Laboratories". C++ was introduced by Bjarne Stroustrup
of the same "AT&T Bell Laboratories" in the early 1980s. The
name indicates an evolution of C.
- COBOL
COBOL (for Common Business-Oriented Language), a programming language developed by computer manufacturers and
the U.S.
Department of Defense in 1959.
- Fortran
FORTRAN (for FORmula TRANslator), a programming language developed by IBM in
the mid-1950s.
- Java
Java is an evolution of the Oak programming language, introduced in 1995 by Sun Microsystems.
Java syntax is much like C++. Java is used for writing Internet applications.
- Pascal
A programming language named in the honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal,
developed by Niklaus Wirth of the Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland, in the late 1960s.
- Simple
chemical formulas
Chemical formulas made up of chemical element names
and subscript numbers, e.g. H2O, C2H5OH. - Java Script
JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape under the name Mocha, later LiveScript,
and finally renamed to JavaScript. The change of name from LiveScript
to JavaScript roughly coincided with Netscape adding support for Java
technology in its Netscape Navigator web browser.
JavaScript was first introduced and deployed in the Netscape browser
version 2.0B3 in December of 1995. The naming has caused confusion,
giving the impression that the language is a spin-off of Java, and has
been characterized by many as a marketing ploy by Netscape to give
JavaScript the cachet of what was then the hot new web-programming
language.
- XML
In a nutshell, HTML is too limited and terminally polluted, while SGML
itself is reckoned to be too complex for mortals to implement. In the
late 1990s a group of people including Jon Bosak, Tim Bray, James Clark
and others came up with
XML, eXtensible Markup Language.
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